Editing Hormizd I

{{Short description|King of Armenia from 252 to 270, Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 270 to 271}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name        = Hormizd I<br />{{lang|pal|𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣}}
| title       = [[King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians]]
| image       = HormizdICoinHistoryofIran.jpg
| image_size  =
| caption     = [[Ancient drachma|Drachma]] of Hormizd I
| succession   = [[List of Armenian kings#Arshakuni (Arsacid) Kings of Armenia|King of Armenia]]
| reign        = {{circa|252}} – 270
| predecessor  = [[Tiridates II of Armenia|Tiridates II]] <small>([[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|Arsacid dynasty]])</small>
| successor    = [[Narseh]]
| succession1  = [[List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Shahanshah]] of the [[Sasanian Empire]]
| reign1       = May 270 – June 271
| predecessor1 = [[Shapur I]]
| successor1   = [[Bahram I]]
| queen       =
| issue       = Hormozdak
| royal house = [[House of Sasan]]
| father      = [[Shapur I]]
| mother      = unnamed daughter of [[Mihrak]]
| birth_date  =
| birth_place = 
| death_date  = June 271
| death_place = 
| religion    = [[Zoroastrianism]]
}}
'''Hormizd-Ardashir''', better known by his dynastic name of '''Hormizd I''' (also spelled '''Hormozd I''' or '''Ohrmazd I'''; {{langx|pal|𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣}}), was the third [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[King of Kings]] (''[[shahanshah]]'') of [[Iran]], who ruled from May 270 to June 271. He was the third-born son of [[Shapur I]] ({{reign|240|270}}), under whom he was governor-king of [[Sasanian Armenia|Armenia]], and also took part in his father's wars against the [[Roman Empire]]. Hormizd I's brief time as ruler of Iran was largely uneventful. He built the city of Hormizd-Ardashir (present-day [[Ahvaz]]), which remains a major city today in Iran. He promoted the [[Zoroastrian]] priest [[Kartir]] to the rank of chief priest (''[[mobad|mowbed]]'') and gave the [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] permission to continue his preaching.

It was under Hormizd I that the title of "King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran" became regularized in [[Sasanian coinage]]; previously, the royal titulary had generally been "King of Kings of Iran". Hormizd I was succeeded by his eldest brother [[Bahram I]].

== Etymology ==
The name of Hormizd (also spelled ''Ōhrmazd'', ''Hormozd'') is the [[Middle Persian]] version of the name of the supreme deity in [[Zoroastrianism]], known in [[Avestan]] as [[Ahura Mazda]].{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} The [[Old Persian]] equivalent is ''Auramazdā'', whilst the [[Greek language|Greek]] transliteration is ''Hormisdas''.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}}{{sfn|Vevaina|Canepa|2018|p=1110}} The name is attested in [[Armenian language|Armenian]] as ''Ormizd'' and in [[Georgian language|Georgian]] as ''Urmizd''.{{sfn|Schmitt|Bailey|1986|pages=445-465}}{{sfn|Rapp|2014|page=341-343}} His personal name was "Hormizd-Ardashir", a combination of "Hormizd" and "Ardashir", the latter being the Middle Persian form of the Old Persian ''Ṛtaxšira'' (also spelled ''Artaxšaçā''), meaning "whose reign is through truth ([[asha]])".{{sfn|Schmitt|1986|pp=654-655}}{{sfn|Wiesehöfer|1986|pp=371-376}}

== Background ==
Hormizd was the third-born son of [[Shapur I]] ({{reign|240|270}}).{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} According to folklore, Hormizd's mother was a daughter of the [[Parthia]]n dynast [[Mihrak]].{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|pp=46-47}} His two elder brothers were [[Bahram I|Bahram]] (the eldest) and [[Shapur Meshanshah]], whilst [[Narseh]] was his younger brother.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} Hormizd had two sisters named [[Adur-Anahid]] and [[Shapurdukhtak of Sakastan|Shapurdukhtak]].{{sfn|Brosius|2000}}{{sfn|Gignoux|1983|p=472}} His grandfather was [[Ardashir I]], the founder of the Sasanian Empire.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} The Sasanians had supplanted the [[Parthian Empire|Arsacid Empire]] as the sovereigns of Iran in 224, when Ardashir I defeated and killed the last Arsacid [[King of Kings]] [[Artabanus IV of Parthia|Artabanus IV]] ({{reign|213|224}}) at the [[Battle of Hormozdgan]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}}

== Rise ==
[[Image:Gold coin of Shapur I, minted at Ctesiphon between 260–272.jpg|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of [[Shapur I]]]]
Hormizd is first mentioned during the wars of Shapur I against the [[Roman Empire]].{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} He was made the king of [[Sasanian Armenia|Armenia]] after its conquest by Shapur I in 252.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} Hormizd is believed to be many modern historians to have taken part in Shapur I's second Roman expedition, which took place in the Roman provinces of [[Roman Syria|Syria]], [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]], and [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]], and which lasted from 253 to 256.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} This is supported by the reports of the Cappadocian conquests.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} Cappadocia does not appear to have been the only area that Hormizd fought in: according to the ''[[Augustan History|Scriptores Historiae Augustae]]'', the Roman rebel [[Cyriades]] assisted Shapur I and a certain Odomastes in the conquest of [[Antioch]].{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} The name ''Odomastes'' is an incorrect transliteration of Hormizd, and may thus suggest that after plundering Cappadocia, Hormizd took part in the [[Siege of Antioch (253)|siege of Antioch in 253]].{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} 

Hormizd is mentioned in an [[Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht|inscription]] on the wall of the [[Ka'ba-ye Zartosht]] at [[Naqsh-e Rostam]] near [[Persepolis]] in southern Iran, which Shapur I had created in order to praise his sons by citing their names and titles.{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=233}}{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} In the inscription, Hormizd is given the title of ''Wuzurg Šāh Arminān'' ("Great King of the Armenians").{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}}{{sfn|Weber|2016}} The 4th-century Armenian historian [[Agathangelos]] states that this title was only given to the heir of the ''shahanshah''.{{sfn|Weber|2016}}

When Shapur I was on his deathbed, he crowned Hormizd as the new ''shahanshah'' of Iran, in May 270.{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 5: pp. 39, 43}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}}

== Reign ==
Little is known of Hormizd's reign.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} He reportedly gave the Zoroastrian priest [[Kartir]] clothes that were worn by the upper class, the cap and belt (''[[kulāf]] ud kamarband'') and appointed him as the chief priest (''[[mobad|mowbed]]'').{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=76}}{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} Like his father, Hormizd also granted the [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] permission to continue his preaching.{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=246}} It is unclear why Hormizd supported Kartir and Mani, both of whom represented a different religion.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=10}} The [[Iranologist]] [[Touraj Daryaee]] has suggested that it was possibly part of his attempt to control both religions, which were both seeking to become the main religion in the empire.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=10}} According to the Iranologist [[Prods Oktor Skjaervo]], Hormizd was like his two predecessors, a "lukewarm Zoroastrian".{{sfn|Skjærvø|2012}} Hormizd is usually given the epithet of ''nēw'' or ''yaxī/yaxē'' (both meaning "brave") in Manichean [[Middle Iranian]] sources, possibly indicating his accomplishments in warfare.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} It was seemingly under Hormizd that the two New Year festivals ([[Nowruz]]) in the month of [[Farvardin|Farwardin]] were linked together to design a festival that lasted six days.{{sfn|Stausberg|Vevaina|Tessmann|2015|p=383}} In primary sources, Hormizd is credited as the founder of the city of Hormizd-Ardashir (present-day [[Ahvaz]]), however, in some instances Ardashir I is also attributed as its founder.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} Modern historians (citing ''[[Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr]]'') usually consider Hormizd to be its actual founder.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} He also founded the city of Ram-Hormizd-Ardashir (meaning "Ardashir's peace of Hormizd"), abbreviated as [[Ram-Hormizd]].{{sfn|Jalalipour|2015|pp=15–16}} He refounded the city of [[Artemita]] as [[Dastagird]], whose royal residence would later serve as an important place for the ''shahanshahs'' [[Khosrow I]] ({{reign|531|579}}) and [[Khosrow II]] ({{reign|590|628}}).{{sfn|Badiyi|2020|p=210}}{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=758}} Hormizd was not succeeded by his son Hormozdak, but by his brother Bahram (who became known as [[Bahram I]]), who ascended the throne with the aid of Kartir.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} According to local folklore, Hormizd was buried in Ram-Hormizd.{{sfn|Badiyi|2020|p=210}}

== Coinage and imperial ideology ==
[[Image:Rare coin of Hormizd I.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient drachma|Drachma]] of Hormizd I]]
While Ardashir I and Shapur I generally used the title of "King of Kings of (Iran)ians" on their coinage, Hormizd had the title slightly modified, adding the phrase "and non-Iran(ians)".{{sfn|Schindel|2013|p=836}}{{sfn|Shayegan|2013|p=805}} His full title thus read "the Mazda-worshiping, divine Hormizd, King of Kings of Iran(ians) and non-Iran(ians), whose image/brilliance is from the gods".{{sfn|Schindel|2013|p=836}}{{sfn|Shayegan|2013|p=805}}{{efn|In [[Middle Persian]]: ''Mazdēsn bay Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh Ērān ud Anērān kēčihr az yazdān''.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|p=836}}}} The phrase "and non-Iran(ians)" had already been in use in the inscriptions of Shapur I,{{sfn|Curtis|Stewart|2008|p=21}} and in rare cases his coin mints,{{sfn|Curtis|Stewart|2008|p=23}} but was first regularized under Hormizd.{{sfn|Curtis|Stewart|2008|p=21}} The extended title demonstrates the incorporation of new territory into the empire, however what was precisely seen as "non-Iran(ian)" (''[[aneran]]'') is not certain.{{sfn|Shayegan|2004|pp=462-464}} The reverse of Hormizd's coin portrayed two attendants, an addition that was first made by Shapur I, on whose coinage both attendants are depicted wearing [[mural crown]]s, whilst looking away from the [[fire temple]] between them.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|p=835}} They most likely represented the shah.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|p=835}} In the coinage of Hormizd, the attendants face the temple and are wearing different crowns.{{sfn|Schindel|2013|p=835}} The figure on the left side represents Hormizd, whilst the figure on the right—depending on its portrayal—represents the Iranian deities [[Mithra]] or [[Anahita]].{{sfn|Curtis|Stewart|2008|p=24}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite journal |last1=Badiyi|first1=Bahram| title=Cities and Mint Centers Founded by the Sasanians |journal= Ancient Iranian Numismatics |date=2020|pages=203–233|doi=10.1163/9789004460720_012 |isbn=978-90-04-46072-0 |s2cid=242624054 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42852764|url-access=registration}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Jalalipour|first=Saeid|title=The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph|url=https://sites.uci.edu/sasanika/files/2020/01/GradPaper-JalalipourStudyofSasanianKhuzestan.pdf|year=2015|journal=Sasanika}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia | title = ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language | last1 = Schmitt | first1 = R. | last2 = Bailey | first2= H. W. | author-link1 = Rüdiger Schmitt | author-link2 = Harold Walter Bailey | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4-5 | pages = 445–465 | year = 1986 }}
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* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Bahrām I |last=Shahbazi |first=A. Shapur |author-link=Alireza Shapour Shahbazi |url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahram-01 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5 |pages= 514–522 |year=1988 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Shahbazi | first  = A. Shapur |author-link=Alireza Shapour Shahbazi | title = Sasanian dynasty | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty | year = 2005 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title= Hormozd I | last = Shayegan | first = M. Rahim | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-i | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5 | pages = 462–464 | year = 2004 }}
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* {{cite book |title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism |first1=Michael |last1=Stausberg|author-link1 = Michael Stausberg | first2=Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw|last2=Vevaina |first3=Anna|last3=Tessmann|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |year=2015}}
* {{ODLA|last1=Vevaina|first1=Yuhan|last2=Canepa|first2=Matthew|title=Ohrmazd|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3439?rskey=yx9iQR&result=10}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Narseh | last = Weber | first = Ursula | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/narseh-sasanian-king | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2016 }}
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==Further reading==
* {{ODLA|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|title=Hormizd I Ardashir|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2310?rskey=IJAoWS&result=21}}

{{commonscat|Hormizd I}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian dynasty]]||||June 271}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Shapur I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran]]|years=270–271}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Bahram I]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Sasanian Rulers}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hormizd 01}}
[[Category:271 deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century Sasanian monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century births]]
[[Category:Shahnameh characters]]
[[Category:Sasanian governors of Armenia]]
[[Category:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars]]
[[Category:3rd-century kings of Armenia]]
[[Category:City founders]]