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{{Short description|European dynastic family of Swiss and Austrian origin}} {{Redirect|Habsburg|the House of Habsburg-Lorraine|House of Habsburg-Lorraine|other uses|Habsburg (disambiguation)}} {{for|the collection of polities ruled by the House of Habsburg|Habsburg monarchy}} {{Infobox family | name = House of Habsburg | native_name = {{lang|de|Haus Habsburg}} | native_name_lang = German | type = [[Empire|Imperial]], [[Realm|Royal]], [[Duchy|Ducal]], and [[County|Comital]] dynasty | coat_of_arms = {{multiple image | align = centre | image_style =background-color; border:none; | border = none | image1 = Arms of Counts of Habsbourg.svg | width1 = 146 | alt1 = This is the "left" image described in the overall caption | image2 = Arms of the Archduchy of Austria.svg | width2 = 146 | alt2 = This is the "right" image described in the overall caption | footer = Left: Habsburg "ancient" coat of arms of the [[Counts of Habsburg]]: ''Or, a lion rampant gules crowned azure'' ("Lion of Habsburg");<br/> Right: Habsburg "modern"/Austria, coat of arms of the House of Habsburg, Archdukes of Austria: ''Gules, a fess argent'' ({{lang|de|"Bindenschild"}}); originally the arms of the [[w:Babenberg|House of Babenberg]], Dukes of Austria and Styria }} | coat_of_arms_size = 140px | parent house = [[Etichonids|House of Eticho]] (disputed) | country = {{Collapsible list | [[Holy Roman Empire]] | [[Habsburg monarchy]]{{unordered list | [[Archduchy of Austria]] | [[Kingdom of Hungary]] | [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] | [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] | [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]}} | [[Iberian Union]]{{unordered list | [[Crown of Castile]] | [[Crown of Aragon]] | [[Philippine dynasty|Kingdom of Portugal]] | [[Habsburg Netherlands|Low Countries]] | [[Kingdom of Naples]] | [[Kingdom of Sicily]]}} | [[Second Mexican Empire]] | [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] | [[Kingdom of England]]<ref group="note" name="jure uxoris">''[[Jure uxoris]]''.</ref> | [[Kingdom of Ireland]]<ref group="note" name="jure uxoris"/> | Other smaller historical states }} | etymology = [[Habsburg Castle]] | founded = 11th century <!-- {{Start date|YYYY}} or {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} by first documented family name version or relevant continuous identification --> | founder = [[Radbot of Klettgau]] | current_head = [[Karl von Habsburg]] ([[cognatic]] line) | final ruler = {{Plainlist| * [[Maria Theresa]] ([[agnatic]] line) * [[Charles I of Austria]] (cognatic line) }} | titles = {{Collapsible list | [[Holy Roman Emperor]] | [[Emperor of Austria]] | [[Emperor of Mexico]] | [[Emperor of Brazil]] | [[King of the Romans]] | [[List of German monarchs|King of Germany]] | [[King of Spain]] | [[King of Italy]] | [[King of Castile]] | [[King of Aragon]] | [[King of Valencia]] | [[King of Mallorca]] | [[King of León]] | [[King of Bulgaria]] | [[Kingdom of Sicily#The insular Kingdom of Sicily under the Crown of Aragon and Spain|King of Sicily]] | [[Kingdom of Naples#Aragonese Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]] | [[King of Navarre]] | [[King of Hungary]] | [[King of Jerusalem]]<ref group="note" name="de facto">Titular claim rather than ''de facto''.</ref> | [[King of Bohemia]] | [[King of Croatia]] | [[King of Dalmatia]] | [[King of Slavonia]] | [[King of Illyria]] | [[King of Poland]]<ref group="note" name="contested">Contested.</ref> | [[Philippine dynasty#Monarchs of the House of Habsburg|King of Portugal]] | [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|King of Galicia and Lodomeria]] | [[Kingdom of Jaén|King of Jaén]] | [[King of England]]<ref group="note" name="jure uxoris"/> | [[King of Ireland]]<ref group="note" name="jure uxoris"/> | [[Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico|King of New Mexico]]<ref>''Kiva, Cross, and Crown: The Pescos Indians and New Mexico'', p. 251.</ref><ref>''Letters of Don Diego de Vargas to His Family from New Spain and New Mexico'', p. 56.</ref> | [[King of the Indies]] | [[King of Serbia]] | [[Philip II of Spain|King of the East and West Indies]] | [[Captaincy General of Chile|King of Chile]]<ref group="note" name="Chile">Title given to Philip II by his father, Charles V, prior to his marriage with Mary of England. This was to ensure that Philip would not be outranked by his wife.</ref> | [[English claims to the French throne|King of France]]<ref group="note" name="de facto"/> | [[Archduke of Austria]] | [[Royal Prince of Belgium]]<ref group="note">Through Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este.</ref> | [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]<ref group="note" name="contested"/> | [[Grand Prince of Transylvania]] | [[Prince of Swabia]] | [[Duke of Austria]] | [[Duke of Burgundy]] | [[Duke of Guelders]] | [[Duke of Luxembourg]] | [[Duke of Parma and Piacenza]] | [[Duke of Modena and Reggio]] | [[Duke of Milan]] | [[Duke of Lothier]] | [[Duke of Brabant]] | [[Duke of Limburg]] | [[Duke of Gelderland]] | [[Duke of Styria]] | [[Duke of Carniola]] | [[Duke of Württemberg]] | [[Duke of Carinthia]] | [[Duke of Anjou]] | [[Duke of Alençon]] | [[Counts and Dukes of Angoulême|Duke of Angoulème]] | [[Duke of Aquitaine]] | [[Duke of Berry]] | [[Duke of Bourbon]] | [[Duke of Brittany]] | [[Duke of Braganza]] | [[Duke of Bukovina]] | [[Duke of Calabria]] | [[Duke of Châtellerault]] | [[Duchy of Durazzo (Angevin)|Duke of Durazzo]] | [[Duke of Enghien]] | [[Duke of Lorraine]] | [[Duke of Lucca]] | [[Duke of Montpensier]] | [[Duke of Nemours]] | [[Duke of Normandy]] | [[Duke of Orléans]] | [[Duke of Parma]] | [[Duke of Slavonia]] | [[Duke of Touraine]] | [[Duke of Vendôme]] | [[Margrave of Namur]] | [[Margrave of Moravia]] | [[Marquisate of Oristano|Marquis of Oristano]] | [[Marquisate of Oristano|Marquis of Goceano]] | [[Margrave of Antwerp]] | [[Upper Alsace|Landgrave of Alsace]] | [[Count of Artois]] | [[Count of Holland]] | [[Count of Flanders]] | [[Klettgau|Count of Klettgau]] | [[Thurgau|Count of Thurgau]] | [[Count of Onertau]] | [[Count of Altemburg]] | [[Count of Hainaut]] | [[Count of Charolais]] | [[Count of Zeeland]] | [[Count of Zutphen]] | [[Count of Barcelona]] | [[Count of Roussillon]] | [[Count of Cerdanya]] | [[Count of Kyburg]] | [[Count of Haut-Rhin]] | [[Count of Goriza]] | [[Count of Namur]] | [[Count of Covadonga]] | [[Count of Girona]] | [[Count of Osona]] | [[Count of Besalú]] | [[Count of Anjou]] | [[Count of Champagne]] | [[Count of Chartres]] | [[Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis|Count of Clermont]] | [[Count of Dreux]] | [[Count of Étampes]] | [[Count of Eu]] | [[Count of Évreux]] | [[Count of Gravina]] | [[Count of La Marche]] | [[Count of Longueville]] | [[Count of Montpensier]] | [[Count of Mortain]] | [[Count of Nevers]] | [[Count of Perche]] | [[Count of Poitiers]] | [[Count of Provence]] | [[Count of Soissons]] | [[Count of Toulouse]] | [[Count of Valois]] | [[Count of Vendôme]] | [[Count of Vermandois]] | [[Count of Vertus]] | [[Habsburg Castle|Count of Habsburg]] | [[Count Palatine of Burgundy]] | [[Lord of Biscay]] | [[Lord of Mechelen]] | [[Lord of Molina]] | Various Habsburg European titles }} | motto = [[A.E.I.O.U.]] and {{lang|la|Viribus Unitis}} | motto_lang = | motto_trans = | estate = {{plainlist| *[[Hofburg]] (formal seat) *[[Prague Castle]] (formal seat) *[[Habsburg Castle]] (ancestral) }} | dissolution = {{End date|1780}} (in agnatic line after death of [[Maria Theresa]]) | cadet branches = [[Agnatic]]: (all are extinct) *[[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg-Spain]] *[[Habsburg-Laufenburg]] *[[Kyburg family|Habsburg-Kyburg]] [[Cognatic]]: *[[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg-Lorraine]] **[[Austria-Este|Habsburg-Este]] **[[List of rulers of Tuscany#Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860|Habsburg-Tuscany]] **[[Hohenberg family|Hohenberg]] (non-dynastic) }} The '''House of Habsburg''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|p|s|b|ɜːr|ɡ}}; {{langx|de|Haus Habsburg}} {{IPA|de-AT|haʊs ˈhaːbsbʊrɡ||De-Haus Habsburg.ogg}}), also known as the '''House of Austria''',<ref group="note">{{bulleted list|{{langx|de|link=no|Haus Österreich}} {{IPA|de-AT|haʊs ˈøːstɐraɪç||De-Haus Österrreich.ogg}}|{{langx|es|link=no|Casa de Austria}} {{IPA|es|ˈkasa ðe ˈawstɾja|}}|{{langx|nl|Huis van Oostenrijk}} {{IPA|nl|ˈɦœys fɑn ˈoːstə(n)rɛik|}}|{{langx|pl|Dom Austrii}}|{{langx|la|Domus Austriæ}}|{{langx|fr|Maison d'Autriche}}|{{langx|hu|Ausztria Háza}}|{{langx|it|Casa d'Austria}}|{{langx|pt|Casa da Áustria}}}}</ref> was one of the most powerful [[Dynasty|dynasties]] in the history of Europe and Western civilization. They were best known for their inbreeding and for ruling vast realms throughout Europe during the [[Middle Ages]] and [[early modern period]], including the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/house-austria-habsburgs-and-empire|title=The House of Austria – the Habsburgs and the Empire|website=Die Welt der Habsburger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=house of Habsburg {{!}} Rulers, Motto, History, Map, & Inbreeding|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Habsburg|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The house takes its name from [[Habsburg Castle]], a fortress built in the 1020s in present-day [[Switzerland]] by [[Radbot of Klettgau]], who named his fortress Habsburg. His grandson [[Otto II, Count of Habsburg|Otto II]] was the first to take the fortress name as his own, adding "Count of Habsburg" to his title. In 1273, Count Radbot's seventh-generation descendant, [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph]], was elected [[King of the Romans]]. Taking advantage of the extinction of the [[Babenberg]]s and of his victory over [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] at the [[Battle on the Marchfeld]] in 1278, he appointed his sons as [[Dukes of Austria]] and moved the family's power base to [[Vienna]], where the Habsburg dynasty gained the name of "House of Austria" and ruled until 1918. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740, and, as the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg-Lorraines]] from 1765 until its [[dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire|dissolution]] in 1806. The house also produced kings of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]], [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], [[Lombardy-Venetia]] and [[Galicia-Lodomeria]], with their respective colonies; rulers of several principalities in the [[Low Countries]] and Italy; numerous [[Prince-bishop|prince-bishoprics]] in the Holy Roman Empire, and in the 19th century, [[emperors of Austria]] and of [[Austria-Hungary]], as well as one [[emperor of Mexico]]. The family split several times into parallel branches, most consequentially in the mid-16th century between its Spanish and German-Austrian branches following the abdication of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1556. Although they ruled distinct territories, the different branches nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried. Members of the Habsburg family oversee the Austrian branch of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], the [[Order of the Starry Cross]] and the [[Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)|Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George]]. The current head of the family is [[Karl von Habsburg]]. ==Name== The origins of [[Habsburg Castle]]'s name are uncertain. There is disagreement on whether the name is derived from the [[High German]] ''Habichtsburg'' ([[hawk]] castle), or from the Middle High German word ''hab/hap'' meaning ''ford'', as there is a river with a ford nearby. The first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year 1108.<ref>"Habsburger-Gedenkjahr im Aargau", ''[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]'', (page 17) 23 May 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-tv.ch/1965-0-habsburger-gedenkjahr.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921142752/http://www.art-tv.ch/1965-0-habsburger-gedenkjahr.html|url-status=dead|title=art-tv.ch|archive-date=September 21, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223234043/http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr.php |title=Kanton Aargau |archive-date=December 23, 2008|language=de}}</ref> The Habsburg name was not continuously used by the family members, since they often emphasized their more prestigious princely titles. The dynasty was thus long known as the "House of Austria". Complementary, in some circumstances the family members were identified by their place of birth. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] was known in his youth after his birthplace as Charles of [[Ghent]]. When he became king of Spain he was known as Charles of Spain, and after he was elected emperor, as Charles V (in French, ''Charles Quint''). In Spain, the dynasty was known as the ''Casa de Austria'', including [[illegitimate]] sons such as [[John of Austria]] and [[John Joseph of Austria]]. The arms displayed in their simplest form were those of Austria, which the Habsburgs had made their own, at times impaled with the arms of the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] (ancient). After [[Maria Theresa]] married Duke [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen of Lorraine]], the idea of "Habsburg" as associated with ancestral Austrian rulership was used to show that the old dynasty continued as did all its inherited rights. Some younger sons who had no prospects of the throne were given the personal title of "count of Habsburg". The surname of more recent members of the family such as [[Otto von Habsburg]] and [[Karl von Habsburg]] is taken to be "[[von Habsburg]]" or more completely "von Habsburg-Lothringen". Princes and members of the house use the tripartite arms adopted in the 18th century by Francis Stephen. The name of the dynasty is sometimes spelled in English publications as '''Hapsburg'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HAPSBURG |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hapsburg |access-date=2023-07-20 |work=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Morelon |first1=Claire |last2=Miller-Melamed |first2=Paul |date=2019-09-10 |title=What the Hapsburg Empire Got Right |language=en-US|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/opinion/hapsburg-empire-austria-world-war-1.html |department=Opinion |work=The New York Times |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Imperial Style: Fashions of the Hapsburg Era – MetPublications |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Imperial_Style_Fashions_of_the_Hapsburg_Era |access-date=2023-07-20 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> ==History== {{History of Austria}} ===Counts of Habsburg=== [[File:Schweiz um 1200.png|thumb|left|The Habsburg dominions around 1200 in the area of modern-day Switzerland are shown as {{legend0|#f4bedb|Habsburg}}, among the houses of {{legend0|#f7b282|[[House of Savoy|Savoy]]}}, {{legend0|#9dd575|[[Zähringer]]}} and {{legend0|#f6f07f|[[Counts of Kyburg|Kyburg]]}}]] The progenitor of the House of Habsburg may have been [[Guntram the Rich]], a count in the [[Breisgau]] who lived in the 10th century, and forthwith farther back as the medieval [[Adalrich, Duke of Alsace]], from the [[Etichonids]] from which Habsburg derives. His grandson [[Radbot of Klettgau]] founded the [[Habsburg Castle]]. That castle was the [[family seat]] during most of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. [[Giovanni Thomas Marnavich]] in his book "''Regiae Sanctitatis Illyricanae Faecunditas''" dedicated to [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], wrote that the House of Habsburg is descended from the Roman emperor [[Constantine the Great]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRkpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA670|title=The English Historical Review, Volume 2|author1=Mandell Creighton|author2=Justin Winsor|author3=Samuel Rawson Gardiner|author4=Reginald Lane Poole|author5=Sir John Goronwy Edwards|page=670|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1887}}</ref> an invention common in ruling dynasties at the time. In the 12th century, the Habsburgs became increasingly associated with the [[Staufer]] emperors, participating in the imperial court and the emperor's military expeditions; [[Werner II, Count of Habsburg]] died fighting for Emperor [[Frederick I Barbarossa]] in Italy. This association helped them to inherit many domains as the Staufers caused the extinction of many dynasties, some of which the Habsburgs were heirs to. In 1198, [[Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg]] fully dedicated the dynasty to the Staufer cause by joining the [[Ghibellines]] and funded the Staufer emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]'s war for the throne in 1211. The emperor was made godfather to his newly born grandson, the future King [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=[[Jean Bérenger|Jean Berenger]], C.A. Simpson |title=A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317895701 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Martyn Rady]] |title=The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power |date=2020 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0141987194 |chapter=1, Castle Habsburg and the 'fortinbras Effect'}}</ref> The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especially countship rights in [[Zürichgau]], [[Aargau]] and [[Thurgau]]. In the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy at families in [[Upper Alsace]] and [[Swabia]]. They were also able to gain high positions in the church hierarchy for their members. Territorially, they often profited from the extinction of other noble families such as the [[House of Kyburg]].<ref name=heimann/>{{sfn|Naumann|1855|pp=11 passim}} ===Pivot to Eastern Alpine Duchies=== By the second half of the 13th century, Count [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] (1218–1291) had become an influential territorial lord in the area between the [[Vosges Mountains]] and [[Lake Constance]]. On 1 October 1273, he was [[1273 imperial election|elected]] as a compromise candidate as [[King of the Romans]] and received the name [[Rudolph I of Germany]].<ref name=heimann>Heinz-Dieter Heimann: ''Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche''. {{ISBN|3-406-44754-6}}.</ref> He then led a coalition against King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] who had taken advantage of the [[Great Interregnum]] in order to expand southwards, taking over the respective inheritances of the [[House of Babenberg|Babenberg]] ([[Duchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Mark an der Sann|Savinja]]) and of the [[House of Spanheim|Spanheim]] ([[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[March of Carniola|Carniola]]). In 1278, Rudolph and his allies defeated and killed Ottokar at the [[Battle of Marchfeld]], and the lands he had acquired reverted to the German crown. With the [[Georgenberg Pact]] of 1286, Rudolph secured for his family the duchies of Austria and Styria. The southern portions of Ottokar's former realm, Carinthia, Carniola, and Savinja, went to Rudolph's allies from the [[House of Gorizia]].{{sfn|Kos|1985|p=260}}<ref>France Dolinar & al, ''Slovenski zgodovinski atlas'' (Ljubljana: Nova revija, 2011), p. 72.</ref> Following Rudolph's death in 1291, [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]]'s assassination in 1308, and [[Frederick the Fair]]'s failure to secure the German/Imperial crown for himself, the Habsburgs temporarily lost their supremacy in the Empire. In the early 14th century, they also focused on the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]. After [[Václav III]]'s death on 4 August 1306, there were no male heirs remaining in the [[Přemyslid dynasty]]. Habsburg scion [[Rudolph I of Bohemia|Rudolph I]] was then elected but only lasted a year. The Bohemian kingship was an elected position,<ref>Hugh Agnew. ''The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown''. Studies of Nationalities. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2004. p. 29.</ref> and the Habsburgs were only able to secure it on a hereditary basis much later in 1626, following their reconquest of the Czech lands during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. After 1307, subsequent Habsburg attempts to gain the Bohemian crown were frustrated first by [[Henry of Bohemia]] (a member of the House of Gorizia) and then by the [[House of Luxembourg]]. Instead, they were able to expand southwards: in 1311, they took over [[Mark an der Sann|Savinja]]; after the death of Henry in 1335, they assumed power in [[March of Carniola|Carniola]] and [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]]; and in 1369, they succeeded his daughter [[Margaret, Countess of Tyrol|Margaret]] in [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. After the death of [[Albert III of Gorizia]] in 1374, they gained a foothold at [[Pazin]] in central [[Istria]], followed by [[Trieste]] in 1382. Meanwhile, the original home territories of the Habsburgs in what is now Switzerland, including the [[Aargau]] with Habsburg Castle, were lost in the 14th century to the expanding [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] after the battles of [[Battle of Morgarten|Morgarten]] (1315) and [[Battle of Sempach|Sempach]] (1386). Habsburg Castle itself was finally lost to the Swiss in 1415. ===Albertinian / Leopoldian split and Imperial elections=== [[File:Carte archiduché Autriche.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Map showing the constituent lands of the [[Archduchy of Austria]]: the [[Duchy of Austria]], comprising [[Upper Austria]] centered on Linz, and [[Lower Austria]] centered on Vienna; [[Inner Austria]], centered on Graz, comprising the duchies of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], and the lands of the [[Austrian Littoral]]; and [[Further Austria]], comprising mostly the [[Sundgau]] territory with the town of [[Belfort]] in southern Alsace, the adjacent [[Breisgau]] region east of the [[Rhine]], and usually the [[County of Tyrol]]. The area between Further Austria and the Duchy of Austria was the [[Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg]].]] [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolf IV]]'s brothers [[Albert III, Duke of Austria|Albert III]] and [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold III]] ignored his efforts to preserve the integrity of the family domains and enacted the separation of the so-called [[Albertinian Line|Albertinian]] and [[Leopoldian line|Leopoldian]] family lines on 25 September 1379 by the [[Treaty of Neuberg]]. The former would maintain Austria proper (then called ''Niederösterreich'' but comprising modern [[Lower Austria]] and most of [[Upper Austria]]), while the latter would rule over lands then labeled ''Oberösterreich'', namely [[Inner Austria]] (''Innerösterreich'') comprising Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, and [[Further Austria]] (''Vorderösterreich'') consisting of Tyrol and the western Habsburg lands in [[Alsace]] and [[Swabia]].<ref name=heimann/> By marrying [[Elisabeth of Luxembourg]], the daughter of Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], in 1437 Duke [[Albert II of Germany|Albert V]] of the Albertine line (1397–1439) became the ruler of Bohemia and Hungary, again expanding the family's political horizons. The next year Albert was crowned [[King of the Romans]], known as such as [[Albert II of Germany|Albert II]]. Following his early death in a battle against the Ottomans in 1439 and that of his son [[Ladislaus Postumus]] in 1457, the Habsburgs lost Bohemia once more as well as Hungary for several decades. However, with the extinction of the [[House of Celje]] in 1456 and the [[House of Wallsee|House of Wallsee-Enns]] in 1466/1483, they managed to absorb significant secular enclaves into their territories and create a contiguous domain stretching from the border with Bohemia to the Adriatic Sea. After the death of Leopold's eldest son, [[William, Duke of Austria|William]], in 1406 the Leopoldian line was further split among his brothers into the Inner Austrian territory under [[Ernest, Duke of Austria|Ernest the Iron]] and a Tyrolean/Further Austrian line under [[Frederick IV, Duke of Austria|Frederick of the Empty Pockets]]. In 1440 Ernest's son [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] was chosen by the [[Prince-elector|electoral college]] to succeed Albert II as the king. Several Habsburg kings had attempted to gain the imperial dignity over the years, but success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when [[Pope Nicholas V]] crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome. In Frederick III the Pope found an important political ally with whose help he was able to counter the [[conciliarism|conciliar movement]].<ref name=heimann/> While in Rome Frederick III married [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]], enabling him to build a network of connections with dynasties in the west and southeast of Europe. Frederick was rather distant to his family; Eleanor, by contrast, had a great influence on the raising and education of Frederick's children and therefore played an important role in the family's rise to prominence. After Frederick III's coronation the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial throne almost continuously until 1806.<ref name=heimann/> ===Archdukes=== Through the forged document called ''[[privilegium maius]]'' (1358/59), [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria]] (1339–1365) introduced the title of [[Archduke]] to place the Habsburgs on a par with the [[Prince-electors]] of the Empire, since Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] had omitted to give them the electoral dignity in his [[Golden Bull of 1356]]. Charles, however, refused to recognize the title, as did his immediate successors. Duke [[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest the Iron]] and his descendants unilaterally assumed the title "archduke". That title was only officially recognized in 1453 by Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], the ruler of Austria himself.<ref>{{cite book | title=Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Furstliche Hauser Band XIV | publisher=C. A. Starke Verlag | year=1991 | location=Limburg ad der Lahn, Germany | pages=91–93 | isbn=978-3-7980-0700-0}}</ref> Frederick himself used just "Duke of Austria", never ''Archduke'', until his death in 1493. The title was first granted to Frederick's younger brother, [[Albert VI, Archduke of Austria|Albert VI of Austria]] (died 1463), who used it at least from 1458. In 1477, Frederick granted the title ''archduke'' to his first cousin [[Sigismund of Austria]], ruler of [[Further Austria]]. Frederick's son and heir, the future [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], apparently only started to use the title after the death of his wife [[Mary of Burgundy]] in 1482, as ''Archduke'' never appears in documents issued jointly by Maximilian and Mary as rulers in the [[Low Countries]] (where Maximilian is still titled "Duke of Austria"). The title appears first in documents issued under the joint rule of Maximilian and [[Philip I of Castile|Philip]] (his under-age son) in the Low Countries. ''Archduke'' was initially borne by those dynasts who ruled a [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg territory]], i.e., only by males and their consorts, [[appanage]]s being commonly distributed to [[Cadet (genealogy)|Cadets]]. These "junior" ''archdukes'' did not thereby become independent hereditary rulers, since all territories remained vested in the Austrian crown. Occasionally a territory might be combined with a separate gubernatorial mandate ruled by an archducal cadet. From the 16th century onward, ''archduke'' and its female form, ''archduchess'', came to be used by all the members of the House of Habsburg (e.g., Queen [[Marie Antoinette]] of France was born ''Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria''). ===Reunification and expansion=== [[File: Habsburg Map 1547.jpg|thumb|250px|Habsburg lands (in green), following the [[Battle of Mühlberg]] in 1547; excludes the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and the Spanish colonial empire]] In 1457 Duke [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] of Inner Austria also gained the Austrian archduchy after his Albertine cousin [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] had died without issue. 1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines when Archduke [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund]] of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favor of Frederick's son [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]. As emperor, Frederick III took a leading role in the family and positioned himself as the judge over the family's internal conflicts, often making use of the ''[[privilegium maius]]''. He was able to restore the unity of the house's Austrian lands, since the Albertinian line was now extinct. Territorial integrity was also strengthened by the extinction of the Tyrolean branch of the Leopoldian line. Frederick's aim was to make Austria a united country stretching from the [[Rhine]] to the [[Mur (river)|Mur]] and [[Leitha]].<ref name=heimann/> Externally, one of Frederick's main achievements was the [[Siege of Neuss]] (1474–75), in which he coerced [[Charles the Bold of Burgundy]] to give his daughter [[Mary of Burgundy]] as wife to Frederick's son [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]].<ref name=heimann/> The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, and ultimately resulted in the Habsburgs acquiring control of the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]. After Mary's early death in 1482, Maximilian attempted to secure the Burgundian inheritance for one of his and Mary's children [[Philip I of Castile|Philip the Handsome]]. [[Charles VIII of France]] contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favor of Philip in the [[Treaty of Senlis]] in 1493.{{sfn|Erbe|2000|p=?}} After the death of his father in 1493, Maximilian was proclaimed the new [[King of Germany]], as [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]. Maximilian was initially unable to travel to Rome to receive the Imperial title from the Pope, owing to opposition from [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and from the French who were occupying [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], as well a refusal from the Pope owing to enemy forces being present on his territory. In 1508, Maximilian proclaimed himself to be the 'chosen Emperor', and this was also recognized by the Pope owing to changes in political alliances. This had the consequence of the Roman king automatically becoming emperor without needing the Pope's consent. Emperor Charles V would be the [[Coronation of Charles V|last to be crowned]] by the Pope himself, at [[Bologna]] in 1530.{{sfn|Erbe|2000|p=?}} Maximilian's rule (1493–1519) was a time of dramatic expansion for the Habsburgs. In 1497, Maximilian's son [[Philip I of Castile|Philip]], known as the Handsome or the Fair, married [[Joanna of Castile]], also known as Joanna the Mad, heiress of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]. Phillip and Joan had six children, the eldest of whom became Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1516 and ruled the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon (including their colonies in the [[New World]]), Southern Italy, Austria and the [[Habsburg Netherlands]] with his mother and nominal coruler, Joanna, who was kept under confinement.{{sfn|Callaghan|2019|pp= 112–114}} The foundations for the later empire of [[Austria-Hungary]] were laid in 1515 by a double wedding between [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis]], only son of [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia and Hungary]], and Maximilian's granddaughter [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary]] and between her brother Archduke [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] and Louis's sister [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary|Anna]]. The wedding was celebrated in grand style on 22 July 1515. All these children were still minors, so the wedding was formally completed in 1521. Vladislaus died on 13 March 1516, and Maximilian on 12 January 1519, but the latter's designs were ultimately successful: on Louis's death in battle in 1526 Ferdinand became king of Bohemia and Hungary. The Habsburg dynasty achieved its highest position when [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] was [[1519 imperial election|elected]] [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1519. Much of Charles's reign was dedicated to the fight against [[Protestantism]], which led to its eradication throughout vast areas under Habsburg control. ===Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs=== [[File: Philip II's realms in 1598.png|left|thumb|The [[Iberian Union]] in 1598, under [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], King of Spain and Portugal]] [[File: Habsburg dominions 1700.png|thumb|right|The Spanish and Austrian Habsburg European lands, ca 1700]] Charles formally became the sole monarch of Spain upon the death of his imprisoned mother Queen Joan in 1555. After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg dynasty split into the branch of the Austrian (or German) Habsburgs, led by Ferdinand, and the branch of the Spanish Habsburgs, initially led by Charles's son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wodBQAAQBAJ&q=1556+Austrian+Habsburgs+Soanish+Habsburgs&pg=PR17|title=The Thirty Years War: A Sourcebook|first=Peter H.|last=Wilson|date=October 27, 2010|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|via=Google Books|isbn=9781137069771}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], King of Bohemia, Hungary,<ref>The [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] was partly under Habsburg rule from 1526. For 150 years most of the country was occupied by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] but these territories were re-conquered in 1683–1699.</ref> and archduke of Austria in the name of his brother Charles V became [[suo jure]] monarch as well as the Habsburg [[Holy Roman Emperor]] (designated as successor already [[Imperial election, 1531|in 1531]]). Philip became King of Spain and its colonial empire as [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], and ruler of the Habsburg domains in Italy and the Low Countries. The Spanish Habsburgs also [[Iberian Union|ruled Portugal]] for a time, known there as the [[Philippine dynasty]] (1580–1640). The [[Seventeen Provinces]] and the [[Duchy of Milan]] were in personal union under the [[King of Spain]] but remained part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Furthermore, the Spanish king had claims on Hungary and Bohemia. In the secret [[Oñate treaty]] of 29 July 1617, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs settled their mutual claims. ===Habsburg inbreeding and extinction of the male lines=== [[File:Berlín DHM Leopoldo I 01.JPG|thumb|Profile portrait of [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] highlighting his "Habsburg jaw", [[Deutsches Historisches Museum]]]] The Habsburgs sought to consolidate their power by frequent [[Consanguine marriage|consanguineous marriages]], resulting in a cumulatively deleterious effect on their [[gene pool]]. Health impairments due to inbreeding included epilepsy, insanity and early death. A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the [[University of Santiago de Compostela]] suggests inbreeding may have played a role in their extinction.<ref name=":0" /> Numerous members of the family showed specific facial deformities: an enlarged lower jaw with an extended chin known as [[Prognathism#Mandibular prognathism (progenism)|mandibular prognathism]] or 'Habsburg jaw', a large nose with hump and hanging tip ('Habsburg nose') and an everted lower lip ('Habsburg lip'). The last two are signs of [[Maxillary hypoplasia|maxillary deficiency]]. A 2019 study found that the degree of mandibular prognathism in the Habsburg family shows a statistically significant correlation with the degree of inbreeding. A correlation between maxillary deficiency and degree of inbreeding was also present but was not statistically significant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vilas|first1=Román|last2=Ceballos|first2=Francisco C.|last3=Al-Soufi|first3=Laila|last4=González-García |first4=Raúl|last5=Moreno|first5=Carlos|last6=Moreno|first6=Manuel|last7=Villanueva|first7=Laura|last8=Ruiz|first8=Luis|last9=Mateos|first9=Jesús |last10=González|first10=David|last11=Ruiz|first11=Jennifer|date=2019-12-02|title=Is the "Habsburg jaw" related to inbreeding?|url=https://tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/03014460.2019.1687752|journal=Annals of Human Biology|volume=46|issue=7–8|pages=553–561|doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1687752|pmid=31786955|s2cid=208536371|issn=0301-4460}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Deon |last=Hollway |title=The Habsburg Chin |magazine=History Magazine |date=December 2014 |volume=16 |number=2 |pages=6–7}}</ref> Other scientific studies, however, dispute the ideas of any linkage between fertility and [[consanguinity]].{{sfn|Bittles|Grant|2002|pp=111–130}} The gene pool eventually became so small that the last of the Spanish line, [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], who was severely disabled from birth (perhaps by [[genetic disorder]]s), possessed a [[genome]] comparable to that of a child born to a brother and sister, as did his father, probably because of 'remote [[inbreeding]]'.<ref name=inbred>{{cite journal|title=The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty|date=April 15, 2009|pmid=19367331|pmc=2664480|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005174|first1=Gonzalo|last1=Alvarez|last2=Ceballos|first2=Francisco C.|last3=Quinteiro|first3=Celsa|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e5174|editor1-last=Bauchet|editor1-first=Marc|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.5174A|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|first1=FC |last1=Ceballos |first2=G |last2=Alvarez |title=Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs|journal=Heredity|date=2013|issue=2|pages=114–121|pmid=23572123|doi=10.1038/hdy.2013.25|volume=111|pmc=3716267}}</ref> The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], and that of Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] in 1740 to the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. The former was won by [[House of Bourbon]], putting an end to [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg rule in Spain]]. The latter, however, was won by [[Maria Theresa]] and led to the succession of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] ([[German language|German]]: ''Haus Habsburg-Lothringen'') becoming the new main branch of the dynasty in the person of Maria Theresa's son, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]. This new House was created by the marriage between Maria Theresa and [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephan]], [[Duke of Lorraine]].<ref>Maria Theresa was originally engaged to [[Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine|Léopold Clément of Lorraine]], older brother of Francis Stephan.</ref> (Both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg emperor [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], but from different empresses.) This new House was a cadet branch of the female line of the House of Habsburg and the male line of the [[House of Lorraine]]. ===House of Habsburg-Lorraine=== {{main|House of Habsburg-Lorraine}} {| border="1" style="width:350px; float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:white; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" |+ <big>'''Austria-Hungary in 1915'''</big> |- style="background:#efefef;" | [[File:Austria-Hungary map new.svg|300px]]<br/>Kingdoms and countries of Austria-Hungary:<br/>'''[[Cisleithania]] ([[Austrian Empire|Empire of Austria]]<ref name="Britannica1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Austria-Hungary|volume=3|pages=2–39}}</ref>)''': 1. [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], 2. [[Duchy of Bukovina|Bukovina]], 3. [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], 4. [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], 5. [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], 6. [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], 7. [[Austrian Littoral|Küstenland]], 8. [[Lower Austria]], 9. [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]], 10. [[Duchy of Salzburg|Salzburg]], 11. [[Austrian Silesia|Silesia]], 12. [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], 13. [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]], 14. [[Upper Austria]], 15. [[Vorarlberg]];<br/> '''[[Transleithania]] ([[Kingdom of Hungary]]<ref name = "Britannica1911"/>)''': 16. [[Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary proper]] 17. [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]]; 18. [[Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)]] |} On 6 August 1806, Emperor [[Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire|Francis I]] dissolved the [[Holy Roman Empire]] under pressure from [[Napoleon]]'s [[German mediatisation|reorganization of Germany]]. In anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis had declared himself hereditary [[Emperor of Austria]] (as Francis I) on 11 August 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself [[Emperor of the French]] on 18 May 1804. Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official full list of titles: "[[Majestic plural|We]], Francis the First, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria; [[Kings of Jerusalem|King of Jerusalem]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria]]; Archduke of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]]; Duke of [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]], [[Duchy of Salzburg|Salzburg]], [[Grand Duchy of Würzburg|Würzburg]], [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]], [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]]; Grand Duke of [[Grand Duchy of Cracow|Cracow]]; Grand Prince of [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Transylvania]]; Margrave of [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]]; Duke of [[Duchy of Sandomierz|Sandomir]], [[Duchy of Masovia|Masovia]], [[Lublin]], Upper and Lower [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesia]], [[Duchy of Oświęcim|Auschwitz]] and [[Duchy of Zator|Zator]], [[Duchy of Teschen|Teschen]], and [[Friuli|Friule]]; Prince of [[Berchtesgaden Provostry|Berchtesgaden]] and [[Mergentheim]]; Princely Count of Habsburg, [[Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca|Gorizia and Gradisca]] and of the [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]; and Margrave of [[Upper Lusatia|Upper]] and [[Lower Lusatia]] and [[March of Istria|Istria]]". The [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] created a [[real union]], whereby the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] was granted co-equality with the [[Austrian Empire|Empire of Austria]], that henceforth didn't include the Kingdom of Hungary as a [[crownland]] anymore. The Austrian and the Hungarian lands became independent entities enjoying equal status.<ref>Microsoft Encarta: The height of the dual monarchy.</ref> Under this arrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor (see [[Imperial and Royal|k. u. k.]]). This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I. [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|An ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910]] On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, [[Charles I of Austria]] (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially [[abdication|abdicate]], this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In 1919, the new [[First Austrian Republic|republican Austrian government]] subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Charles made several attempts to regain the throne of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)|Hungary]], and in 1921 the Hungarian government passed a law that revoked Charles' rights and dethroned the Habsburgs, although Hungary remained a kingdom, albeit without a king, until 1946. The Habsburgs did not formally abandon all hope of returning to power until [[Otto von Habsburg]], the eldest son of Charles I, on 31 May 1961 renounced all claims to the throne. In the interwar period, the House of Habsburg was a vehement opponent of [[Nazism]] and [[Communism]]. In Germany, [[Adolf Hitler]] diametrically opposed the centuries-old Habsburg principles of largely allowing local communities under their rule to maintain traditional ethnic, religious and language practices, and he bristled with hatred against the Habsburg family.<ref>Igor Lukes, "Central Europe Has Joined NATO: The Continuing Search for a More Perfect Habsburg Empire." ''SAIS Review'' (1999): 47–59.</ref> During the Second World War there was a strong Habsburg resistance movement in Central Europe, which was radically persecuted by the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] and the [[Gestapo]]. The unofficial leader of these groups was Otto von Habsburg, who campaigned against the Nazis and for a free Central Europe in [[France]] and the [[United States]]. Most of the resistance fighters, such as [[Heinrich Maier]], who successfully passed on production sites and plans for [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s and aircraft to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], were executed. The Habsburg family played a leading role in the fall of the [[Iron Curtain]] and the collapse of the Communist [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref>Timothy Snyder "The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke" (2008); James Longo "Hitler and the Habsburgs: The Fuhrer's Vendetta Against the Austrian Royals" (2018); Bob Carruthers "Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler" (2015).</ref><ref>On Habsburg and the diversity: Pieter M. Judson "The Habsburg Empire. A New History" (Harvard 2016); Christopher Clark "The Sleepwalkers" (New York 2012).</ref><ref>Wolfgang Mueller "Die sowjetische Besatzung in Österreich 1945–1955 und ihre politische Mission" (German – "The Soviet occupation in Austria 1945–1955 and its political mission"), 2005, p. 24.</ref><ref>Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: Profil 9 August 2014; Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: ''Die Presse'', 16 August 2018.</ref><ref>Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-902494-83-2}}, pp. 299–305.</ref> {{clear}} ==Multilingualism== [[File:Plus oultre ky ceiling alhambra.jpg|thumb|"PLUS OULTRE", [[Plus ultra|motto of Charles V]] in French, on a ceiling of the [[Palace of Charles V]] in [[Granada]]]] As they accumulated crowns and titles, the Habsburgs developed a family tradition of [[multilingualism]] that evolved over the centuries. The [[Holy Roman Empire]] had been multilingual from the start, even though most of its emperors were native German speakers.<ref name=Moeglin>{{cite book|title=L'Empire et le Royaume: Entre indifférence et fascination 1214-1500 |author=Jean-Marie Moeglin |publisher=Presses universitaires du Septentrion |location=Villeneuve-d'Ascq |date=2011}}</ref> The language issue within the Empire became gradually more salient as the non-religious use of [[Latin]] declined and that of [[Languages of Europe|national languages]] gained prominence during the [[High Middle Ages]]. Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV of Luxembourg]] was known to be fluent in Czech, French, German, Italian and Latin.<ref>{{cite web |website=Prague.eu |url=https://www.prague.eu/en/articles/charles-iv-the-greatest-czech-12036 |title=Charles IV – the greatest Czech |access-date=2021-03-27 |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021701/https://www.prague.eu/en/articles/charles-iv-the-greatest-czech-12036 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The last section of his [[Golden Bull of 1356]] specifies that the Empire's secular [[prince-electors]] "should be instructed in the varieties of the different dialects and languages" and that "since they are expected in all likelihood to have naturally acquired the German language, and to have been taught it from their infancy, [they] shall be instructed in the grammar of the Italian and Slavic tongues, beginning with the seventh year of their age so that, before the fourteenth year of their age, they may be learned in the same".<ref>{{cite web|website=Yale Law School – The Avalon Project |title=The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D. |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/golden.asp}}</ref> In the early 15th century, [[Strasbourg]]-based chronicler [[Jakob Twinger von Königshofen]] asserted that [[Charlemagne]] had mastered six languages, even though he had a preference for German.{{R|Moeglin|page=306}} In the early years of the family's ascendancy, neither [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]] nor [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] appears to have spoken French.{{R|Moeglin|page=278}} By contrast, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V of Habsburg]] is well known as having been fluent in several languages. He was a native speaker of [[French language|French]] and also knew [[Dutch language|Dutch]] from his youth in [[Flanders]]. He later added some [[Spanish language|Castilian Spanish]], which he was required to learn by the [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilian]] ''[[Cortes Generales]]''. He could also speak some [[Basque language|Basque]], acquired by the influence of the [[History of the Basques|Basque]] secretaries serving in the royal court.<ref name="Madariaga 712">{{Cite book |last=Madariaga Orbea, Juan |title=Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII |publisher=Euskaltzaindia |year=2014 |page=712}}</ref> He gained a decent command of [[German language|German]] following the Imperial election of 1519.<ref>''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla.</ref> A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles was: "I speak Spanish/Latin [depending on the source] to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."<ref name="Wilkens1897">{{Cite book |last=Cornelius August Wilkens |title=Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=William Heinemann |year=1897 |page=66 |chapter=VIII. Juan de Valdés |access-date=24 July 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66}}</ref> Latin was the administrative language of the Empire until the aggressive [[Josephinism|promotion of German]] by [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] in the late 18th century, which was partly reversed by his successors. From the 16th century most if not all Habsburgs spoke French as well as German and many also spoke Italian.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] and [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] addressed the [[Bohemian Diet]] in Czech, even though it is not clear that they were fluent. By contrast there is little evidence that later Habsburgs in the 17th and 18th centuries spoke Czech, with the probable exception of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], who had several stays in Bohemia and appears to have spoken Czech while there. In the 19th century [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]] had some Czech and [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]] spoke it decently.<ref>{{cite web|website=Fórum zájemců o historii |url=https://www.e-stredovek.cz/forum/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=1315 |title=Habsburci a jejich jazyková vybavenost |date=2010}}</ref> [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] received a bilingual early education in French and German, then added Czech and Hungarian and later Italian and Polish. He also studied Latin and Greek.<ref>{{cite web|website=The World of the Habsburgs |title=Franz Joseph: childhood and upbringing |first=Martin |last=Mutschlechner |url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/franz-joseph-childhood-and-upbringing?language=en}}</ref> After the end of the Habsburg Monarchy [[Otto von Habsburg]] was fluent in English, French, German, Hungarian, Croatian, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|website=Masaryk University |title=Dr Otto von Habsburg a jeho proevropský přínos (Dr Otto von Habsburg and his pro-European contribution) |first=Terezie |last=Foltýnová |location=Brno |date=2014 |url=https://is.muni.cz/th/382787/ff_b/Diplomova_pracePDF.txt}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Burials== * The '''[[Imperial Crypt]]''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Kaisergruft''), also called the '''Capuchin Crypt''' (''Kapuzinergruft''), is located beneath the unassuming church and monastery of the Order of the Capuchin Friars, provides an immersive exploration of 400 years of Austrian and European history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Kapuzinergruft in Wien {{!}} Straße der Kaiser und Könige |url=https://www.strassederkaiserundkoenige.com/newsbeitrag/die-kapuzinergruft-in-wien/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=webpaket}}</ref> It covers pivotal events such as the [[Thirty Years' War]] and the rise of revolutionary ideals, offering insight into the concept of a united Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauzun |first=Hélène de |date=2023-10-06 |title=Last Ever Burial at Vienna's Habsburg Crypt |url=https://europeanconservative.com/articles/news/last-ever-burial-at-viennas-habsburg-crypt/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=europeanconservative.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Designed by prominent artists of their time, the [[crypt]]'s chambers display symbols of authority, reflecting the ambitions of the Habsburg dynasty. Amidst this historical backdrop, artifacts within the crypt subtly acknowledge mortality and faith, underscoring a personal trust in the divine and a humble reverence for the Creator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kapuzinergruft – last residence of the Habsburgs |url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/kapuzinergruft-last-residence-habsburgs |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Die Welt der Habsburger |language=en}}</ref> Today, the crypt serves as the final resting place for 150 Habsburg figures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capuchin Crypt Vienna {{!}} The burial place of the Habsburg emperors |url=https://www.kapuzinergruft.com/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.kapuzinergruft.com |language=en}}</ref> * The [[Ducal Crypt, Vienna|'''Ducal Crypt''']] ([[German language|German]]: Herzogsgruft), founded by [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Duke Rudolf IV]] before 1363 in [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]], served as the principal [[Burial|burial site]] for the Habsburg family until 1576.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ducal Crypt, Vienna |url=https://cityseeker.com/vienna/891175-ducal-crypt |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=cityseeker |language=en}}</ref> Notable members interred here include [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Rudolf IV]], [[Albert III, Duke of Austria|Albert III]], [[Albert IV, Duke of Austria|Albert IV]], [[Leopold IV, Duke of Austria|Leopold IV.]] Frederick III was initially laid to rest here before being moved to the High Tomb in the cathedral's southern choir. From 1564 to 1878, the crypt housed the intestines of deceased Habsburgs in urns. [[Maria Theresa]] expanded and renovated the crypt in 1754/1755, relocating the ancestors' remains into new coffins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephansdom: Tombs, Catacombs, and Crypts |url=https://www.wienvienna.com/stephansdom-tombs-catacombs-crypts/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.wienvienna.com}}</ref> * The '''[[Palatinal Crypt]]''', alternatively referred to as the Nádori kripta in Hungarian, situated within Buda Castle in Budapest,<ref>{{Citation |last=Zello |first=ViennaUK, based on [File:Buda castle plan jpg] by |title=English: Plan of Buda Castle and the Palatinal Crypt with annotations: buildings A, B, C, D – Hungarian National Gallery, building E – Budapest Historical Museum, building F – National Széchényi Library. Palatinal Crypt (subterranean): room 1 – older burials, room 2 – newer burials, room 3 – chapel and crypt access. |date=2020-11-02 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Floor_plan_of_Buda_Castle_and_Palatinal_Crypt_with_annotation_letters.png |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref> serves as the burial site for the Hungarian branch of the Habsburg dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palatine Crypt |url=https://pestbuda.hu/en/tag/palatine_crypt |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=pestbuda.hu}}</ref> Established by [[Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)|Archduke Joseph]], who held the title of [[Palatine of Hungary]], the [[crypt]] accommodates the remains of 26 individuals. Significantly, it stands as one of the few interior sections of [[Buda Castle]] that withstood the destruction of [[World War II]] and remained preserved during subsequent reconstruction endeavors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-14 |title=The most Hungarian Habsburg rests in Buda Castle – A visit to the Palatine Crypt |url=https://pestbuda.hu/en/cikk/20201114_the_most_hungarian_habsburg_rests_in_buda_castle_a_visit_to_the_palatine_crypt |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=pestbuda.hu |language=en}}</ref> {{See also|Muri Abbey|Königsfelden Monastery|Speyer Cathedral|Ducal Crypt, Vienna|Court Church|El Escorial|Seckau Abbey|Imperial Crypt|Palatinal Crypt}} ==List of Habsburg rulers== {{See also|Habsburg family tree|List of rulers of Austria|List of German monarchs|List of Bohemian monarchs|List of Hungarian monarchs|List of Spanish monarchs}} The Habsburgs' monarchical positions included: * [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s (intermittently from 1273 until 1806) and [[List of German monarchs|Roman-German kings]]<ref>The Kingdom of Germany formed the central part of the Holy Roman Empire. Its rulers were styled ''[[King of the Romans]]'' before their coronation as emperors.</ref> * [[Rulers of Austria]] (as [[duke]]s from 1278 until 1453; as [[archduke]]s from 1453 and as [[emperor]]s from 1804 until 1918<!--the creation of the Empire in 1804 did not cause the Archduchy to go into abeyance-->) * [[List of rulers of Bohemia|Kings of Bohemia]] (1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918) * [[List of Spanish monarchs|Kings of Spain]] (1516–1700) * [[King of Hungary|Kings of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] (1526–1918) * [[King of England]] and [[List of Irish Monarchs|Ireland]] (1554–1558)<ref group="note" name="jure uxoris"/><ref>Geoffrey Parker. ''The Grand Strategy of Philip II'', (2000)</ref> * [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Kings of Portugal]] (1581–1640) * [[List of rulers of Transylvania|Grand princes of Transylvania]] (1690–1867) * [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Kings of Galicia and Lodomeria]] (1772–1918) * [[Emperor of Mexico]] (1864–1867) ===Ancestors=== * [[Guntram, Count of Habsburg|Guntram the Rich]] (ca. 930–985 / 990) Father of:<ref name="burkeI">[[Hugh Massingberd|Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh]]. "[[Burke's Peerage|Burke's]] Royal Families of the World: ''Volume I Europe & Latin America'', 1977, pp. 18, 32. {{ISBN|0-85011-023-8}}</ref> The chronology of the [[Muri Abbey]], burial place of the early Habsburgs, written in the 11th century, states that ''Guntramnus Dives'' (Guntram the Rich), was the ancestor of the House of Habsburg. Many historians believe this indeed makes Guntram the progenitor of the House of Habsburg. However, this account was 200 years after the fact, and much about him and the origins of the Habsburgs is uncertain.<ref name="Heinz-Dieter Heimann 2001 22">{{cite book|author=Heinz-Dieter Heimann |year=2001|title=Die Habsburger: Dynastie und Kaiserreiche|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHQea0JsytMC&pg=PA22|page=22|publisher=C. H. Beck|isbn=978-3-406-44754-9}}</ref> If true, as Guntram was a member of the '''[[Etichonids|Etichonider]]''' family, it would link the Habsburg lineage to this family. * [[Lanzelin, Count of Habsburg|Lanzelin]] of [[Altenburg]] (died 991). Besides Radbot, below, he had sons named Rudolph I, [[Werner I, Bishop of Strasbourg|Wernher]], and Landolf. ===Before the Albertine/Leopoldine division=== ====Counts==== [[File:Arms of Counts of Habsbourg.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.45|Arms of the Counts of Habsburgs. The Habsburgs all but abandoned this for the arms of Austria. It only reappeared in their triarch family arms in 1805.]] Before [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph]] rose to [[Holy Roman Emperor|German king]], the Habsburgs were [[Counts of Baden]] in what is today southwestern Germany and [[Switzerland]].<ref name="burkeI"/> * [[Radbot, Count of Habsburg|Radbot]] of [[Klettgau]], built the [[Habsburg Castle]] (c. 985 – 1035<!--note: sometimes date of death is given as 1045, see http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radbot and http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radbot -->). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, who would become Count of [[Sundgau]] in the [[Alsace]], and Albrecht I. Founded the [[Muri Abbey]], which became the first burial place of members of the House of Habsburg. It is possible that Radbot founded the castle [[Habsburg Castle|Habichtsburg]], the residence of the House of Habsburg, but another possible founder is [[Werner I, Count of Habsburg|Werner I]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Andreas|last=Bönner|title=Die Religionspolitik der Habsburger Kaiser in der Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcL40Flzf5AC|year=2010|publisher=GRIN Verlag| page=7|isbn=978-3-640-50510-4}}</ref> *{{ill|Rudolf of Altenburg|de|Rudolf I. (Habsburg)}} (died 1063/4), count, founder of {{ill|Ottmarsheim Abbey|de|Abteikirche Ottmarsheim}} * [[Werner I, Count of Habsburg|Werner I]], Count of Habsburg (1025/1030–1096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, who was [[Vogt|reeve]] of [[Muri, Aargau|Muri]] from 1111 to 1141 after the death of Otto II. * [[Otto II, Count of Habsburg|Otto II]] of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg"<ref name="The World of Habsburgs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/habsburger-list?sort_bef_combine=field_estimated_date_range%20ASC#1|title=The World of Habsburgs|date=2011|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref> (died 1111) Father of: * [[Werner II, Count of Habsburg|Werner II]] of Habsburg (around 1135; died 1167) Father of: * [[Albert III, Count of Habsburg|Albrecht III]] of Habsburg (''the Rich''), died 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the [[German language|German-speaking]] part of [[Switzerland]]. Father of: * [[Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg|Rudolph II]] of Habsburg (b. c. 1160, died 1232) Father of: * [[Albert IV, Count of Habsburg|Albrecht IV]] of Habsburg, (died 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king [[Rudolph I of Germany]]. Between [[Albrecht IV]] and his brother Rudolph III, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the [[Aargau]] and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III. Albrecht IV was also a mutual ancestor of [[Sophia Chotek]] and of her husband [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] ====Kings of the Romans ==== *[[Rudolph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolph I]], emperor 1273–1291 *[[Albert I, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert I]], emperor 1298–1308 ==== King of Bohemia ==== * [[Rudolph I of Bohemia|Rudolph I]], king of Bohemia 1306–1307 ====Dukes/Archdukes of Austria==== * ''[[Rudolph II of Austria|Rudolph II]]'', son of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]], duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons. * [[Albert I of Austria|Albert I]] (''Albrecht I''), son of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] and brother of the above, duke from 1282 to 1308; was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1298 to 1308. See also [[#House of Habsburg|below]]. * ''[[Rudolph III of Austria|Rudolph III]]'', the oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307 * [[Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)|Frederick ''the Handsome'']] (''Friedrich der Schöne''), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308 to 1330; officially co-regent of the emperor [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] since 1325, but never ruled. * [[Leopold I of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold I]], brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 to 1326. * [[Albert II of Austria|Albert II]] (''Albrecht II''), brother of the above, duke of Further Austria from 1326 to 1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335. * [[Otto, Duke of Austria|Otto ''the Jolly'']] (''der Fröhliche''), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335. * [[Rudolph IV of Austria|Rudolph IV ''the Founder'']] (''der Stifter''), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of [[German Tyrol|Tirol]] after 1363. ===Division of Albertinian and Leopoldian lines=== After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers [[Albert III of Austria|Albert III]] and [[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]] ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the [[Treaty of Neuberg]], Albert keeping the [[Duchy of Austria]] and Leopold ruling over [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Carniola]], the [[Windic March]], [[German Tyrol|Tirol]], and [[Further Austria]]. ====Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors (Albertinian line)==== *[[Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert II]], emperor 1438–1439 (never crowned) [[File:Armoiries empereur Albert II.svg|50px]] *[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], emperor 1440–1493 [[File:Armoiries empereur Frédéric III.svg|50px]] ====Kings of Hungary and Bohemia (Albertinian line) ==== * [[Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert]], king of Hungary and Bohemia (1437–1439) [[File:Armoiries Albert II de Habsbourg.svg|50px]] * [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus V Posthumus]], king of Hungary (1444–1457) and Bohemia (1453–1457) [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Ladislaus V (1440 – 1457).svg|50px]] ====Dukes of Austria (Albertinian line)==== * [[Albert III of Austria|Albert III]] (''Albrecht III''), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold) until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions. * [[Albert IV of Austria|Albert IV]] (''Albrecht IV''), duke of Austria 1395–1404, in conflict with Leopold IV. * [[Albert V of Austria|Albert V]] (''Albrecht V''), duke of Austria 1404–1439, [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1438 to 1439 as [[Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert II]]. See also [[#House of Habsburg|below]]. * [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus Posthumus]], son of the above, duke of Austria 1440–1457. ====Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol / Inner Austria (Leopoldian line)==== * [[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]], duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the [[Battle of Sempach]]. * [[William of Austria|William]] (''Wilhelm''), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in [[Inner Austria]] (Carinthia, Styria) * [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV]], son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria =====Leopoldian-Inner Austrian sub-line===== :* [[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest ''the Iron'']] (''der Eiserne''), 1406–1424 duke of [[Inner Austria]], until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV. :* [[Frederick V of Austria|Frederick V]] (''Friedrich''), son of Ernst, became [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] in 1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from 1424 on. Guardian of [[Sigismund of Austria|Sigismund]] 1439–1446 and of [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus Posthumus]] 1440–1452. See also [[#House of Habsburg|below]]. :* [[Albert VI of Austria|Albert VI]] (''Albrecht VI''), brother of the above, 1446–1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 1458–1463 :* ''Ernestine line'' of [[Rulers of Saxony|Saxon princes]], ancestor of [[George I of Great Britain]]-descended from sister of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]; also [[Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse]] King of Finland 1918 =====Leopoldian-Tyrol sub-line===== :* [[Frederick IV of Austria|Frederick IV]] (''Friedrich''), brother of Ernst, 1402–1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria :* [[Sigismund of Austria|Sigismund]], also spelled ''Siegmund'' or ''Sigmund'', 1439–1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria. ===Reunited Habsburgs until extinction of agnatic lines=== Sigismund had no children and adopted [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], son of Emperor Frederick III. Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the [[Duchy of Austria]] after the death of [[Matthias Corvinus]], who resided in [[Vienna]] and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485 to 1490. ====Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria==== *[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], emperor 1508–1519 [[File:Coat of arms of Maximilan of Hapsburg as archduke of Austria.svg|50 px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Maximilan of Hapsburg as consort to Mary of Burgundy.svg|50 px]] [[File:Armoiries Maximilien Ier.svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Maximilian of Austria as emperor.svg|50px]] *[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], emperor 1519–1556, his arms are explained in an [[Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|article about them]] [[File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|50px]] [[File:Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant (1530-1556).svg|50px]] The abdications of Charles V in 1556 ended his formal authority over Ferdinand and made him ''[[suo jure]]'' ruler in [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], as well as [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. *[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], emperor 1556–1564 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg|50px]] ([[Imperial Crypt#Founders' family|→Family Tree]]) *[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]], emperor 1564–1576 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg|50px]] *[[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]], emperor 1576–1612 [[File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg|50px]] *[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], emperor 1612–1619 [[File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg|50px]] Ferdinand's inheritance had been split in 1564 among his children, with Maximilian taking the Imperial crown and his younger brother Archduke [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]] ruling over [[Inner Austria]] (i.e. the [[Duchy of Styria]], the [[Duchy of Carniola]] with [[March of Istria]], the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], the [[Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]], and the [[Trieste|Imperial City of Trieste]], ruled from [[Graz]]). Charles's son and successor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] in 1619 became Archduke of Austria and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] as well as [[Kingdom of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] in 1620. The Further Austrian/Tyrolean line of Ferdinand's brother Archduke [[Leopold V, Archduke of Austria|Leopold V]] survived until the death of his son [[Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Further Austria|Sigismund Francis]] in 1665, whereafter their territories ultimately returned to common control with the other [[Erblande|Austrian Habsburg lands]]. *[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], emperor 1619–1637 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand III.svg|50px]] *[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], emperor 1637–1657 [[File:Armoiries empereur Charles IV.svg|50px]]([[Imperial Crypt#Emperor Ferdinand III's family|→Family Tree]]) *[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], emperor 1658–1705 [[File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg|50px]] *[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], emperor 1705–1711 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg|50px]] *[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], emperor 1711–1740 [[File:Arms of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|50px]] *[[Maria Theresa]], Habsburg heiress and wife of Emperor [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]], reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–1780. ==== Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (Spanish Habsburgs) ==== {{See also|Spanish Habsburgs|Philippine Dynasty}} [[Habsburg Spain]] was a personal union between the Crowns of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]; Aragon was itself divided into the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], Malta and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]].{{sfn|Cowans|2003|pp=26–27}} From 1581, they were kings of [[Iberian Union|Portugal]] until they renounced this title in the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|1668 Treaty of Lisbon]]. They were also Dukes of [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], Lord of the [[Spanish America|Americas]], and holder of multiple titles from territories within the [[Habsburg Netherlands]]. A full listing can be seen [[Philip II of Spain#Titles, honours and styles|here.]] *[[Philip I of Castile|Philip I of Castile the Handsome]], first son of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna the Mad]], daughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]] and [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella]]. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited by his son: [[File:Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile.svg|50px]] *[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] 1516–1556, ''aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; divided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines'' The meanings of his arms are analyzed [[Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|here]]. [[File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|50px]] [[File:Middle Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor-Middle (1530-1556).svg|50px]] *[[Philip II of Spain|Philip II the Prudent]] 1556–1598, also [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I]] of Portugal 1581–1598 and Philip I of England with his wife [[Mary I of England]] 1554–1558. The meanings of his arms are analyzed [[Philip II of Spain#Heraldry|here]]. [[File:Arms of Philip II of Spain (1558-1580).svg|50px]]. [[File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|50px]] *[[Philip III of Spain|Philip III the Pious]] also [[Philip III of Spain|Philip II]] of Portugal 1598–1621 [[File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|50px]] *[[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV the Great]] 1621–1665, also [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]] of Portugal 1621–1640 [[File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|50px]] *[[Charles II of Spain|Charles II the Bewitched ("El Hechizado")]] 1665–1700 [[File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|50px]] The [[War of the Spanish Succession]] took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II. ====Kings of Hungary (Austrian Habsburgs)==== * [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], king of Hungary 1526–1564 * [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], king of Hungary 1563–1576 * [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf I]], king of Hungary 1572–1608 * [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias II]], king of Hungary 1608–1619 * [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], king of Hungary 1618–1637 * [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], king of Hungary 1625–1657 * [[Ferdinand IV of Germany|Ferdinand IV]], king of Hungary 1647–1654 * [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], king of Hungary 1655–1705 * [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], king of Hungary 1687–1711 * [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]], king of Hungary 1711–1740 * [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], queen of Hungary 1741–1780 ====Kings of Bohemia (Austrian Habsburgs)==== * [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], king of Bohemia 1526–1564 * [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], king of Bohemia 1563–1576 * [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolph II]], king of Bohemia 1572–1611 * [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], king of Bohemia 1611–1618 * [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], king of Bohemia 1620–1637 * [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], king of Bohemia 1625/37–1657 * [[Ferdinand IV of Germany|Ferdinand IV]], king of Bohemia 1647–1654 (joint rule) * [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], king of Bohemia 1655–1705 * [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], king of Bohemia 1687–1711 * [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles II]], king of Bohemia 1711–1740 * [[Maria Theresa]], queen of Bohemia 1743–1780 ==== Titular Dukes of Burgundy, Lords of the [[Seventeen Provinces|Netherlands]] ==== [[Charles the Bold]] controlled the widespread lands of the [[Burgundian State]]. Frederick III managed to secure the marriage of Charles's only daughter, [[Mary of Burgundy]], to his son Maximilian. The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, after the death of Charles.<ref name=heimann_frederick>Heinz-Dieter Heimann: Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. {{ISBN|3-406-44754-6}}. pp. 38–45.</ref> Mary and the Habsburgs lost the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] to France, but managed to defend and hold onto the rest what became the 17 provinces of the [[Habsburg Netherlands]]. After Mary's death in 1482, Maximilian acted as regent for his son Philip the Handsome. *[[Philip the Handsome]] (1482–1506) [[File:Coat of arms of Philipp of Austria 1483-1485.svg|50px]] [[File:Blason at Philippe le Beau.svg|50px]] *[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (1506–1555) [[File:Arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as Heir of Philip the Handsome.svg|50px]] [[File:Arms of Philip IV of Burgundy.svg|50px]] *[[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy]], regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530) [[File:Coat of arms of Margaret of Austria (princess of Spain).svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Margaret of Austria (duchess of Savoy).svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Margaret of Austria (countess of Burgundy).svg|50px]] *[[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary of Hungary]], dowager queen of Hungary, sister of Charles V, governor of the Netherlands, 1531–1555 [[File:Coat of Arms of Mary of Austria as Queen of Hungary.svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Mary of Austria as Dowager Queen of Hungary.svg|50px]] *[[Margaret of Parma]], illegitimate daughter of Charles V, Duchess of Parma, and mother of [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]], governor 1559–1567 [[File:Coat of Arms of Margareth of Parma Before her Marriage.svg|50px]] *Don [[John of Austria]], illegitimate son of Charles V, victor of [[Battle of Lepanto|Lepanto]], governor of the Netherlands, 1576–1578 [[File:Coat of Arms of John of Austria (1545-1578).svg|100px]] *[[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]], son of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, 1578–1592 [[File:Armoiries Parme 1586.svg|50px]] The Netherlands was frequently governed directly by a [[List of Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|regent or governor-general]], who was a collateral member of the Habsburgs. By the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549]] Charles V combined the Netherlands into one administrative unit, to be inherited by his son Philip II. Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. The Habsburgs controlled the 17 Provinces of the Netherlands until the [[Dutch Revolt]] in the second half of the 16th century, when they lost the seven northern Protestant provinces. They held onto the southern Catholic part (roughly modern [[Belgium]] and [[Luxembourg]]) as the [[Spanish Netherlands|Spanish]] and [[Austrian Netherlands]] until they were conquered by the [[French Revolutionary Army]] in 1795. The one exception to this was the period of (1601–1621), when shortly before [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] died on 13 September 1598, he renounced his rights to the Netherlands in favor of his daughter [[Isabella Clara Eugenia|Isabella]] and her fiancé, Archduke [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]], a younger son of Emperor [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]]. The territories reverted to Spain on the death of Albert in 1621, as the couple had no surviving offspring, and Isabella acted as regent-governor until her death in 1633: *the [[Archduke]]s Albert and Isabella, 1601–1621 [[File:Coat of Arms of Archduke Albert of Austria as Governor-Monarch of the Low Countries.svg|75px]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Infanta Isabella of Spain as Governor Monarch of the Low Countries.svg|50px]] ===Habsburg-Lorraine=== The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] took place after the extinction of the male line of the Austrian Habsburg line upon the death of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]. The direct Habsburg line itself became totally extinct with the death of [[Maria Theresa]] of Austria, when it was followed by the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]. ==== Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Hungary and Bohemia, Archdukes of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line)==== *[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]], emperor 1745–1765 [[File:Armoiries empereur François Ier.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#Emperor Ferdinand III's family|Family Tree]]) *[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], emperor 1765–1790 [[File:Armoiries empereur Joseph II.svg|50px]] *[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], emperor 1790–1792 [[File:Armoiries empereur Léopold II.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#Empress Maria Theresa's family|Family Tree]]) *[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], emperor 1792–1806 [[File:Armoiries empereur Léopold II.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#Emperor Leopold II's family|Family Tree]]) Queen [[Maria Christina of Austria]] of Spain, great-granddaughter of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]] above. Wife of [[Alfonso XII]] of Spain and mother of [[Alfonso XIII]] of the [[House of Bourbon]]. Alfonso XIII's wife [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] was descended from King [[George I of Great Britain]] from the Habsburg Leopold Line {above}. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below. A son of Leopold II was [[Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria]] whose wife was from the [[House of Savoy]]; a daughter [[Adelaide of Austria|Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia]] was the wife of King [[Victor Emmanuel II]] of [[Kingdom of Sardinia 1720-1861)|Sardinia]] and [[King of Italy]]. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]]; [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] {Bragança} {Portugal}; [[Savoy]] {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of [[Montferrat]] and [[Chablis]]. ==== Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line) ==== *[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly ''Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor'' [[File:Armoiries Léopold II Habsbourg Lorraine.svg|50px]] [[File:Wappen Habsburg-Lothringen Schild.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]]) *[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]], Emperor of Austria 1835–1848 [[File:Habsburg Personal Arms Ferdinand I.PNG|50px]] *[[Francis Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph]], Emperor of Austria 1848–1916. [[File:Habsburg Personal Arms Franz Joseph and Charles.PNG|50px]] *[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]], Emperor of Austria 1916–1918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the [[Bourbon-Parma|House of Bourbon-Parma]]. [[File:Habsburg Personal Arms Franz Joseph and Charles.PNG|50px]] ====Kings of Hungary (Habsburg-Lorraine)==== * [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], king of Hungary 1780–1790 * [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], king of Hungary 1790–1792 * [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], king of Hungary 1792–1835 * [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]], king of Hungary and Bohemia 1835–1848 * [[Francis Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph I]], king of Hungary 1867–1916 * [[Karl of Austria|Charles IV]], king of Hungary 1916–1918 ====Kings of Bohemia (Habsburg-Lorraine)==== * [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], king of Bohemia 1780–1790 * [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], king of Bohemia 1790–1792 * [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], king of Bohemia 1792–1835 * [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]], king of Bohemia 1835–1848 * [[Francis Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph]], king of Bohemia 1848–1916 * [[Karl of Austria|Charles III]], king of Bohemia 1916–1918 ===Italian branches=== ==== Grand dukes of Tuscany (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== [[File:Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Tuscany line).svg|right|75px]] *[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]] 1737–1765 ''(later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)'' Francis Stephen assigned the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until [[Italian unification]]. *[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Peter Leopold I]] 1765–1790 ''(later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)'' *[[Ferdinand III of Tuscany|Ferdinand III]] 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→[[Imperial Crypt#Tuscan line|Family Tree]]) *[[Leopold II of Tuscany|Leopold II]] 1824–1849, 1849–1859 [[File:Armoiries Léopold II Habsbourg Lorraine.svg|50px]] *[[Ferdinand IV of Tuscany|Ferdinand IV]] 1859–1860 ==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== The [[Duchy of Modena]] was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the [[Congress of Vienna]]. It was lost to [[Italian unification]]. The dukes named their line the House of [[Austria-Este]], as they were descended from the daughter of the last [[House of Este|D'Este]] duke of Modena. *[[Francis IV of Modena|Francis IV]] 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→[[Imperial Crypt#Empress Maria Theresa's family|Family Tree]]) *[[Francis V, Duke of Modena|Francis V]] 1846–1848, 1849–1859 ====Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== The [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] was under Habsburg rule between 1735 and 1748 before passing to the [[House of Bourbon-Parma]]. The duchy was then assigned to a Habsburg but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to [[Italian unification]]. It was granted to the second wife of [[Napoleon I of France]], [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]], a daughter of the [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], who was the mother of [[Napoleon II of France]]. Napoleon had divorced his wife [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]) in her favor and the duchy was granted to her at the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1814. Following her death in 1847 the duchy reverted to the House of Bourbon-Parma. In 1746 with the extinction of the [[House of Gonzaga|Gonzagas]] of the [[Duchy of Guastalla]] this duchy passed to Parma, until with the death of Marie Louise it passed to the Duchy of Modena, therefore continuing under Habsburg rule. *[[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] 1814–1847 (→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]]) ===Other monarchies=== ====King of England==== *[[Philip II of Spain]] (''[[Jure uxoris]]'' King, with [[Mary I of England]] 1554–1558) ==== Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)==== [[Don (honorific)|Dona]] [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria]] (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was an [[archduchess]] of Austria, [[Empress consort]] of [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[Queen consort]] of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. ==== Empress consort of France (House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== *Marie Louise of Austria 1810–1814 ==== Emperor of Mexico (House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ==== [[File:Coat of Arms Second Mexican Empire.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Coat of arms of the Mexican Empire adopted by Maximilian I in 1864]] Maximilian, the adventurous second son of Archduke [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria|Franz Karl]], was invited as part of [[Napoleon III]]'s manipulations to take the throne of Mexico, becoming Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico]]. The conservative [[Mexican nobility]], as well as the clergy, supported this [[Second Mexican Empire]]. His consort, [[Charlotte of Belgium]], a daughter of King [[Leopold I of Belgium]] and a princess of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], encouraged her husband's acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him as Empress Carlota of Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in [[Cerro de las Campanas]], [[Santiago de Querétaro|Querétaro]], in 1867 by the [[Restored Republic (Mexico)|republican forces]] of [[Benito Juárez]]. *[[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian I]] (1864–1867) (→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]]) {{clear}} ==List of post-monarchical Habsburgs== {{See also|Carloctavismo}} ===Main Habsburg-Lorraine line=== Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.<ref name="burkeI"/> [[File:Habsburg Lothringen.png|right|thumb|upright=0.7|Current personal arms of the head of the house of Habsburg, claiming only the personal title of [[Archduke]]]] *[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]] (1918–1922) (→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]]) *[[Otto von Habsburg]] (1922–2007)<ref>{{cite web|title=Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98|url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110704-36065.html|work=The Local: Germany's News in English|access-date=18 December 2012|date=2011-07-04|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420104012/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110704-36065.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Zita of Bourbon-Parma]], guardian (1922–1930) *[[Karl von Habsburg]] (2007–present) ===House of Habsburg-Tuscany === * [[Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinand IV]] 1860–1908<!---heads of this line after Ferdinand IV may have used the title of grand duke, which Sigismund currently does---> * [[Archduke Josef Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany|Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany]] (1908–1942) * [[Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany]] (1942–1948) * [[Archduke Gottfried, Prince of Tuscany]] (1948–1984) * Archduke Leopold Franz, Prince of Tuscany (1984–1994) * Archduke Sigismund Otto, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1994–present) === House of Habsburg-Este === * [[Francis V, Duke of Modena|Francis V]] (1859–1875) [[File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1846.svg|50px]] * [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este & Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary]] (1875–1914)[[File:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1875.svg|50px]] * [[Karl I of Austria|Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (1914–1917) * [[Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (1917–1996) [[File:Arms of the House of Habsburg Este.svg|50px]] * [[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este|Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este]] (1996–present) {{clear}} ==Male-line family tree== {{Habsburg family tree}} ==See also== * [[A.E.I.O.U.]] * [[Habsburg monarchy]] * [[Habsburg Spain]] * [[Royal intermarriage]] * [[Habsburg family tree]] * [[Heraldry of the House of Habsburg]] * [[French–Habsburg rivalry]] * [[Habsburg myth]] == Notes == {{NoteFoot}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * Agamov, A. M. ''Dynasties of Europe 400–2016: Complete Genealogy of Sovereign Houses'' (in Russian). Moscow, 2017. pp. 27–33. * {{cite journal |last1=Bittles |first1=AH |last2=Grant |first2=JC |title=Does inbreeding lead to decreased human fertility? |journal=Human Biology |date=2002 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=111–130 |doi=10.1080/03014460110075657|pmid=11874619|s2cid=31317976 }} * Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. ''The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia''. Clearfield, 1996. * {{cite book|last=Callaghan|first=Clare|title=Great Events from History, Volume I; The Renaissance & Early Modern Era|year=2019|isbn=978-1-58765-214-1}} * {{cite book| title = Modern Spain: A Documentary History | last = Cowans | first = Jon | year = 2003 | publisher = U. of Pennsylvania Press | isbn = 0-8122-1846-9 }} * Crankshaw, Edward. ''The Fall of the House of Habsburg''. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (First published by Longmans in 1963.) * {{cite book|last=Erbe|first=Michael|title=Die Habsburger 1493–1918|publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|series=Urban|date=2000|isbn=978-3-17-011866-9}} * Evans, Robert J. W. ''The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation''. Clarendon Press, 1979. * {{Cite journal|last=Fichtner|first=Paula Sutter|title = Dynastic Marriage in Sixteenth-Century Habsburg Diplomacy and Statecraft: An Interdisciplinary Approach|journal = The American Historical Review|year=1976|volume = 81|issue = 2|pages=243–265|doi=10.2307/1851170|jstor = 1851170}} * {{cite book|last=Kos|first=Milko|title=Srednjeveška kultur, družbena in politična zgodovina Slovencev|year=1985|publisher= Slovenska Matica}} * McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. ''The Habsburgs''. Doubleday, 1966. * {{cite book|last=Naumann|first=Karl Gottfried|title=Genealogische geschichte der Europäischen staaten als hülfsmittel bei Historischen studien und zum Gebrauch höherer Lehranstalten|year=1855|publisher=F. Mauke}} * Palmer, Alan. ''Napoleón and Marie Louise: The Emperor's Second Wife''. St. Martin's Press, 2001. * Rady, Martyn. ''The Habsburgs: To Rule the World''. Basic Books, 2020. * Wandruszka, Adam. ''The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty''. Doubleday, 1964 ([[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]], 1975). ==External links== {{EB1911 poster|Habsburg}} {{Wikivoyage|Habsburgs}} *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{PM20|FID=pe/006861}} *[https://www.habsburger.net/en The World of the Habsburgs] {{S-start}} {{s-royalhouse|House of Habsburg||12th century}} {{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Přemyslid dynasty]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Duchy of Austria]]|years=1282–1453}} {{s-non|reason=Duchy Elevated <br /><small>''Became Archduchy''</small>}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[House of Luxembourg]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Holy Roman Empire]]|years=1440–1740}} {{s-aft|after=[[House of Wittelsbach]]}} |- {{s-new|rows=1|reason=Union of Austria and Hungary}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Archduchy of Austria]]|years=1453–1780}} {{s-non|rows=4|reason=[[House of Lorraine|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] <br /><small>''Extinction of direct male line''</small>}} |- {{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[House of Jagiellon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary]]|years=1526–1780}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]]|years=1527–1780}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]|years=1526–1780}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[House of Aviz]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and [[Kingdom of the Algarve|the Algarves]]|years=1580–1640}} {{s-aft|after=[[House of Braganza]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[House of Trastámara]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Spanish Empire|Kingdom of Spain]]|years=1555–1700}} {{s-aft|rows=4|after=[[House of Bourbon]]}} |- |- {{s-bef|before=[[House of Savoy]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Sicily]]|years=1720–1734}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[House of Valois]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] and the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]|years=1477–1700}} |- {{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[House of Bourbon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Naples]]|years=1713–1735}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]|years=1516–1720}} {{s-aft|after=[[House of Savoy]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] and the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]|years=1713–1780}} {{s-aft|after=[[House of Lorraine|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]}} {{s-end}} {{Habsburg Monarchy topics}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{European royal families}} {{Royal houses of Austria}} {{Royal houses of Bohemia}} {{Royal houses of Croatia}} {{Royal houses of Germany}} {{Royal houses of Hungary}} {{Royal houses of Italy}} {{Royal houses of Serbia}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:House of Habsburg| ]] [[Category:1280s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:1282 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1780 disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:Roman Catholic families]]
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