Editing Hordeum

{{Short description|Genus of grasses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Hordeum distichon0.jpg
|image_caption = ''Hordeum vulgare'' f. ''distichon''
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Hordeum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358103#page/96/mode/1up Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753.  Species Plantarum 1: 84–85]</ref>
|type_species = ''[[Hordeum vulgare]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by {{cite journal |doi=10.1139/b59-053 |title=The Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Wheats, Barleys, and Ryes and Their Wild Relatives |year=1959 |last1=Bowden |first1=Wray M. |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=657–684 |bibcode=1959CaJB...37..657B }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40027567 Tropicos, ''Hordeum'' L.]</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=v>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=419181 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
|synonyms =
* ''Critesion'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Critho'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
* ''Zeocriton'' <small>Wolf</small>
}}

'''''Hordeum''''' is a genus of [[Annual plant|annual]] and [[perennial]] plants in the [[Poaceae|grass family]]. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of [[Africa]], [[Eurasia]], and the [[Americas]].

== Taxonomy ==

=== Species ===
Species include:<ref name=v/><ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Hordeum Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Hordeum The Plant List search for ''Hordeum'']
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
 |url= http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:380267 
 |title=''Hordeum'' L.
 |website= Atlas of Living Australia |access-date= 2015-02-01
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150201191446/http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:380267
 |archive-date= 2015-02-01 |url-status= dead 
}}
</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* ''[[Hordeum aegiceras]]'' – Mongolia, China including Tibet
* ''[[Hordeum arizonicum]]'' US (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango)
* ''[[Hordeum bogdanii]]'' – from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia
* ''[[Hordeum brachyantherum]]'' – Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, US (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California
* ''[[Hordeum brachyatherum]]'' – Chile
* ''[[Hordeum brevisubulatum]]'' – European Russia; temperate and subarctic Asia from Turkey and the Urals to China and Magadan
* ''[[Hordeum bulbosum]]'' – Mediterranean, Central Asia 
* ''[[Hordeum californicum]]'' – US (CA; OR; NV)
* ''[[Hordeum capense]]'' – South Africa, Lesotho
* ''[[Hordeum chilense]]'' – Argentina, Chile (including Juan Fernández Is)
* ''[[Hordeum comosum]]'' – Argentina, Chile
* ''[[Hordeum cordobense]]'' – northern Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum depressum]]'' – US (CA; OR; WA; ID; NV), British Columbia, Baja California
* ''[[Hordeum distichon]]'' – Iraq
* ''[[Hordeum erectifolium]]'' – northern Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum euclaston]]'' – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum flexuosum]]'' – Uruguay, Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum fuegianum]]'' – Tierra del Fuego
* ''[[Hordeum guatemalense]]'' – Guatemala
* ''[[Hordeum halophilum]]'' – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
* ''[[Hordeum intercedens]]'' (bobtail barley) – California, Baja California
* ''[[Hordeum jubatum]]'' (foxtail barley) – widespread in US and Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus
* ''[[Hordeum × lagunculciforme]]'' – Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China
* ''[[Hordeum lechleri]]'' – Argentina, Chile
* ''[[Hordeum marinum]]'' (sea barley) – Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
* ''[[Hordeum murinum]]'' (wall barley) – Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
* ''[[Hordeum muticum]]'' – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
* ''[[Hordeum parodii]]'' – Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum patagonicum]]'' – Argentina, Chile
* ''[[Hordeum × pavisii]]'' – France
* ''[[Hordeum procerum]]'' – Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum pubiflorum]]'' – Argentina, Chile
* ''[[Hordeum pusillum]]'' (little barley) – widespread in Canada and US; northern Mexico, Bermuda, Argentina
* ''[[Hordeum roshevitzii]]'' – China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
* ''[[Hordeum secalinum]]'' – Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus
* ''[[Hordeum spontaneum]]'' – from Greece and Egypt to central China
* ''[[Hordeum stenostachys]]'' – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa
* ''[[Hordeum tetraploidum]]'' – Argentina, Chile
* ''[[Hordeum vulgare]]'' (barley) – native to the Middle East, now cultivated in many countries
{{div col end}}

==== Formerly included species ====
Botanists now regard many species as better suited to other genera:<ref name=v/> ''[[Arrhenatherum]]'', ''[[Crithopsis]]'', ''[[Dasypyrum]]'', ''[[Elymus (plant)|Elymus]]'', ''[[Eremopyrum]]'', ''[[Hordelymus]]'', ''[[Leymus]]'', ''[[Psathyrostachys]]'', and ''[[Taeniatherum]]''.

=== Etymology ===
The name ''[[wikt:hordeum#Latin|Hordeum]]'' comes from the [[Latin]] word for "to bristle" (''horreō'', ''horrēre''),<ref>{{cite web |title=hordeum noun |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hordeum |access-date=13 January 2024 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> and is akin to the word "[[wikt:horror#Latin|horror]]".

==Distribution==
The species are native throughout the temperate regions of [[Africa]], [[Eurasia]], and the [[Americas]].<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115751 Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 395 <big>大麦属</big> da mai shu ''Hordeum'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=115751 Flora of Pakistan]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Hordeum Altervista Flora Italiana genere ''Hordeum''] includes photos + distribution maps of several species</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cabi |first1=E. |title=Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi |last2=Doğan |first2=M. |publisher=Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını |year=2012 |editor1=A. Güner |location=Istanbul |pages=690–756 |chapter=Poaceae |editor2=S. Aslan |editor3=T. Ekim |editor4=M. Vural |editor5=M. T. Babaç}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pohl |first1=R. W. |title=Alismataceae a Cyperaceae |last2=Davidse |first2=G. |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |year=1994 |editor1=G. Davidse |series=Flora Mesoamericana |volume=6 |location=México, D. F. |pages=247 |chapter=60. Hordeum L. |editor2=M. Sousa Sánchez |editor3=A. O. Chater}}</ref>

==Ecology==
''Hordeum'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including [[Flame (moth)|the flame]], [[rustic shoulder-knot]] and [[Setaceous Hebrew Character|setaceous Hebrew character]].

Some species have become [[weed]]s introduced worldwide by human activities, others have become endangered due to habitat loss.

==Uses==
One species, ''H. vulgare'' ([[barley]]), has become of major commercial importance as a [[cereal]] grain, used as [[fodder]] crop and for [[malting]] in the production of [[beer]] and [[whiskey]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |author1=R. von Bothmer |author2=N. Jacobsen |author3=C. Baden |author4=R. B. Jørgensen |author5=I. Linde-Laursen |year=1995 |title=An ecogeographical study of the genus ''Hordeum'', 2nd ed. |isbn=978-92-9043-229-6 |publisher=[[International Plant Genetic Resources Institute]] (IPGRI)|location=[[Rome]]|url=http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Publications/HTMLPublications/271/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050101065432/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/271/index.htm |archive-date=2005-01-01 }}
* {{cite journal |author=F. R. Blattner |year=2004 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of ''Hordeum'' (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |pmid=15336664 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=289–299 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.012 |bibcode=2004MolPE..33..289B }}
* {{cite journal |author=F. R. Blattner |year=2006 |title=Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of ''Hordeum'' (Poaceae) |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=169 |pmid=16411962 |issue=3 |pages=603–614 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2006NewPh.169..603B }}
* {{cite journal |author=F. R. Blattner |year=2009 |title=Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus ''Hordeum'' (Poaceae: Triticeae) |journal=[[Breeding Science]]|volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=471–480 |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.59.471 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009BrSci..59..471B }}
* {{cite journal |author1=S. S. Jakob |author2=A. Ihlow |author3=F. R. Blattner |year=2007 |title=Combined ecological niche modelling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of ''Hordeum marinum'' (Poaceae) — niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia |journal=[[Molecular Ecology (journal)|Molecular Ecology]] |volume=16 |pmid=17402985 |issue=8 |pages=1713–1727 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x|bibcode=2007MolEc..16.1713J |s2cid=46305338 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=S. S. Jakob |author2=E. Martinez-Meyer |author3=F. R. Blattner |year=2009 |title=Phylogeographic analyses and paleodistribution modeling indicates Pleistocene in situ survival of ''Hordeum'' species (Poaceae) in southern Patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]]|volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=907–923 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp012 |pmid=19168565|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author1=T. Pleines |author2=F. R. Blattner |year=2008 |title=Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid ''Hordeum'' species (Poaceae: Triticeae) |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=875–881 |doi=10.1002/tax.573016 |bibcode=2008Taxon..57..875P }}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary | Hordeum}}
{{Commons category|Hordeum}}
{{Wikispecies|Hordeum}}
* species of Hordeum in "Wildflowers of Israel": [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221227/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=300 Spntaneous Barley], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726205351/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=407 Bulbous Barley], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726205449/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=298 Wall Barley], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726205533/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=1770  Hordeum marinum],
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726205551/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=1817 Hordeum hystrix], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521191138/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=510 Hordeum vulgare]

{{Barley}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q518044}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hordeum| ]]
[[Category:Poaceae genera]]