Editing Horned owl

{{Short description|Genus of birds (Bubo)}}
{{redirect|Eagle owl|other uses|Eagle owl (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Horned owls and eagle-owls
| fossil_range = [[Late Pliocene]] to present
| image = Bengalese Eagle Owl.jpg
| image_caption = [[Indian eagle-owl]] (''Bubo bengalensis'')
| taxon = Bubo
| authority = [[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], 1805
| type_species = ''[[Eurasian eagle-owl|Strix bubo]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text
| synonyms = {{plainlist|
* ''Huhua''
* ''Nyctea'' <small>Stephens, 1826</small>
* ''Ophthalmomegas'' <small>Dejaut, 1911</small><ref>Possibly a [[junior synonym]] of ''Ketupa'', if that is a valid genus: Pavia (1999), Mlíkovský (2002, 2003).</ref>
and see [[#Systematics|text]]
}}
}}

The [[Americas|American]] (North and South America) '''horned owls''' and the [[Old World]] '''eagle-owls''' make up the [[genus]] '''''Bubo''''', at least as traditionally described. The genus name ''Bubo'' is [[Latin]] for [[owl]]. Its name in Russian ''{{Lang-for|ru|филин|filin}}'' is one of the few native Russian words containing the letter [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]].

This genus contains 10 species that are found in many parts of the world. Some of the largest living [[Strigiformes]] are in ''Bubo''. Traditionally, only owls with [[ear-tuft]]s were included in this genus, but that is no longer the case.
[[File:White horned owl portrait.jpg|thumb|A Eurasian eagle-owl with a [[rat]] in its beak]]

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Eagle(owl)-eye - modified.JPG|thumb|Detail of an eye of an [[eagle-owl]]]]
The genus ''Bubo'' was introduced in 1805 by the French zoologist [[André Marie Constant Duméril|André Duméril]] for the horned owls.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Duméril | first=A. M. Constant | author-link=André Marie Constant Duméril | date=1805 | title=Zoologie analytique : ou, Méthode naturelle de classification des animaux; endue plus facile a l'aide de tableaux synoptiques  | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Allais | page=34 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12052585 }} The book bears the date of 1806 on the title page but was actually published in 1805. See: {{cite journal| last=Gregory | first=Steven M.S. | year=2010 | title=The two 'editions' of Duméril's ''Zoologie analytique'', and the potential confusion caused by Froriep's translation ''Analytische Zoologie'' | journal=Zoological Bibliography | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=6–8 | url=https://iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Articles/Gregory_2010.pdf }}</ref> The [[type species]] is the [[Eurasian eagle-owl]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1940 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=110 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476581 }}</ref> The word ''bubo'' is [[Latin]] for the Eurasian eagle owl and was used as the specific epithet for the species by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n179 179] }}</ref>

A [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2020 found that species in the genera ''[[Scotopelia]]'' and ''[[Ketupa]]'' were embedded within the clade containing members of the genus ''Bubo'' making the genus ''Bubo''  [[paraphyletic]]. To create monophyletic genera, nine species were moved from ''Bubo'' to ''Ketupa''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Salter | first1=J.F. | last2=Oliveros | first2=C.H. | last3=Hosner | first3=P.A. | last4=Manthey | first4=J.D. | last5=Robbins | first5=M.B. | last6=Moyle | first6=R.G. | last7=Brumfield | first7=R.T. | last8=Faircloth | first8=B.C. | date=2020 | title=Extensive paraphyly in the typical owl family (Strigidae) | journal=The Auk | volume=137 | issue=ukz070 | doi=10.1093/auk/ukz070| doi-access=free | hdl=2346/93048 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Owls | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/owls/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=31 January 2022 }}</ref>

===Species===
The genus contains 10 extant species:<ref name=ioc/>
* [[Snowy owl]], ''Bubo scandiacus''
* [[Great horned owl]], ''Bubo virginianus''
* [[Lesser horned owl]], ''Bubo magellanicus''
* [[Eurasian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo bubo''
* [[Indian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo bengalensis''
* [[Pharaoh eagle-owl]], ''Bubo ascalaphus''
* [[Cape eagle-owl]], ''Bubo capensis''
* [[Arabian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo milesi''
* [[Greyish eagle-owl]], ''Bubo cinerascens''
* [[Spotted eagle-owl]], ''Bubo africanus''

[[File:Great Horned Owl (North America).jpg|thumb|Eurasian eagle-owl (''Bubo bubo'')]]

Sometimes included in this genus:
* [[Verreaux's eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa lactea''
* [[Spot-bellied eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa nipalensis''
* [[Barred eagle-owl]],''Ketupa sumatrana''
* [[Fraser's eagle-owl]],''Ketupa poensis''
* [[Akun eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa leucosticta'' 
* [[Philippine eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa philippensis''
* [[Dusky eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa coromanda''
* [[Shelley's eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa shelleyi''
* [[Blakiston's fish owl]], ''Ketupa blakistoni''
* [[Brown fish owl]], ''Ketupa zeylonensis''
* [[Tawny fish owl]], ''Ketupa flavipes''
* [[Buffy fish owl]], ''Ketupa ketupu''
* [[Pel's fishing owl]], ''Scotopelia peli''
* [[Rufous fishing owl]], ''Scotopelia ussheri''
* [[Vermiculated fishing owl]], ''Scotopelia bouvieri''

===Fossil record===
Named and distinct ''Bubo'' species are:
* ''Bubo florianae'' (Late Miocene{{Verify source|date=November 2008}}<!-- early Pliocene? --> of Csákvár, Hungary, tentatively placed here)<!-- RevPaleóbiol5:197 -->
* ''Bubo leakeyae'' (Early Pleistocene of Tanzania)<!-- RevPaleóbiol5:197 -->
* ''Bubo binagadensis'' (Late Pleistocene of Binagady, Azerbaijan)<!-- RevPaleóbiol5:197 -->
* ''[[Bubo osvaldoi]]'' (Pleistocene of Cuba)<!-- RevBiol18 p155 --><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Arredondo
| first1 = O
| last2 = Olson
| first2 = SL
| title = A New Species of Owl of the Genus ''Bubo'' from the Pleistocene of Cuba (Aves: Strigiformes)
| journal = Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
| volume = 107
| issue = 3
| pages = 436–444
| url = http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/1736/3/VZ_259_Cuban_Bubo.pdf
| access-date = 2 December 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''Bubo insularis'' (Pleistocene of Sardinia)

Some notable undescribed [[fossil]]s of prehistoric horned owls, usually quite fragmentary remains, have also been recorded:
* ''Bubo'' sp. (Late Pliocene of Senèze, France)<ref>Lambrecht (1933): p. 616</ref>
* ''Bubo'' sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewskie, Poland; tentatively placed here)<ref>Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
* ''Bubo'' sp. (Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)<ref>A single bone of a large horned owl distinct from ''B. virginianus'': Steadman ''et al.'' (1994)</ref>

Specimen [[UMMP]] V31030, a Late Pliocene [[coracoid]] from the [[Rexroad Formation]] of Kansas (U.S.), cannot be conclusively assigned to either ''Bubo'' or ''[[Strix (genus)|Strix]]''. This fossil is from a [[taxon]] similar in size to the [[great horned owl]] (''B. virginianus'') or the [[great grey owl]] (''S. nebulosa'').<ref>Feduccia (1970)</ref>

The Sinclair owl (''Bubo sinclairi'') from Late Pleistocene California may have been a [[paleosubspecies]] of the great horned owl,<ref>Howard (1947)</ref> while the roughly contemporary ''Bubo insularis'' of the central and eastern [[Mediterranean]] has been considered a [[junior synonym]] of a [[brown fish owl]] paleosubspecies.<ref>Mlíkovský (2002, 2003)</ref> Additional paleosubspecies are discussed on the appropriate species page.

Several presumed ''Bubo'' fossils have turned out to be from different birds. The Late Eocene/Early Oligocene eared owls ''"Bubo" incertus'' and ''"Bubo" arvernensis'' are now placed in the fossil [[Barn-owl|barn owl]] genera ''[[Nocturnavis]]'' and ''[[Necrobyas]]'', respectively. ''"Bubo" leptosteus'' is now recognized as primitive owl in the genus ''[[Minerva (bird)|Minerva]]'' (formerly ''Protostrix''). ''"Bubo" poirreiri'' from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene of Saint-Gérard-le-Puy in France, is now placed in ''[[Mioglaux]]''.

On the other hand, the supposed fossil [[heron]] ''"Ardea" lignitum'' from the [[Late Pliocene]] of [[Plaue]]-Rippersroda (Germany) was apparently an owl and close to ''Bubo'' or more probably actually belongs here. Given its age – about 2 million years ago or so – it is usually included in the Eurasian eagle-owl today.<ref>Olson (1985): p. 167, Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>

==Interactions with humans==
Because of their nocturnal habits, most owls do not directly interact with humans. However, in 2015, an eagle owl in [[Purmerend]], [[Netherlands]], attacked some 50 people before it was caught by a hired [[Falconry|falconer]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://nltimes.nl/2015/03/13/horror-owl-caught-purmerend-attacked-50-people | title = "Horror owl" caught in Purmerend; had attacked 50 people | date = 13 March 2015 | website = NL Times | access-date = 6 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|author=Feduccia, J. Alan|year=1970|title= Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=87|issue=4|pages= 795–797|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v087n04/p0795-p0797.pdf|doi=10.2307/4083714|last2=Ford|first2=Norman L.|jstor=4083714}}
* {{cite journal|author=Howard, Hildegarde|author-link=Howard, Hildegarde|year=1947|title= A preliminary survey of trends in avian evolution from Pleistocene to recent time|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]|volume=49|issue=1|pages= 10–13|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v049n01/p0010-p0013.pdf|doi=10.2307/1364422|jstor=1364422}}
* König, Claus; Weick, Friedhelm & Becking, Jan-Hendrik (1999): ''Owls: A guide to the owls of the world.'' Yale University Press, New Haven. {{ISBN|978-0-300-07920-3}}
* [[Kalman Lambrecht|Lambrecht, Kálmán]] (1933): ''Handbuch der Palaeornithologie'' [Handbook of Paleornithology]. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin. [in German]
* Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002): [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe'']. Ninox Press, Prague.<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623–627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* {{cite journal|author=Mlíkovský, Jiří|year=2003|title=Brown Fish Owl (''Bubo zeylonensis'') in Europe: past distribution and taxonomic status|journal=Buteo|volume=13|pages=61–65|url=http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-13-2003-bubo-zeylonensis.pdf|access-date=2008-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223329/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-13-2003-bubo-zeylonensis.pdf|archive-date=2007-09-27|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Olsen, Jery|author2=Wink, Michael|author3=Sauer-Gürth, Heidi|author4=Trost, Susan|year=2002|title=A new ''Ninox'' owl from Sumba, Indonesia|journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]]|volume=102|issue=3|pages=223–231|doi=10.1071/MU02006|bibcode=2002EmuAO.102..223O |s2cid=86526031|url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pdf-files/2002%20Pdf.Pubwink/17.2002.pdf|access-date=2006-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930232448/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pdf-files/2002%20Pdf.Pubwink/17.2002.pdf|archive-date=2009-09-30|url-status=dead}}
* [[Storrs Olson|Olson, Storrs L.]] (1985): The fossil record of birds. ''In:'' Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): ''Avian Biology'' '''8''': 79–238. Academic Press, New York.
* {{cite journal|author=Pavia, Marco|year=1999|title=Un cranio di ''Bubo insularis'' Mourer-Chauviré & Weesie, 1986 (Aves, Strigidae) nelle brecce ossifere del Pleistocene di Capo Figari (Sardegna, Italia)|trans-title=A cranium of ''B. insularis'' from the Pleistocene ossiferous breccia of Cape Figari (Sardinia, Italy)|journal=Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali|volume=133|pages=1–10|language=it, en|url=http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/GlobalOwlProject/Fossil_owls/Pavia%201999.pdf|access-date=2009-06-23|archive-date=2012-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925034803/http://www2.nrm.se/ve/birds/sape/GlobalOwlProject/Fossil_owls/Pavia%201999.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Steadman, David William |author2=Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin |author3=Johnson, Eileen |author4=Guzman, A. Fabiola |year=1994|title= New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]|volume=96|issue=3|pages= 577–589|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v096n03/p0577-p0589.pdf|doi=10.2307/1369460|jstor=1369460 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bubo}}

{{Strigiformes|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q214293}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horned Owl}}
[[Category:Bubo (genus)| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril]]