Editing House of Savoy

{{short description|Royal dynasty of Southern Europe}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox family
| name = House of Savoy
| coat of arms = Lesser coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1890) (alternate).svg
| coat_of_arms_size = 170px
| website = {{URL|https://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/|ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it}}
| parent_family = [[Ottonian dynasty|Ottonians]] (possibly)
| country = {{plainlist|
* [[County of Savoy]]
* [[Duchy of Savoy]]
* [[Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy|Sicily]]
* [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]
* [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
* [[Kingdom of France|France]]{{efn|[[Queen consort]]}}
* [[History of Spain (1810–1873)|Spain]]
* [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Albania]]
* [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]]
* [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
* [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]]
* [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenia]]
}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1003}}
| founder = [[Humbert I, Count of Savoy|Humbert I of Savoy]]
| current head = Disputed:
* [[Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice]]
* [[Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)|Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]]
| final ruler = [[Umberto II of Italy]]
| titles = {{Collapsible list| title = ''See list''
 | bullets =
 | [[Count of Savoy]]<br />(1003–1416)
 | [[Duke of Savoy]]<br />(1416–1861)
 | [[King of Cyprus]]<br />(1485–1946)
 | [[King of Jerusalem]]<br />(1485–1946)
 | [[King of Armenia]]<br />(1485–1946)
 | [[King of Sicily]]<br />(1713–1720)
 | [[King of Sardinia]]<br />(1720–1861)
 | ''King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland''<br />([[Jacobite succession|Jacobite claim]], 1807–1840)
 | '''[[King of Italy]]'''<br />'''(1861–1946)'''
 | [[King of Spain]]<br />(1870–1873)
 | [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]<br />(1936–1941)
 | [[King of Albania]]<br />(1939–1943)
 | [[King of Croatia]]<br />(1941–1943)
}}
| estates = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''
|[[Quirinal Palace]]
|[[Royal Palace of Turin]]
|[[Royal Palace of Milan]]
|[[Royal Palace of Naples]]
|[[Royal Palace of Caserta]]
|[[Palace of Venaria|Royal Palace of Venaria Reale]]
|[[Palace of Capodimonte|Royal Palace of Capodimonte]]
|[[Royal Villa of Monza]]
|[[Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi|Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi]]
|[[Palazzo Madama, Turin|Palazzo Madama]]
|[[Palazzo Carignano]]
|[[Palazzo Margherita]]
|[[Villa Ada]]
|[[Villa della Regina]]
|[[Castle of Valentino]]
|[[Castle of Racconigi]]
|[[Castle of Rivoli]]
|[[Agliè|Castle of Agliè]]
|[[Castle of Moncalieri]]
|[[Castello della Mandria|Castle of La Mandria]]
|[[Govone|Castle of Govone]]
|[[Pollenzo|Pollenzo Estate]]
}}
| deposition = 12 June 1946: [[Umberto II]] left Italy as a result of the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|institutional referendum]]
| cadet branches = {{Collapsible list| title = ''See list''
 | bullets =
 | Savoy-Morsini-Del demonico
 | [[Savoy-Carignano]]
 | [[Duke of Aosta|Savoy-Aosta]]
 | [[Counts of Villafranca|Savoy-Villafranca-Soissons]]
 | [[Duke of Genoa|Savoy-Genoa]] (extinct 1996
 | [[Counts of Villafranca|Savoy-Villafranca]] (extinct 1888)
 |  Savoy-Soissons (extinct 1734)
 | Savoy-Nemours (extinct 1659)
 | Savoy-Racconigi (extinct 1605)
 | [[Honorat II of Savoy|Savoy-Tende]] (extinct 1580)
 | Savoy-Acaia/Achaea (extinct 1418)
 | Savoy-Vaud (extinct 1359)
}}
}}
{{House of Savoy}}
The '''House of Savoy''' ({{langx|it|Casa Savoia}}, {{langx|fr|Maison de Savoie}}) is a [[royal house]] (formally a [[dynasty]]) of Franco-Italian origin that was established in 1003 in the historical region of [[Savoy]], which was originally part of the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]] and now lies mostly within southeastern France. Through gradual expansions, the family grew in power, first ruling the [[County of Savoy]], a small Alpine county northwest of Italy, and later gaining absolute rule of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. During the years 1713 to 1720, they were handed the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] and would exercise direct rule from then onward as [[Piedmont–Sardinia]], which was the legal [[predecessor state]] of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day [[History of the Italian Republic|Italian Republic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandulli |first1=Aldo |last2=Vesperini |first2=Giulio |year=2011 |title=L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario |url=http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/1886/1/RTDP-Giulio.pdf |journal=Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico |language=it |pages=47–49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102041246/http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/1886/1/RTDP-Giulio.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2018 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Casùla |first=Francesco Cesare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSdXAwAAQBAJ |title=Italia. <!-- - --> Il grande inganno. 1861–2011 |publisher=Carlo Delfino Editore; Logus mondi interattivi (e-book) |year=2012 <!-- 12-18 --> |isbn=978-88-98062-13-3 |edition=e-book |location=Sassari; Ussana |pages=32–49 |language=it |quote=... 1479, Regno di 'Sardegna e Corsica' malgrado non rappresentasse tutta la Sardegna e malgrado la Corsica non fosse interessata ma considerata solo ambita (non sarà mai conquistata). Poi, dal 1479, si chiamo solo Regno di Sardegna ... poi solo Regno di Sardegna (fino al 1861), poi Regno d'Italia (fino al 1946), e, finalmente, Repubblica Italiana. E, tutto questo, senza alcuna soluzione di continuità. |access-date=20 December 2024 |via=Google Books |trans-quote=... 1479, Kingdom of 'Sardinia and Corsica' even though it did not represent all of Sardinia and even though Corsica was not interested but only considered coveted (it will never be conquered). Then, from 1479, it was called only the Kingdom of Sardinia ... then only the Kingdom of Sardinia (until 1861), then the Kingdom of Italy (until 1946), and, finally, the Italian Republic. And, all this, without any solution of continuity.}}</ref>

From rule of a region on the French–Italian border, by the time of the [[abolition of monarchy]] in Italy, the dynasty's realm grew to include nearly all of the [[Italian peninsula]]. Through its junior branch of [[Savoy-Carignano]], the House of Savoy led the [[Italian unification]] in 1861, and ruled the Kingdom of Italy until 1946. They also briefly ruled the [[History of Spain (1808–1874)|Kingdom of Spain]] during the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were [[Victor Emmanuel II]], [[Umberto I]], [[Victor Emmanuel III]], and [[Umberto II]]. Umberto II reigned for only a few weeks, as the last [[king of Italy]], before being deposed following the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]], after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ginsborg |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhgRA9j9FOwC |title=A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988 |year=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uhgRA9j9FOwC&dq=italy+referendum+1946&pg=PA98 98]|isbn=978-1-4039-6153-2 }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early history ===
The name derives from the historical region of Savoy in the [[Alps]] between what is now France and Italy. Over time, the House of Savoy expanded its territory and influence through judicious marriages and international diplomacy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cox |first=Eugene |title=The kingdom of Burgundy, the land of the house of Savoy and adjacent territories |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |editor-last=McKitterick |editor-first=Rosamond |series=The New Cambridge Medieval History |volume=5, C.1198-C.1300 |pages=365–366 |editor-last2=Abulafia |editor-first2=David}}</ref> The house descended from [[Humbert I, Count of Sabaudia]], also known as Umberto I "Biancamano" (1003–1047 or 1048). The ancestry of Humbert is uncertain, as contemporary documents make no mention of his father. His family was traditionally believed to have come from Saxony;<ref>{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Savoy}}</ref> more recent investigations into the 21st century pointed to the [[County of Vienne]], where both Humbert and his relatives held extensive possessions, as a more plausible origin.<ref>Administrative charters of Humbert's family are studied in the thesis Laurent Ripart, « Les fondements idéologiques du pouvoir des comtes de la maison de Savoie (de la fin du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle) », Université de Nice, 1999, 3 volumes, Tome II, p. 496-695.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|last1=Ducourthial|first1=Cyrille|chapter=Géographie du pouvoir en pays de Savoie au tournant de l’an mil|title=Le royaume de Bourgogne autour de l'an mil|publisher=Université de Savoie|year=2008|isbn=978-2915797350|url=http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/b/b071315.pdf|pages=223–225|archive-date=7 March 2024|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307200013/https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/b/b071315.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Abbaye royale de Hautecombe II - 200501.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[Hautecombe Abbey]], where many of the dukes are buried]]
Although [[Sabaudia (Savoy)|Sabaudia]] was originally a poor county, later [[Count|counts]] were diplomatically skilled, and gained control over strategic mountain passes in the Alps. Two of Humbert's sons were commendatory abbots at the [[Abbey of St. Maurice, Agaunum]], on the river [[Rhône]] east of [[Lake Geneva]], and [[Saint Maurice]] is still the patron of the House of Savoy. Humbert's son, [[Otto of Savoy]], succeeded to the title in 1051 after the death of his elder brother [[Amadeus I of Savoy]]. Otto married the Marchioness Adelaide of [[Turin]], bringing the [[Marquessate of Susa]], with the towns of Turin and Pinerolo, into the House of Savoy's possession.<ref>{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Piedmont}}</ref> They once had claims on the modern [[canton of Vaud]], where they occupied the [[Château of Chillon]] in Switzerland; their access to it was cut by [[Geneva]] during the [[Protestant Reformation]], after which it was conquered by the [[Canton of Bern]]. Meanwhile, [[Piedmont]] was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into ''Savoy'' ({{langx|it|Savoia}}).

=== Expansion, retreat, and prosperity ===
[[File:Italy 1494.svg|left|thumbnail|A map of Italy in 1494]]
By the time [[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy|Amadeus VIII]] came to power in the late 14th century, the House of Savoy had gone through a series of gradual territorial expansions and he was elevated by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], to the Duke of Savoy in 1416.<ref>''Introduction:The Sabaudian Lands and Sabaudian Studies'', Matthew Vester, Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700), ed. Matthew Vester, (Truman State University Press, 2013), 1.</ref> In 1494, [[Charles VIII of France]] passed through Savoy on his way to Italy and Naples, which initiated the [[Italian War of 1494–1495]].<ref>''Sabaudian Studies'', Matthew Vester, Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700), (Truman State University Press, 2013), 6.</ref> During the outbreak of the [[Italian War of 1521–1526|Italian war of 1521–1526]], the Holy Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] stationed imperial troops in Savoy.<ref>Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, ''The Italian Wars, 1494-1559'', (Pearson Educational Limited, 2012), 154.</ref> In 1536, Francis I of France invaded Savoy and Piedmont, taking Turin by April of that year.<ref name="Mallett230-231">Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, ''The Italian Wars, 1494-1559'', 230-231.</ref> [[Charles III, Duke of Savoy|Charles III Duke of Savoy]], fled to Vercelli.<ref name="Mallett230-231" />

When [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy|Emmanuel Philibert]] came to power in 1553, most of his family's territories were in French hands, so he offered to serve France's leading enemy the [[House of Habsburg]] in the hope of recovering his lands. He served [[Philip II of Spain]] as Governor of the Netherlands (then part of the [[Seventeen Provinces]]) from 1555 to 1559.<ref>Henry Kamen, ''Philip of Spain'', (Yale University Press, 1997), 64.</ref> In this capacity, he led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a victory in the [[Battle of St. Quentin (1557)|battle of St. Quentin]] in 1557.<ref>Henry Kamen, ''Philip of Spain'', 67.</ref> He took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish, including the city of Turin. He moved the capital of the duchy from [[Chambéry]] to Turin.

The 17th century brought about economic development to the Turin area and the House of Savoy took part in and benefitted from that. [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel II]] developed the port of [[Nice]] and built a road through the Alps towards France, and through skillful political manoeuvres the territorial expansion continued. In the early 18th century during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], future King [[Victor Amadeus II]] switched sides to assist the Habsburgs, and via the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] they rewarded him with large pieces of land in northeastern Italy and a Crown in Sicily. [[Savoy rule over Sicily]] lasted only seven years (1713–1720).

=== Kingdom of Italy ===
[[File:Italy 1796.svg|thumbnail|left|A map of Italy in 1796]]
The crown of Sicily, the prestige of being [[King|kings]] at last, and the wealth of [[Palermo]] helped strengthen the House of Savoy further. In 1720, they were forced to exchange Sicily for the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] as a result of the [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]]. On the mainland, the dynasty continued its expansionist policies as well. Through advantageous alliances during the [[War of the Polish Succession]] and [[War of the Austrian Succession]], King [[Charles Emmanuel III]] gained new lands at the expense of the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]]-controlled [[Duchy of Milan]].

In 1792, Piedmont–Sardinia joined the [[First Coalition]] against the [[French First Republic]]. It was beaten in 1796 by [[Napoleon]] and forced to conclude the disadvantageous [[Treaty of Paris (1796)|Treaty of Paris]], giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. In 1798, [[Barthélemy Catherine Joubert]] occupied Turin and forced [[Charles Emmanuel IV]] to abdicate and leave for the island of [[Sardinia]]. In 1814, the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former [[Republic of Genoa]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]].

[[File:Italia 1843-en.svg|thumb|left|A map of Italy in 1843]]
In the meantime, [[Italian nationalist]] figures like [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] were influencing popular opinion. Mazzini believed that [[Italian unification]] could only be achieved through a [[popular uprising]]. After the failure of the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states]], the nationalists began to look to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] and its prime minister [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] as leaders of the unification movement. In 1848, King [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]] conceded a constitution known as the ''[[Statuto Albertino]]'' to Piedmont–Sardinia, which remained the basis of the kingdom's legal system even after Italian unification was achieved and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861.

The Kingdom of Italy was the first Italian state to include the Italian peninsula since the fall of the [[Roman Empire]]. When [[Victor Emmanuel II|Victor Emmanuel]] was crowned King of Italy in 1861, his realm did not include the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia|Venetia]] region (subject to Habsburg governance), [[Lazio]] (with Rome), [[Umbria]], [[Marche]], and [[Romagna]] (with the [[Holy See|Papal]] town of [[Bologna]]). Yet the House of Savoy continued to rule Italy for several decades through the Italian independence wars as Italian unification proceeded and even as the [[First World War]] raged on in the early 20th century.

=== Massacres ===
In April 1655, based on perhaps false reports of resistance by the [[Waldensians]], a [[Protestant]] religious minority, to a plan to resettle them in remote mountain valleys, [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel II]] ordered their general massacre, which became known as the [[Piedmontese Easter]]. The massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. [[Oliver Cromwell]], then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England, and threatening to send military forces to the rescue. The massacre prompted [[John Milton]]'s famous sonnet, "[[On the Late Massacre in Piedmont]]".

In 1898, the [[Bava Beccaris massacre]] in Milan involved the use of cannons against unarmed protesters (including women and the elderly) during riots over the rising price of bread. King [[Umberto I]] of the House of Savoy congratulated General [[Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris]] for the massacre and decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion. As a result, Umberto I was assassinated in July 1900 in [[Monza]] by [[Gaetano Bresci]], the brother of one of the women massacred in the crowd, who had traveled back to Italy from the United States for the assassination. The king had previously been the target of failed assassination attempts by anarchists [[Giovanni Passannante]] and [[Pietro Acciarito]].

=== Fascism and end of monarchy ===
When the [[First World War]] ended, the [[Treaty of Versailles]] fell short of what had been promised in the [[London Pact]] to Italy. As the economic conditions in Italy worsened after the war, popular resentment and along with it the seeds of [[Italian fascism]] began to grow and resulted in the [[March on Rome]] by [[Benito Mussolini]]. General [[Pietro Badoglio]] advised King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] that he could easily sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag [[Blackshirt]] army to one side but Victor Emmanuel decided to tolerate Mussolini and appointed him as [[prime minister of Italy]] on 28 October 1922. The king remained silent as Mussolini engaged in one abuse of power after another from 1924 onward, and did not intervene in 1925–1926 when Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy. By the end of 1928, the king's right to remove Mussolini from office was, at least theoretically, the only check on his power. Later, the king's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power led to much criticism and had dire future consequences for Italy and for the [[monarchy]] itself.

After their invasion in 1935, Italy conquered Ethiopia in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] and Victor Emmanuel was crowned as Emperor of Ethiopia. He also added the Albanian crown 1939 but lost Ethiopia as part of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] in 1941; however, as Mussolini and the [[Axis powers]] failed in the [[Second World War]] in 1943, several members of the Italian court began putting out feelers to the [[Allies of World War II]], who in turn let it be known that Mussolini had to go. After Mussolini received a vote of no confidence from the [[Fascist Grand Council]] on 24 July, Victor Emmanuel dismissed him from office, relinquished the Ethiopian and Albanian crowns, and appointed Pietro Badoglio as prime minister. On 8 September, the new government announced it had signed an armistice with the Allies five days earlier; however, Victor Emmanuel made another blunder when he and his government fled south to [[Brindisi]], leaving his army without orders.

As the Allies and the [[Italian Resistance]] gradually chased the [[Nazis]] and fascists off the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him [[Lieutenant General of the Realm]]. Within a year, public opinion pushed for a [[referendum]] to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a [[republic]]. On 9 May 1946, in a last-ditch attempt to save the monarchy, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated in favour of his son, who became [[Umberto II]]. It did not work as the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]] was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in [[Egypt]], dying there a year later.

On 12 June 1946, the Kingdom of Italy formally came to an end as Umberto II transferred his powers to the prime minister [[Alcide de Gasperi]] and called for the Italian people to support the new republic. He then went into exile in [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]], never to return; he died in 1983. The [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] includes the [[entrenched clause]] that the republican form of government cannot be changed by [[constitutional amendment]], thus forbidding any attempt to restore the monarchy short of adoption of an entirely new [[constitution]]. The Constitution of Italy also forbade male descendants of the House of Savoy from entering Italy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buonomo |first=Giampiero |year=2000 |title=Né l'Unione europea, né i diritti dell'uomo possono aprire le frontiere a Casa Savoia |url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89298424 |journal=Diritto&Giustizia |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211140818/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89298424 |url-status=dead|trans-quote=In order to prevail the thirteenth final provision of the Italian Constitution ... international law provides for the special instrument of 'reserves' duly stamped by the Italian State at the time of its instrument of ratification deposit of the fourth Protocol. }}</ref> This provision was removed in 2002;<ref>{{cite web |last=Buonomo |first=Giampiero |year=2002|title=Sull'esilio dei Savoia |url=https://www.academia.edu/11452824|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Academia.edu}}</ref> as part of the deal to be allowed back into Italy, [[Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples|Vittorio Emanuele]], the last claimant to the House of Savoy, renounced all claims to the throne.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2024 |title=Right royal punch-up at Spanish prince's wedding |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/29/spain.johnhooper |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> He died in 2024.<ref name="Reuters 2024">{{cite news |date=3 February 2024 |title=Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/obituary-vittorio-emanuele-savoy-son-italys-last-king-dies-aged-86-2024-02-03/ |work=Reuters|access-date=22 December 2024 }}</ref>

=== Controversies, damage claims against Italy, and internal disputes ===
The [[Residences of the Royal House of Savoy]] in Turin and the neighbourhood are protected as a [[World Heritage Site]]. Although the titles and distinctions of the Italian royal family are not legally recognised by the Italian Republic, the remaining members of the House of Savoy, like dynasties of other abolished monarchies, still use some of the various titles they acquired over the millennium of their reign prior to the republic's establishment, including Duke of Savoy; Prince of Naples, previously conferred by [[Joseph Bonaparte]] to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren; [[Prince of Piedmont]]; and [[Duke of Aosta]]. 

Previously, the leadership of the House of Savoy was contested by two cousins: [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]], who used to claim the title of King of Italy, and [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (1943–2021)|Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]], who claimed the title of Duke of Savoy. Supporters of Vittorio Emanuele and his descendents are known as Legitimists while supporters of Amedeo and his descendents are known as Aostaists. Their rivalry was not always peaceful. On 21 May 2004, following a dinner held by King [[Juan Carlos I]] of Spain on the eve of the wedding of his son [[Felipe, Prince of Asturias]], Vittorio Emanuele punched Amedeo twice in the face.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hooper |first=John |date=28 May 2004 |title=Right royal punch-up at Spanish prince's wedding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/spain/article/0,2763,1227375,00.html |work=The Guardian|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>

In 1969, Vittorio Emanuele made his unilateral declaration of kingship, arguing that by agreeing to submit to a referendum on his place as head of state, his father (Umberto II) had thereby abdicated. Vittorio Emanuele took this action after his father allegedly called for Amedeo to visit him in Portugal to name him his heir. Under his self-assumed powers as King of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele conferred the title of Duchess of Sant'Anna di Valdieri on his then-fiancée [[Marina Doria]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/cards/vittorio-emanuele-80-anni-prima-pagina/leggi-monarchiche-savoia.shtml|title=Vittorio Emanuele, 80 anni in prima pagina|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=3 February 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fanpage.it/attualita/chi-era-vittorio-emanuele-di-savoia-il-figlio-dellultimo-re-ditalia-scomparso-a-86-anni/|title=Chi era Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, il figlio dell'ultimo re d'Italia scomparso a 86 anni|website=Fanpage.it|language=it|date=3 February 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ideawebtv.it/2024/02/15/vittorio-emanuele-un-savoia-ribelle-che-non-studio-da-re/|title='Vittorio Emanuele un Savoia ribelle che non studiò da re'|website=Idea Web TV|language=it|date=15 February 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> In 1983, after the death of his father, with the support of the [[Italian Freemasonry]] (like many personalities of the Italian ruling class who promoted the repeal of the transitional provisions and the return to Italy, he was registered with [[Licio Gelli]]'s Masonic lodge [[Propaganda Due]] with membership number 1621),<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYw5AQAAIAAJ&q=vittorio+emanuele+p2+licio+gelli |title=N/A|magazine=Oggi<!-- : settimanale di politica, attualità e cultura --> |date=1981 |publisher=Rizzoli Editore |language=it|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fruttero |first1=Carlo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YaBfXGrurHsC |title=La Patria, bene o male |last2=Gramellini |first2=Massimo |year=2011 <!-- 1 March --> |publisher=Edizioni Mondadori |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YaBfXGrurHsC&pg=PT281&dq=vittorio+emanuele+p2+licio+gelli 281]|isbn=978-88-520-1742-1 |language=it|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Franceschini|first=Enrico|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2024/02/03/news/vittorio_emanuele_savoia_morto_re_italia-422050035/|title=Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, il 're mancato' che non ha mai smesso di aspirare al trono|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=3 February 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> as well as scattered pieces of the Italian Monarchist Party, Vittorio Emanuele proclaimed himself King of Italy as Vittorio Emanuele IV and became the historical and political reference of the House of Savoy.<ref name="Turrini 2024">{{cite news|last=Turrini|first=Davide|date=3 February 2024|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/02/03/morto-vittorio-emanuele-di-savoia-dallesilio-agli-scandali-fino-allaccusa-di-omicidio-la-storia-del-re-ditalia-che-non-riusci-mai-a-salire-sul-trono/7432390/|title=Morto Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia: dall'esilio agli scandali fino all'accusa di omicidio, la storia del re d'Italia che non riuscì mai a salire sul trono|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> In 2002, statements were published in which he accepted the end of the monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |last=Feroldi |first=Alessandro |title=Lampi di vita. Storia di un principe in esilio |year=2002 |publisher=Rizzoli |location=Milan|pages=161, 207, 216|isbn=978-8-81787-047-4|quote='Io sono il primo ad accettare che in Italia ci sia la repubblica e non più la monarchia', [page 162, lines 9–10] ... 'Oggi come oggi non vedo l'utilità di riportare in Italia una corona' [page 207, lines 8–9] ... 'Sappiamo tutti che l'Italia non può più tornare ad essere una monarchia' [page 207, line 26] ... 'Ormai la monarchia in Italia non ha più ragione d'essere' [page 216, line 17].|trans-quote="I am the first to accept that in Italy there is a republic and no longer a monarchy" ... "Today I do not see the point of bringing a crown back to Italy" ... "We all know that Italy can no longer go back to being a monarchy" ... "By now the monarchy in Italy no longer has any reason to exist" ... .}}</ref> and both Vittorio Emanuele and his son [[Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Piedmont|Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy]] swore loyalty to the Italian Republic and its president.<ref name="Corriere della Sera 2006"/>

In 1997, Vittorio Emanuele said on [[TG2]] that the [[antisemitic]] laws passed under Mussolini's regime were "not so bad".<!-- Video: https://www.ilgiornale.it/video/politica/vittorio-emanuele-savoia-minimizza-leggi-razziali-1844307.html --><ref name="Arie 2003">{{cite news |last=Arie |first=Sophie |title=Italy's Jews wait for royal apology |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA101936655&sid=sitemap&v=2.1&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E9a16f98d&aty=open-web-entry |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Observer |date=18 May 2003|via=Gale}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fiori|first=Simonetta|date=22 January 2021|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/01/22/news/leggi_razziali_le_scuse_dei_savoia-283811211/|title=Leggi razziali, le scuse dei Savoia|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> Vittorio Emanuele reconsidered his words the day after and spoke of a "grave mistake",<ref>{{cite news|last=Isman|first=Fabio|date=23 January 2021|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/emanuele_filiberto_savoia_scuse_comunita_ebraica_cosa_ha_detto_leggi_razziali_ultime_notizie_news-5718580.html|title=Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia si scusa con la Comunità ebraica per le leggi razziali: 'Chiediamo perdono ma non lo pretendiamo'|work=Il Messaggero|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> but he did not apologize.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vecellio|first=Valter|date=3 February 2024|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2024/02/03/news/quando_vittorio_emanuele_di_savoia_mi_disse_che_le_leggi_razziali_non_erano_cosi_gravi_e_non_chiese_scusa-14999310/|title=Quando Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia mi disse che le leggi razziali non erano così gravi. E non chiese scusa|work=HuffPost Italia|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> In 2002, with a statement issued from Geneva on the same day the [[Italian racial laws]] of 1938 had been given [[royal assent]] by the king,<ref name="Del Frate 2021">{{cite news|last=Del Frate|first=Claudio|date=23 January 2021|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/21_gennaio_22/emanuele-filiberto-chiede-scusa-leggi-razziali-cosa-furono-cosa-hanno-detto-savoia-5637667a-5cca-11eb-9977-f37e49990f1d.shtml|url-status=live|title=Emanuele Filiberto chiede scusa: le leggi razziali, cosa furono e cosa hanno detto i Savoia|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226140817/https://www.corriere.it/politica/21_gennaio_22/emanuele-filiberto-chiede-scusa-leggi-razziali-cosa-furono-cosa-hanno-detto-savoia-5637667a-5cca-11eb-9977-f37e49990f1d.shtml|archive-date=26 February 2021|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> for the first time in the history of the House of Savoy, Vittorio Emanuele officially distanced himself from the antisemitic laws,<ref name="Corriere della Sera 2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/06_Giugno/16/schedavittorio.html|title=Dai guai giudiziari al rientro in Italia|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=16 June 2006|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> and since then had tried to repair the damage by saying that the antisemitic laws had left "an indelible stain" and were the "darkest chapter" in his family's history.<ref name="Arie 2003"/> The 2002 statement read: "The date of 10 November, which until now represented for us the memory of an indelible stain on the history of the family, now constitutes, by a singular twist of fate, a new, fundamental stage towards the long-awaited return to the Homeland."<ref name="Del Frate 2021"/> When the Savoys returned to Italy in 2003, they were met with complaints that Vittorio Emanuele and his family had made no attempt at reconciliation with the Jewish community, which was not satisfied and continued to demand a "clear sign that they have rejected that period of history".<ref name="Arie 2003"/> In an interview with the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', the [[Union of Italian Jewish Communities]] president [[Amos Luzzatto]] stated: "I'm not saying it was he who signed the racial laws in 1938. But, as a Savoy heir, [Vittorio Emanuele] has never distanced himself from them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/mideastdispatches/archives/000224.html|title=An Englishman in Auschwitz and other Holocaust articles|last=Gross|first=Tom|date=18 June 2003|website=Tom Gross Media|access-date=22 December 2024|archive-date=21 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121121444/http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/mideastdispatches/archives/000224.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 January 2005, in a letter published by the ''Corriere della Sera'', Vittorio Emanuele issued an apology to Italy's Jewish population, asking forgiveness from the [[Italian Jewish]] community, and declaring that it was an error for the [[Italian royal family]] to have signed the racial laws of 1938.<ref>{{cite web|date=2006|url=http://antisemitism.tau.ac.il/asw2005/general-analysis.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518023658/http://antisemitism.tau.ac.il/asw2005/general-analysis.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2007|title=Antisemitism and Racism: Annual Report|publisher=Stephen Roth Institute}}</ref>

On 20 September 2018, during a celebration for the 100th anniversary of the Great War, Emanuele Filiberto stated: "The racial laws are a disgrace for Italy, for what happened."<ref name="Del Frate 2021"/> This was seen as a timid admission of guilt and was criticised by the local Jewish community. ''Shalom'', the organ of the Jewish Community of Rome, commented: "We don't like the words of Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy because they are ambiguous... and they want to water down responsibility. The racial laws are first and foremost a disgrace—not for Italy—but first and foremost for the House of Savoy which allowed without batting an eyelid—just to give an example—that dozens of Jewish officers who had served during the First World War, and who had been awarded Medals of Military Valor and who held positions of great responsibility, were expelled from the Royal Army."<ref name="Del Frate 2021"/> In January 2021, ahead of [[Holocaust Memorial Day]] in Italy, Emanuele Filiberto wrote a letter to Italy's Jewish community in which he said his family's role in rubber-stamping Mussolini's antisemitic laws caused "a wound still open for the whole of Italy", that he and his relatives "dissociate ourselves firmly" from Victor Emmanuel III who approved Mussolini's rise to power and gave the antisemitic laws royal assent, and asked for forgiveness for the king's actions. The letter was dismissed by historians as "too little too late", and was criticised by Jewish groups who condemned the family's lengthy reluctance to acknowledge its role in [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mane|first=Saviona|title=Italian Jewish Community Rejects Apology by Fascist-era King's Heir for Race Laws |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2021-01-25/ty-article/.premium/great-grandson-of-italys-fascist-era-king-begs-forgiveness-for-race-laws/0000017f-e2d0-d9aa-afff-fbd852820000 |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Haaretz |date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Picheta|first1=Rob|last2=Di Donato|first2=Valentina |title='Too little, too late': Dethroned Italian prince criticized over apology for King's role in rubber-stamping fascist laws |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/27/europe/italy-monarchy-mussolini-apology-letter-scli-intl/index.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |agency=CNN |date=27 January 2021}}</ref> In the letter, Emanuele Filiberto stated: "I condemn the 1938 racial laws, all of whose weight I still feel on my shoulders to this day, and with me the whole royal house ... they are a disgrace for the entire Royal House of Savoy. ... We firmly dissociate ourselves, an unacceptable document, a wound still open for the entire country."<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2021|url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/cronaca/emanuele-filiberto-condanno-le-leggi-razziali-del-1938-sono-unonta-per-tutta-la-real-casa-di-savoia_27884306-202102k.shtml|url-status=live|title=Emanuele Filiberto: 'Condanno le leggi razziali del 1938, sono un'onta per tutta la Real Casa di Savoia'|agency=TGcom24|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721070312/https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/cronaca/emanuele-filiberto-condanno-le-leggi-razziali-del-1938-sono-unonta-per-tutta-la-real-casa-di-savoia_27884306-202102k.shtml|archive-date=21 July 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2021|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/heir-of-italian-king-apologizes-for-monarchys-role-in-holocaust/|title=Heir of Italian king apologizes for monarchy's role in Holocaust|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> Emanuele Filiberto told [[TG5]] that he was writing with "an open heart" a difficult letter whose contents "may surprise you and that perhaps you did not expect", and the time had come "once and for all" to "come to terms with the history and the past" of the Savoy family.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=23 January 2021|url=https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/savoy-prince-apologises-to-italys-jews-over-1938-racial-laws.html|title=Savoy prince apologises to Italy's Jews over 1938 racial laws|magazine=Wanted in Rome|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>

Some of the activities, actions, and accusations of members of the House of Savoy, especially those of Vittorio Emanuele and his legal troubles,<ref name="Turrini 2024"/><ref name="La Stampa 2024">{{cite news|date=3 February 2024|url=https://www.lastampa.it/esteri/2024/02/03/news/vittorio_emanuele_e_le_vicende_giudiziarie-14042720/|title=È morto Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, figlio dell'ultimo re d'Italia: aveva 86 anni|work=La Stampa|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 February 2024|url=https://www.lastampa.it/esteri/2024/02/03/news/vittorio_emanuele_e_le_vicende_giudiziarie-14042720/|title=Vittorio Emanuele e la giustizia: dall'accusa di omicidio a Vallettopoli. Unica condanna: porto abusivo d'armi|work=La Stampa|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> evoked media coverage disappointing to Italian [[royalists]], including among its family members.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hooper |first=John |title=The fall of the house of Savoy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/23/italy.johnhooper |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=23 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Meichtry |first=Stacy |date=27 June 2006|title=The Would-Be King Of Italy Turns Out To Be a Royal Pain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115137518129491522 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519041507/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115137518129491522|archive-date=19 May 2021|access-date=22 December 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Vittorio Emanuele was a business intermediary on behalf of [[Agusta]] and thanks to his friendship with [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] concluded sales of helicopters between Italy, Iran, and other Arab countries. In the 1970s, he was investigated in [[Venice]] and [[Trento]] for international arms trafficking to some Middle Eastern countries under embargo. This case was later transferred to [[Rome]] but was later closed.<ref name="Corriere della Sera 2006"/> Most notably, in November 1991, after thirteen years of legal proceedings, the Paris [[Assize Court]] acquitted Vittorio Emanuele of the fatal wounding and [[unintentional homicide]] in August 1978 of [[Dirk Hamer]] (who was shot and killed while asleep on a yacht off [[Cavallo (island)|Cavallo]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/d0cd2c2c444d8d94c12567c2002de990/f17b35d53bcc006dc1256640004c3306?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|title=Summary of trial proceedings concerned the killing of Dirk Hamer|date=2007|publisher=Netherlands Institute for Human Rights<!-- Studie- en Informatiecentrum Mensenrechten -->|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505080648/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/d0cd2c2c444d8d94c12567c2002de990/f17b35d53bcc006dc1256640004c3306?OpenDocument|archive-date=5 May 2008|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> finding him guilty of unauthorised possession of a firearm during the incident;<ref name="La Stampa 2024"/> this proved to be his one and only conviction of all his legal troubles.<ref name="La Stampa 2024"/>

On 16 June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in [[Varenna]], as investigators said he had contacts with the Mafia,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/24/world/europe/24briefs-003.html<!-- https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/24/world/europe/24briefs-003.html -->|title=Italy: Prince Put Under House Arrest|agency=Reuters|date=24 June 2006|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> and imprisoned in [[Potenza]] on charges of [[political corruption]] and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the [[Casinò di Campione]] of [[Campione d'Italia]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Bufi|first=Fulvio|date=16 June 2006|title=Arrestato Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia |work= Corriere della Sera |url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/06_Giugno/16/savoia.shtml|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2006 |title=Arrested Italy prince goes from palace to jail |agency=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13380673|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Popham|first=Peter|date=24 January 2007 |title=Italian justice: The prince and the prostitutes|work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italian-justice-the-prince-and-the-prostitutes-6097514.html <!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20070124052425/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060622/ai_n16494232 --> |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130222058/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italian-justice-the-prince-and-the-prostitutes-6097514.html |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> from which it emerged the ''Vallettopoli'' scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vittorio Emanuele a giudizio |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2009/09/23/news/vittorio-emanuele-a-giudizio-1.37059123/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=La Stampa |language=it|date=23 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://luigiboschi.it/argomenti/economia_e_finanza/cronaca_nera_e_giudiziaria/VITTORIO-EMANUELE-A-GIUDIZIO-ASSOCIAZIONE-A-DELINQUERE/|title=Vittorio Emanuele a giudizio, associazione a delinquere|agency=ANSA|language=it|date=24 September 2009|access-date=22 December 2024|via=LuigiBoschi.it}}</ref> After seven days in jail,<ref>{{cite news |title=Videopoker, assolto Vittorio Emanuele |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2010/09/22/news/videopoker-assolto-vittorio-emanuele-1.37001644/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=La Stampa |language=it |date=22 September 2010}}</ref> Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest instead;<!-- <ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2006 |title=century 21 new york nyc at galleonpoint.com |website=Galleonpoint.com| url=http://www.galleonpoint.com/content/view/589/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528104102/http://www.galleonpoint.com/content/view/589/2/ |archive-date=28 May 2009 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> --> both Vittorio Emanuele and his family denied any wrongdoings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hooper|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/17/italy.johnhooper|title=Italian king's son arrested over prostitution allegations|work=The Guardian|date=17 June 2006|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=O'Grady|first=Desmond|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/the-savoy-who-would-be-king-cools-heels-in-jail-20060619-ge2joj.html|url-status=live|title=The Savoy who would be king cools heels in jail|work=The Age|date=17 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222052540/https://www.theage.com.au/world/the-savoy-who-would-be-king-cools-heels-in-jail-20060619-ge2joj.html|archive-date=22 December 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/europe/son-of-italys-last-king-sent-to-jail-in-southern-italy-1.241311|title=Son of Italy's last king sent to jail in southern Italy|agency=Associated Press|date=18 June 2006|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> He was released from house arrest on 20 July but was required to remain within the territory of the Italian Republic; he was eventually acquitted of all charges,<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2015 |title=Vittorio Emanuele: 'Risarcimento per ingiusta detenzione in beneficenza' |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/02/23/vittorio-emanuele-risarcimento-per-ingiusta-detenzione-in-beneficenza/1448796/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref> including that of [[criminal association]] aimed at corruption,<ref>{{cite web |title=Potenza, Vittorio Emanuele rinviato a giudizio |url=https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2009/09/23/potenza_vittorio_emanuele_rinviato_a_giudizio_ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Sky TG24 |language=it|date=23 September 2009}}</ref> gambling,<ref>{{cite news |title=Potenza, Vittorio Emanuele rinviato a giudizio per associazione a delinquere |url=https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/10_giugno_25/procura-roma-processare-vittorio-emanuele-1703267640949.shtml |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Corriere di Roma |language=it |date=25 June 2010}}</ref> forgery ("against public administration, public faith, and property"),<ref>{{cite news |title='Vittorio Emanuele a giudizio' |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/08_luglio_04/vittorio_emanuele_fasano_cfab36a4-49a4-11dd-9284-00144f02aabc.shtml |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |date=4 July 2008}}</ref> exploitation of prostitution,<ref>{{cite news |title=Potenza, Vittorio Emanuele rinviato a giudizio per associazione a delinquere |url=https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/news/basilicata/50407/potenza-arrestato-vittorio-emanuele-di-savoia.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno |language=it |date=16 June 2006}}</ref> and aiding and abetting,<ref>{{cite news |title=Potenza, Vittorio Emanuele rinviato a giudizio per associazione a delinquere |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_settembre_23/potenza_vittorio_emanuele_processo_3ff27f7e-a86a-11de-94a2-00144f02aabc.shtml |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |date=23 September 2009}}</ref> in the Savoiagate trial,<ref>{{cite news |title=Videopoker, assolto Vittorio Emanuele |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/10_settembre_22/vittorio-emanuele-savoia-assolto-videopoker_9760f1fc-c649-11df-89af-00144f02aabe.shtml |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |date=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Savoiagate, Vittorio Emanuele assolto |date=22 September 2010|url=http://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/vittorio_emanuele_assolto220910.html |url-status=dead|website=Affaritaliani.it |language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403204333/http://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/vittorio_emanuele_assolto220910.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> and in February 2015 obtained €40,000 in damages for his time in jail.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fulloni|first=Alessandro|title='In cella ma innocente': 40 mila euro di indennizzo per Vittorio Emanuele |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/15_febbraio_23/cella-ma-innocente-40-mila-euro-indennizzo-vittorio-emanuele-83fdb060-bb49-11e4-aa19-1dc436785f83.shtml |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

When incarcerated in June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting,<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2017 |title=Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, Cassazione: 'Responsabilità per omicidio Hamer, no al diritto all'oblio' |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/08/03/vittorio-emanuele-di-savoia-cassazione-responsabilita-per-omicidio-hamer-no-al-diritto-alloblio/3774184/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref> with regard to the killing of Hamer, that "I was in the wrong, but I put one over on those French judges"<!-- "I was in the wrong, ... but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]" -->,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2006/09/sezioni/cronaca/vittorio-emanuele/vittorio-emanuele/vittorio-emanuele.html|title=Vittorio Emanuele, cimici in cella 'Ho fregato i giudici francesi'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=9 September 2006|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Altman|first=Alan|date=5 June 2008|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1810834_1810842_1810756,00.html|title=Life After the Throne – A Royal Flush: Vittorio Emanuele|magazine=Time|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> leading to a call from Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for the killing;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galleonpoint.com/content/view/994/2/|url-status=dead|title=Prince's braggadocio spurs call for justice|website= Galleonpoint.com|date=12 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020013625/http://www.galleonpoint.com/content/view/994/2/|archive-date=20 October 2006|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> in response to this and his father's arrest and charges in 2006, Emanuele Filiberto distanced himself from Vittorio Emanuele, saying that he does not share or support everything his father did,<ref>{{cite news |last=Coen|first=Leonardo|title=Emanuele Filiberto si dissocia dal padre 'Non condivido tutto quello che ha fatto'|url=https://www.repubblica.it/2006/06/sezioni/cronaca/vittorio-emanuele-5/emanuele-si-dissocia/emanuele-si-dissocia.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=27 June 2006}}</ref> while Amedeo of Savoy stated that Vittorio Emanuele's claims to the Headship of House Savoy were "in presence of facts that can injure the Royal House".<ref>{{cite web|title=Trial for Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy|url=https://www.theroyalforums.com/news/11708-trial-for-vittorio-emanuele-of-savoy/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=The Royal Forums |date=25 September 2009}}</ref> After a long legal fight, Birgit Hamer obtained the full video.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borromeo|first=Beatrice|date=24 February 2011 |title=Il video che incastra Savoia |url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/02/24/il-video-che-incastra-savoia/93668/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Follain|first=John|date=27 February 2011|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Europe/article563655.ece|url-status=live|title=Prince admits killing on video|work=The Sunday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310193028/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Europe/article563655.ece|archive-date=10 March 2016|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> The story was broken in the press by ''[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]'' with an article by aristocratic journalist [[Beatrice Borromeo]], who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder ''Delitto senza castigo'' by Birgit Hamer.<ref name="¡Hola! 2015">{{cite magazine |date=10 March 2015 |title=Beatrice Borromeo, el azote de Víctor Manuel de Saboya |url=https://www.hola.com/realeza/casa_monaco/2015031077373/beatrice-borromeo-saboya/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |magazine=¡Hola! |language=es}}</ref> Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borromeo|first=Beatrice|date=17 March 2011 |title=Omicidio Hamer, Emanuele Filiberto casca dalle nuvole|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/03/17/omicidio-hamer-emanuele-filiberto-casca-dalle-nuvole/98365/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref> In March 2015, a court judgement ruled in favour of ''Il Fatto Quotidiano''.<ref name="¡Hola! 2015"/> In August 2017, Italy's [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]] acquitted ''[[La Repubblica]]'' journalists Maurizio Crosetti and [[Ezio Mauro]] of a defamation lawsuit brought by Vittorio Emanuele, who had been referred to by Crosetti and Mauro as "the one who used" with ease the rifle at Cavallo, "killing a man". Crosetti and Mauro, who was also sued for omitted control due to being the then editor-in-chief, had been convicted in the first-instance trial but were acquitted on appeal, a sentence that the Supreme Court of Cassation confirmed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Savoia, la Cassazione: Vittorio Emanuele ha colpa per la morte di Hamer|date=3 August 2017|url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/savoia-la-cassazione-vittorio-emanuele-ha-colpa-per-la-morte-di-hamer-493513.html|website=Affaritaliani.it |language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> In the summer of 2023, ''The Prince'', a docuseries directed by Borromeo and focused on the death of Hamer, was released on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=De Tommasi|first=Alessandra|date=7 July 2023|url=https://www.vanityfair.it/article/principe-serie-netflix-vittorio-emanuele-di-savoia-recensione|title=Il principe, la docuserie Netflix su Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia, è una riflessione sul privilegio|magazine=Vanity Fair Italia|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Novella De Luca |first=Maria |title=Vittorio Emanuele: processi, armi e jet set la vita spericolata del principe senza corona |url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/02/04/news/vittorio_emanuele_savoia_morto-422051696/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it|date=4 February 2024}}</ref> The docuseries concluded with Vittorio Emanuele declaring that he had no regrets and that he would do everything he had done in his life again "except Cavallu", referencing the events at Cavallo.<ref name="Turrini 2024"/>

In late 2007, lawyers representing Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto wrote a seven-page letter to then Italian president [[Giorgio Napolitano]] and Italian prime minister [[Romano Prodi]] seeking damages for their years in exile (€260 million without considering [[interest]]) and the return of their seized property after the war.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2007 |title=I Savoia chiedono i danni all'Italia |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2007/11/20/news/i-savoia-chiedono-i-danni-all-italia-1.37115549/ |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=La Stampa |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Morali |first=Danni |date=20 November 2007 |title=I Savoia chiedono 260 milioni allo Stato |work=Corriere Della Sera |language=it|url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/07_novembre_20/savoia_danni_governo_ee8a5368-978c-11dc-9cff-0003ba99c53b.shtml |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=21 November 2007 |url=https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/savoys-ask-for-damages.html<!-- https://www.wantedinrome.com/?id_n=3846 -->|url-status=live|title=Savoys ask for damages <!-- Wanted in Rome {{!}} Italy's news in English --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810220256/https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/savoys-ask-for-damages.html|archive-date=10 August 2020|access-date=22 December 2024 |magazine=Wanted in Rome }}</ref> This was confirmed during an interview on the [[Rai 3]] popular affairs programme ''Ballarò'', where Emanuele Filiberto also stated that the seized property including Roman landmarks, such as the [[Quirinale]] palace and [[Villa Ada]], should be returned to the Savoy family.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2007 |title=Savoys ask Italy to pay compensation for exile |url=https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/savoys-ask-italy-pay-compensation-exile |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Italy Magazine}}</ref> The Italian prime minister's office released a statement stating that the Savoys are not owed any damages and suggesting that Italy may demand damages from the Savoys for their collusion with Mussolini and its wartime conduct.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Italy's ex-royal family sues state for WW II reparations |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/italy-s-ex-royal-family-sues-state-for-ww-ii-reparations-1.687246 |access-date=22 December 2024 |via=CBC |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The Italian Constitution contains a clause stripping the Savoys of their wealth on exile. Emanuele Filiberto acknowledged that his fiancée, whose pregnancy was revealed at the time of the couple's engagement, belonged to a more leftist milieu than his own, a fact that initially displeased his father.<ref>{{cite news |title=<!-- BBC News – Europe – -->Italian 'prince' weds actress |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3140408.stm|url-status=dead|agency=BBC|date=25 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3140408.stm|archive-date=5 December 2024|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> On 17 December 2017, the body of Victor Emmanuel III returned to Italy to be buried at the [[Sanctuary of Vicoforte]] in Piedmont.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://the-view-from-rome.blogautore.repubblica.it/2017/12/17/exiled-king-finally-returns-to-italy/index.html|title=Exiled king finally returns to Italy|work=La Repubblica|date=17 December 2017|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/esteri/la-stampa-in-english/2017/12/18/news/remains-of-italian-king-victor-emmanuel-iii-return-to-italy-for-reburial-1.34084487|title=Remains of Italian king Victor Emmanuel III return to Italy for reburial|work=La Stampa|date=18 December 2017|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>

Judicially separated since 1976, civilly divorced in 1982, and their marriage religiously annulled in 1987, Amedeo of Aosta's first wife, [[Princess Claude of Orléans]], revealed that she was aware that her husband fathered a child by another woman during their marriage.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyWlj4M3L4EC|title=Anales De La Real Academia Matritense De Heráldica y Genealogía VI (2000-2001)|language=es|location=Madrid|publisher=RAMHG<!-- Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía -->|volume=VI|page= 230, footnote 116|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref> Aosta acknowledged paternity of another child, born out-of-wedlock in 2006 during his second marriage but agreed to contribute financially to the child's care only after being directed to do so by court order.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2006|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/05_Maggio/03/duca.shtml|title=Amedeo padre di Ginevra. Lo dice il Dna|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> The [[patrilineal]] lineage of the House of Savoy was reduced to four males between 1996 and 2009. In 2008, [[Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)|Aimone of Savoy-Aosta]] married [[Princess Olga Isabelle of Greece]], his second cousin, and they became the parents of sons Umberto and Amedeo, who were born respectively in 2009 and 2011. In 2019, Vittorio Emanuele issued a formal decree that modified the medieval law restricting succession to male heirs to place his granddaughter, [[Vittoria Cristina Chiara Adelaide Marie]], in the line of succession. Prince Aimone declared the change illegitimate, meaning the title would remain in male succession and transfer to the Savoy-Aosta branch led by Aimone.<ref>{{cite news| title=Paris Teenager's New Gig: Would-Be Queen of Italy. A Nation Shrugs |last=Horowitz | first=Jason | work=The New York Times | date=10 May 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/world/europe/italy-house-of-savoy-royalty.html | access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Annuario della nobilità Italiana 2015-2020 XXXIII edizione parte I|location= Teglio|issn= 0393-6473|isbn=978-88-942861-0-6|last1= Borella|first1= Andrea|date= 2020}}</ref> As of 2022, the House of Savoy was in the process of trying to reclaim family jewels that have been owned by the Italian government since the abolition of the monarchy.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Vanderhoof |first=Erin |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/01/house-of-savoy-wants-their-crown-jewels-back |title=The House of Savoy, Italy's Former Royal Family, Wants Their Crown Jewels Back |magazine=Vanity Fair |date= 28 January 2022|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> Vittorio Emanuele died in February 2024,<ref name="Reuters 2024"/> and the House of Savoy announced: "Surrounded by his family, he died peacefully in Geneva."<ref name="La Stampa 2024"/>

== Orders of knighthood ==
The House of Savoy has held two [[Dynastic order|dynastic orders]] since 1362,<ref name="ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it">{{cite web|title=Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunciata|url=http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+Supremo+della+Santissima+Annunziata&cat=1|website=Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia|access-date=2015-11-23|archive-date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029225437/http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+Supremo+della+Santissima+Annunziata&cat=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> which were brought into the Kingdom of Italy as national orders. Although the kingdom ceased to exist in 1946, King Umberto II did not abdicate his role as ''[[fons honorum]]'' over the two dynastic orders over which the family has long held sovereignty and grand mastership. In the 21st century, following the dispute, both Prince Emanuele Filiberto and Prince Aimone claim to be hereditary Sovereign and Grand Master of the following orders of the House of Savoy:
* [[File:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg|100x30px]] [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], founded in 1362.<ref name="ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it"/>
* [[File:Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg|100x30px]] [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], founded in 1572.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ordine Militare e Religioso dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro|url=http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+Militare+e+Religioso+dei+SS+Maurizio+e+Lazzaro&cat=2|website=Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309173600/http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+Militare+e+Religioso+dei+SS+Maurizio+e+Lazzaro&cat=2|archive-date=2015-03-09}}</ref>
In addition to these, Vittorio Emanuele claims sovereignty over two more orders:
* [[File:Ordine Civile di Savoia BAR.svg|100x30px]] [[Civil Order of Savoy]], founded in 1831.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ordine Civile di Savoia|url=http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+Civile+di+Savoia&cat=3|website=Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia|access-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029225342/http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+Civile+di+Savoia&cat=3|archive-date=2015-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[File:Cavaliere OCI BAR.svg|100x30px]] [[Order of the Crown of Italy]], founded in 1868 and no longer bestowed;<ref>{{cite web|title=Ordine della Corona d'Italia|url=http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+della+Corona+d+Italia&cat=5|website=Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia|access-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029230953/http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/?titolo=Ordine+della+Corona+d+Italia&cat=5|archive-date=2015-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> it was replaced by the [[Order of Merit of Savoy]] in 1988.

In February 2006, all three of [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples|Vittorio Emanuele]]'s sisters ([[Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma|Princess Maria Pia]], [[Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy|Princess Maria Gabriella]], and [[Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy|Princess Maria Beatrice]]) resigned from the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, alleging that memberships in the orders had been sold to unworthy candidates, a newfound practice they could not abide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,,1804072,00.html|title=The fall of the house of Savoy|first=John|last=Hooper|date=23 June 2006|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
{{main|List of rulers of Savoy}}

=== Counts of Savoy ===
{{main|County of Savoy}}
{{tree list}}
* [[Humbert I of Savoy|Humbert I]] "Biancamano" ("White Hand"), Count 1003–1047/1048 ({{circa}} 972/975–1047/48)
** [[Amadeus I of Savoy|Amadeus I]], Count 1048–1051 (died c. 1052)
** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Otto of Savoy|Otto]], Count 1051–1060 (c. 1020–1060)
*** [[Peter I of Savoy|Peter I]], Count 1060–1078 (1048/49–1078)
*** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Amadeus II of Savoy|Amadeus II]], Count 1060–1080 (c. 1046–1080)
**** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Humbert II of Savoy|Humbert II]], Count 1080–1103 (c. 1072–1103)
***** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Amadeus III of Savoy|Amadeus III]], Count 1103–1148 (c. 1095–1148)
****** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Humbert III of Savoy|Humbert III]], Count 1148–1189 (1136–1189)
******* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Thomas I of Savoy|Thomas I]], Count 1189–1233 (1178–1233)
******** [[Amadeus IV of Savoy|Amadeus IV]], Count 1233–1253 (1197–1253)
********* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Boniface, Count of Savoy|Boniface]], Count 1253–1263 (1244–1263)
******** [[Peter II, Count of Savoy|Peter II]], Count 1263–1268 (1203–1268)
******** [[Philip I, Count of Savoy|Philip I]], Count 1268–1285 (1207–1285)
******** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Thomas, Count of Flanders|Thomas II]], regent 1253–1259 (1199–1259)
********* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Amadeus V, Count of Savoy|Amadeus V]], Count 1285–1323 (1249–1323)
********** [[Edward, Count of Savoy|Edward I]], Count 1323–1329 (1284–1329)
********** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Aimone, Count of Savoy|Aimone]], Count 1329–1343 (1291–1343)
*********** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy|Amadeus VI]], Count 1343–1383 (1334–1383)
************ {{tree list/final branch}} [[Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy|Amadeus VII]], Count 1383–1391 (1360–1391)
************* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Antipope Felix V|Amadeus VIII]], Count 1391–1416 (1383–1451)
{{tree list/end}}

=== Dukes of Savoy ===
{{main|Duchy of Savoy}}
Source: {{cite web|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/savoy/savoy3.html|title=Savoy 3|website=Genealogy index|access-date=22 December 2024}}
{{tree list}}
* [[Antipope Felix V|Amadeus VIII]], Duke of Savoy 1416–1434, Antipope Felix V 1439–1449 (1383–1451), abdicated (from both)
** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Louis, Duke of Savoy|Louis I]], Duke of Savoy 1434–1465 (1413–1465)
*** [[Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy|Amadeus IX]], Duke of Savoy 1465–1472 (1435–1472)
**** [[Philibert I, Duke of Savoy|Philibert I]], Duke of Savoy 1472–1482 (1465–1482)
**** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles I, Duke of Savoy|Charles I]], Duke of Savoy 1482–1490 (1468–1490)
***** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles II, Duke of Savoy|Charles (II) John Amadeus]], Duke of Savoy 1490–1496 (1490–1496)
*** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Philip II, Duke of Savoy|Philip II]], Duke of Savoy 1496–1497 (1438–1497)
**** [[Philibert II, Duke of Savoy|Philibert II]], Duke of Savoy 1497–1504 (1480–1504)
**** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles III, Duke of Savoy|Charles III]], Duke of Savoy 1504–1553 (1486–1553)
***** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy|Emmanuel Philibert]], Duke of Savoy 1553–1580 (1528–1580)
****** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel I]], Duke of Savoy 1580–1630 (1562–1630)
******* [[Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy|Victor Amadeus I]], Duke of Savoy 1630–1637 (1587–1637)
******** [[Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy|Francis Hyacinth]], Duke of Savoy 1637–1638 (1632–1638)
******** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Charles Emmanuel II]], Duke of Savoy 1638–1675 (1634–1675)
********* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia|Victor Amadeus II]], Duke of Savoy 1675–1730, later King of Sicily then Sardinia (see below) (1666–1732), abdicated
******* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano|Thomas Francis]], 1st Prince of Carignano 1620–1656 (1596–1656), ancestor of all remaining dynasties
{{tree list/end}}

=== Kings of Sicily ===
* [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia|Victor Amadeus II]], King of Sicily 1713–1720 (1666–1732)

=== Kings of Sardinia ===
{{main|Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)}}
Sources: {{cite web|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/savoy/savoy4.html|title=Savoy 4|website=Genealogy index|access-date=22 December 2024}} {{cite web|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/savoy/savoy5.html|title=Savoy 5|website=Genealogy index|access-date=22 December 2024}}
{{tree list}}
* Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 1580–1630 (1562–1630)
** Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy 1630–1637 (1587–1637)
*** {{tree list/final branch}} Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy 1638–1675 (1634–1675)
**** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Amadeus II]], King of Sardinia 1720–1730 (1666–1732), abdicated
***** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Emmanuel III]], King of Sardinia 1730–1773 (1701–1773)
****** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Amadeus III]], King of Sardinia 1773–1796 (1726–1796)
******* [[Charles Emmanuel IV]], King of Sardinia 1796–1802 (1751–1819), abdicated
******* [[Victor Emmanuel I]], King of Sardinia 1802–1821 (1759–1824), abdicated
******* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles Felix]], King of Sardinia 1821–1831 (1765–1831)
** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano|Thomas Francis]], 1st Prince of Carignano 1620–1656 (1596–1656)
*** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano|Emmanuel Philibert]], 2nd Prince of Carignano 1656–1709 (1628–1709)
**** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano|Victor Amadeus I]], 3rd Prince of Carignano 1709–1741 (1690–1741)
***** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano|Louis Victor]], 4th Prince of Carignano 1741–1778 (1721–1778)
****** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano|Victor Amadeus II]], 5th Prince of Carignano 1778–1780 (1743–1780)
******* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano|Charles Emmanuel]], 6th Prince of Carignano 1780–1800 (1770–1800)
******** {{tree list/final branch}} [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]], 7th Prince of Carignano 1800–1831, King of Sardinia 1831–1849 (1798–1849), abdicated
********* {{tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Emmanuel II]], King of Sardinia 1849–1861 (1820–1878)
{{tree list/end}}

=== Kings of Italy ===
{{main|Kingdom of Italy}}
Sources: {{cite web|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/savoy/savoy6.html|title=Savoy 6|website=Genealogy index|access-date=22 December 2024}}
{{tree list}}
* [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]], King of Italy 1861–1878 (1820–1878)
** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]], King of Italy 1878–1900 (1844–1900)
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], King of Italy 1900–1946 (1869–1947), abdicated
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], King of Italy 1946 (1904–1983), deposed
{{tree list/end}}

=== Emperors of Ethiopia ===
{{main|Ethiopian Empire|Italian East Africa}}
* [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–1941), contested by Emperor in exile [[Haile Selassie I]]

=== Kings of Albania ===
{{main|Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)}}
* [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], King of Albania (1939–1943)

=== Kings of Spain ===
{{main|Sexenio Democrático}}
* [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]], King of Spain (1870–1873), son of Victor Emmanuel II

=== World War II Croatia ===
In 1941, in the fascist puppet state [[Independent State of Croatia]], [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]], grandson of [[Amadeo I of Spain]], was formally named as the king under the name [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta|Tomislav II]]; he never ruled in practice as he remained residing in Italy, and formally abdicated in 1943 when Italy ended participation with the [[Axis Powers]].

===Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia===
In 1396, the title and privileges of the final king of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], [[Levon V of Armenia|Levon V]], were transferred to [[James I of Cyprus|James I]], his cousin and king of Cyprus. The title of King of Armenia was thus united with the titles of King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hadjilyra | first = Alexander-Michael | title = The Armenians of Cyprus | publisher = Kalaydjian Foundation |year= 2009 | location = New York | page = 12 }}</ref> The title was held to the modern day by the House of Savoy.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

== Family tree ==
{{hidden begin
|toggle = right
|title = Family tree
|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;
}}
Male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in '''bold'''.
{{tree list}}
* '''[[Humbert I, Count of Savoy]]''', c. 972/975–1047/1048
** '''[[Amadeus I, Count of Savoy]]''', died c. 1052
*** Humbert, died before 1052
*** Aymon, Bishop of Belley
** Aymon, Bishop of Sion, died 1054/1055
** [[Burchard (bishop of Aosta)]], died c. 1068
** '''[[Otto, Count of Savoy]]''', c. 1020–1060
*** '''[[Peter I, Count of Savoy]]''', c. 1048/49–1078
*** '''[[Amadeus II, Count of Savoy]]''', c. 1050–1080
**** '''[[Humbert II, Count of Savoy]]''', 1065–1103
***** '''[[Amadeus III, Count of Savoy]]''', 1095–1148
****** '''[[Humbert III, Count of Savoy]]''', 1136–1189
******* '''[[Thomas, Count of Savoy]]''', 1178–1233
******** '''[[Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy]]''', 1197–1253
********* '''[[Boniface, Count of Savoy]]''', 1244-1263
******** [[Thomas, Count of Flanders]], 1199-1259
********* [[Thomas III of Piedmont]], 1246-1282
********** [[Philip I of Piedmont]], 1278-1334
*********** [[James of Piedmont]], 1315-1367
************ Philip II of Piedmont, died 1368
************ [[Amadeus, Prince of Achaea]], 1363-1402
************ [[Louis of Piedmont]], 1364-1418
*********** Amadeus, Bishop of Maurienne, died 1376
*********** Thomas, Bishop of Turin, died 1360
*********** Edward, Archbishop of Tarentaise, died 1395
*********** Aymon, died 1398
********* '''[[Amadeus V, Count of Savoy]]''', 1252–1323
********** '''[[Edward, Count of Savoy]]''', 1284–1329
********** '''[[Aymon, Count of Savoy]]''', 1291–1343
*********** '''[[Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy]]''', 1334–1383
************ '''[[Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy]]''', 1360–1391
************* '''[[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1383–1451
************** Amadeus of Savoy, 1412–1431
************** '''[[Louis, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1413–1465
*************** '''[[Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1435–1472
**************** '''[[Philibert I, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1465–1482
**************** '''[[Charles I, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1468–1490
***************** '''[[Charles II, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1489–1496
*************** [[Louis of Cyprus]], 1436–1482
*************** '''[[Philip II, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1438–1497
**************** '''[[Philibert II, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1480–1504
**************** '''[[Charles III, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1486–1553
***************** '''[[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1528–1580
****************** '''[[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1562–1630
******************* [[Philip Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont]], 1586–1605
******************* '''[[Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1587–1637
******************** '''[[Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1632–1638
******************** '''[[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy]]''', 1634–1675
********************* '''[[Victor Amadeus II]]''', 1666–1732
********************** [[Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont]], 1699–1715
********************** '''[[Charles Emmanuel III]]''', 1701–1773
*********************** '''[[Victor Amadeus III]]''', 1726–1796
************************ '''[[Charles Emmanuel IV]]''', 1751–1819
************************ '''[[Victor Emmanuel I]]''', 1759–1824
************************ [[Prince Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat|Prince Maurice, Duke of Montferrat]], 1762–1799
************************ '''[[Charles Felix of Sardinia]]''', 1765–1831
************************ [[Prince Giuseppe, Count of Asti|Prince Joseph, Count of Asti]], 1766–1802
*********************** [[Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais|Prince Benedict, Duke of Chablais]], 1741–1808
******************* [[Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (1588–1624)|Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy]], 1588–1624
******************* [[Prince Maurice of Savoy]], 1593–1657
******************* [[Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano]], 1596–1656
******************** [[Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano]], 1628–1709
********************* [[Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano]], 1690–1741
********************** [[Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano]], 1721–1778
*********************** [[Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano]], 1743–1780
************************ [[Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano]], 1770–1800
************************* '''[[Charles Albert of Sardinia]]''', 1798–1849
************************** '''[[Victor Emmanuel II]]''', 1820–1878
*************************** '''[[Umberto I of Italy|Humbert I of Italy]]''', 1844–1900
**************************** '''[[Victor Emmanuel III]]''', 1869–1947
***************************** '''[[Umberto II of Italy|Humbert II of Italy]]''', 1904–1983
****************************** '''[[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples|Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples]]''', 1937–2024
******************************* '''[[Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice|Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, Prince of Venice]]''', born 1972
*************************** [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeus I of Spain]], 1845–1890
**************************** [[Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta|Prince Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Aosta]], 1869–1931
***************************** [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta|Prince Amadeus, Duke of Aosta]], 1898–1942
***************************** [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta|Prince Aymon, Duke of Aosta]], 1900–1948
****************************** [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (1943–2021)|Prince Amadeus, Duke of Aosta]], 1943–2021
******************************* [[Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)|Aymon of Savoy-Aosta]], born 1967
******************************** Prince Humbert of Savoy-Aosta, born 2009
******************************** Prince Amadeus Michael of Savoy-Aosta, born 2011
**************************** [[Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin|Prince Victor Emmanuel, Count of Turin]], 1870–1946
**************************** [[Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi|Prince Louis Amadeus, Duke of the Abruzzi]], 1873–1933
**************************** [[Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi|Prince Humbert, Count of Salemi]], 1889–1918
*************************** [[Prince Oddone, Duke of Montferrat]], 1846–1866
************************** [[Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1822–1855)|Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa]], 1822–1855
*************************** [[Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa|Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa]], 1854–1931
**************************** [[Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (1884–1963)|Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa]], 1884–1963
**************************** [[Prince Filiberto, Duke of Genoa|Prince Philibert, Duke of Genoa]], 1895–1990
**************************** [[Prince Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo|Prince Adalbert, Duke of Bergamo]], 1898–1982
**************************** [[Prince Eugenio, Duke of Genoa|Prince Eugene, Duke of Genoa]], 1906–1996
*********************** [[Eugenio, Count of Villafranca|Eugene, Count of Villafranca]], 1753–1785
********************* Thomas Philip Gaston of Savoy, 1692–1715
******************** Prince Joseph Emmanuel of Savoy, Count of Soissons, 1631–1656
******************** [[Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons]], 1635–1673
********************* [[Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons]], 1657–1702
********************** [[Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan]], 1687–1729
*********************** [[Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons|Eugene John, Count of Soissons]], 1714–1734
********************** Prince Maurice of Savoy, 1690–1710
********************** Prince Eugene of Savoy, 1692–1712
********************* Philip, Abbot of Soissons, 1659–1693
********************* Louis Jules, Knight of Savoy, 1660–1683
********************* [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]], 1663–1736
**************** [[Philip, Duke of Nemours]], 1490–1533
***************** [[Jacques de Savoie, Duke of Nemours|James of Savoy, Duke of Nemours]], 1531–1585
****************** [[Charles Emmanuel de Savoie, Duke of Nemours|Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Duke of Nemours]], 1567–1595
****************** [[Henri I, Duke of Nemours|Henry I, Duke of Nemours]], 1572–1632
******************* [[Louis I, Duke of Nemours]], 1615–1641
******************* [[Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours]], 1624–1652
******************* [[Henri II, Duke of Nemours|Henry II, Duke of Nemours]], 1625–1659
*************** Peter, Archbishop of Tarentasia, 1440–1458
*************** Janus, Count of Faucigny and Geneva, 1440–1491
*************** John Louis, Bishop of Geneva, 1447–1482
*************** [[Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont]], 1450–1486
*************** Francis, Archbishop of Auch, 1454–1490
************** Philip of Savoy, Count of Geneva, 1417–1444
********* [[Louis I of Vaud]], 1250–1302
********** [[Louis II of Vaud]], c. 1290–1348
******** Aymon, Lord of Chablais, died 1237
******** [[William of Savoy]], died 1239
******** Amadeus, Bishop of Maurienne
******** '''[[Peter II, Count of Savoy]]''', 1203–1268
******** '''[[Philip I, Count of Savoy]]''', 1207–1285
******** [[Boniface of Savoy (bishop)]], 1207–1270
****** John
****** Peter
****** William
***** William, Bishop of Liège
***** Umberto
***** Reginald
***** Guy, abbot of Namur
*** Otto
{{tree list/end}}
{{hidden end}}

== Titles of the Crown of Sardinia ==
[[File:SardiniePiemont.jpg|thumb|280px|A map of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]]]
The titles of the Crown of Sardinia were the following: "VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, Cipro, Gerusalemme e Armenia; Duca di Savoia, Monferrato, Chablais, Aosta e Genevese; Principe di Piemonte ed Oneglia; Marchese in Italia, di Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana; Conte di Moriana, Nizza, Tenda, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano; Barone di Vaud e di Faucigny; Signore di Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Impero in Italia." The English translation is: "[[Victor Amadeus III]], [[by the Grace of God]], [[King of Sardinia]], [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[King of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenia]], [[Duke of Savoy]], [[List of rulers of Montferrat|Montferrat]], [[Chablais]], [[Duke of Aosta|Aosta]], and [[Genevois (province)|Genevois]], [[Prince of Piedmont]] and [[Oneglia]], [[Marquis]] (of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) in Italy, of [[Saluzzo]], [[March of Turin|Susa]], [[Ivrea]], [[Ceva]], Maro, [[Oristano]], [[Cesana Torinese|Sezana]], [[Count of Maurienne]], [[Nice]], [[Tende]], [[Asti]], [[Alessandria]], [[Count of Goceano|Goceano]], [[Baron]] of [[Vaud]] and [[Faucigny]], [[Lord]] of [[Vercelli]], [[Pinerolo]], [[Moûtiers|Tarentaise]], [[Lomellina|Lumellino]], [[Valsesia|Val di Sesia]], [and] Prince and perpetual [[Vicar]] of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy."

== Titles of the Crown of Italy ==
The titles of the Crown of Italy were the following: "[[Victor Emmanuel II]], by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation, [[King of Italy]], King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, [[Count of Maurienne]], Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; [[Prince]] of [[Piedmont]], [[Carignano, Piedmont|Carignano]], Oneglia, [[Poirino]], [[Trino, Piedmont|Trino]]; Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of [[Carmagnola]], [[Montmélian]] with [[Arbin, Savoie|Arbin]] and [[Francin]], Prince [[bailiff]] of the Duchy of [[Aosta]], Prince of [[Chieri]], [[Dronero]], [[Crescentino]], [[Riva presso Chieri|Riva di Chieri]] and Banna, [[Busca, Piedmont|Busca]], [[Bene Vagienna|Bene]], [[Bra, Italy|Brà]], [[Duke of Genoa]], Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of [[Chablais]], [[Genevois (province)|Genevois]], Duke of [[Piacenza]], Marquis of [[Saluzzo]] (Saluces), [[Ivrea]], Susa, del Maro, Oristano, [[Cesana Torinese|Cesana]], [[Savona]], [[Moûtiers|Tarantasia]], [[Borgomanero]] and [[Cureggio]], [[Caselle Torinese|Caselle]], [[Rivoli, Piedmont|Rivoli]], [[Pianezza]], [[Govone]], [[Salussola]], [[Racconigi]] con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone, [[Cavallermaggiore]], [[Marene]], [[Modane]] e [[Lanslebourg]], [[Livorno Ferraris]], [[Santhià]] [[Agliè]], [[Centallo]] e [[Demonte]], [[Desana]], [[Ghemme]], [[Vigone]], Count of [[Barge, Piedmont|Barge]], [[Villafranca Piemonte|Villafranca]], [[Geneva|Ginevra]], [[Nice|Nizza]], [[Tende|Tenda]], [[Romont]], [[Asti]], [[Alessandria]], [[Count of Goceano|del Goceano]], [[Novara]], [[Tortona]], [[Bobbio]], [[Soissons]], [[Sant'Antioco]], [[Pollenzo]], [[Roccabruna]], [[Tricerro]], [[Bairo]], [[Ozegna]], delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud and del [[Faucigny|Faucigni]], [[Lord]] of [[Vercelli]], [[Pinerolo]], della [[Lomellina]], della [[Valsesia|Valle Sesia]], del marchesato di [[Ceva]], [[Overlord]] of [[Monaco]], [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roccabruna]], and 11/12th of [[Menton]], Noble [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]] of [[Venice]], [and] patrician of [[Ferrara]]." These titles as of 1859 were used during the unified Kingdom of Italy, which lasted from 1861 to 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#italy|title=Royal Styles – Italy – Titles of the king of Italy|first=Francois R.|last=Velde|website=Heraldica.org|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Savoy]]
* [[List of consorts of Savoy]]
* [[List of Italian queens]]
* [[List of rulers of Savoy]]
* [[List of Sardinian consorts]]
* [[History of Savoy from 1860 to 1914]]
* [[Château des ducs de Savoie]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|editor-last=Barberis|editor-first=Walter|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIRoAAAAMAAJ|title=I Savoia. I secoli d'oro di una dinastia europea|language=it|location=Turin|publisher=Giulio Einaudi Editore|isbn=978-8-80618-593-0|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Google Books|postscript=. 248 pp.}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bruschi |first=Ugo |date=2022<!-- 9 March --> |title=The Formidable Machine: Parliament as Seen by Italian Diplomats at the Court of St James's in the First Half of the 18th Century |journal=Parliamentary History |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=184–201 |doi=10.1111/1750-0206.12614 |issn=1750-0206 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Castelnuovo|editor-first=Enrico|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZRJAQAAIAAJ|title=La Reggia di Venaria e i Savoia. Arte, magnificenza e storia di una corte europea|language=it|location=Turin|publisher=Allemandi Editore|isbn=978-8-84221-585-1|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Google Books|postscript=. 364 pp. (I), 309 pp. (II).}}
* {{cite book|last=Cognasso|first=Francesco|year=1941|title=I Savoia nella politica europea|series=Storia e politica|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Institute for International Political Studies}}
* {{cite book|last=Cox|first=Eugene L.|year=1974|title=The Eagles of Savoy. The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Cozzo|first=Paolo|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P70rAQAAIAAJ|title=La geografia celeste dei duchi di Savoia. Religione, devozioni e sacralità in uno Stato di età moderna (secoli XVI-XVII)|language=it|location=Bologna|publisher=il Mulino|isbn=978-8-81510-904-0|access-date=22 December 2024|via=Google Books|postscript=. 370 pp.}}
* {{cite book|last=Katz|first=Robert|year=1972|title=The Fall of the House of Savoy. A Study in the Relevance of the Commonplace or the Vulgarity of History|location=London|publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite book|last=Mack Smith|first=Denis|year=1992|title=Italy and its Monarchy|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-27473-438-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Osborne|first=Toby|year=2002|title=Dynasty and Diplomacy in the Court of Savoy. Political Culture and the Thirty Years' War|series=Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52165-268-1}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|House of Savoy|<br>House of Savoy}}
* [https://casarealedisavoia.it/ Official website of the House of Savoy] (in Italian)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424192012/http://savoia.blastness.com/home.htm Official website of the Prince of Naples] (in Italian)
* [http://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia] (in Italian)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000301233543/http://chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/savoyhis.htm Brief history of the House with a picture of coat-of-arms] (in English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000301221450/http://chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/italygen.htm Genealogy of recent members of the House] (in English)
* [http://eurulers.altervista.org/savoy.html Titles of the rulers of Savoy and Sardinia] (in English)

{{princes of Savoy}}
{{princesses of Savoy}}
{{royal houses of Cyprus}}
{{European royal families}}
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