Editing Hojōjutsu

{{Short description|Japanese art of restraining person with rope}}
{{Infobox martial art
| logo         =
| logocaption  =
| logosize     =
| image        = Hojōjutsu.svg
| imagecaption = hojōjutsu illustration
| imagesize    =
| name         = Hojōjutsu<br/>(捕縄術)
| aka          = Torinawajutsu (捕縄術) or Nawajutsu (縄術)
| focus        = [[Weapon]]ry
| hardness     = Non-competitive
| country      = Japan
| creator      = unknown
| parenthood   = ancient
| famous_pract =
| olympic      = No
| website      =
}}

{{nihongo|'''Hojōjutsu'''|[[wiktionary:捕縄術|捕縄術]], lit. "Restraining Rope Technique"}}, {{nihongo|'''torinawajutsu'''|[[wiktionary:捕縄術|捕縄術]], lit. "Restraining Rope Technique"}} or just {{nihongo|'''nawajutsu'''|[[wiktionary:縄術|縄術]], lit. "Rope Technique"}} is the traditional Japanese martial art of restraining a person using cord or [[rope]] (called {{nihongo|''nawa''|[[wiktionary:縄|縄]], lit. "Rope"}} in Japanese), as a precursor to modern-day [[handcuffs]]. Encompassing many different materials, techniques and methods from many different schools, hojōjutsu is a quintessentially Japanese art that is a unique product of Japanese history and culture.<ref name="urlryuha">{{cite web |url=http://www.hojojutsu.org/ryuha |title=ryuha |publisher=Kokusai Hojojutsu Kenkyukai (International Hojojutsu Research Society)}}</ref>

As a [[martial art]]s practice, hojōjutsu is seldom if ever taught on its own but as part of a curriculum under the aegis of the body of study encompassed by a larger school of [[bugei]] or [[budō]], often as an advanced study in [[jujutsu]]. Regardless of the source, hojōjutsu techniques and methods are seldom demonstrated outside Japan.

==Techniques and methods==
Generally speaking, hojōjutsu can be divided into two broad categories. The first is the capture and restraint of a prisoner that was effected with strong, thin cord (usually 3–4 millimeters in diameter) called a {{nihongo|''[[hayanawa]]''|[[wiktionary:早縄|早縄]], lit. "Fast Rope"}}, and sometimes the [[Japanese sword mountings#Components|sageo]] carried by [[samurai]] on the sword-sheaths was used.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Book of Samurai: Book One: The Fundamental Teachings|last=Cummins|first=Antony|publisher=Watkins Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-1780288888|location=London, United Kingdom|pages=11|translator-last=Minami|translator-first=Yoshie}}</ref> In law enforcement, this cord was carried by constables who secreted the rope in a small bundle that fed cord from one end. This ''[[torinawa]]'' ("capture-rope") was coiled so that the cord would pay out from one end as the bundled cord was passed around the prisoner's body, neck and arms as they were tied. This was usually accomplished by one constable in the course of performing an arrest while the prisoner was actively resisting and had to be accomplished quickly.

Even at this stage, attention was still paid to visual and aesthetic concerns in the tying method as well as to the cultural needs of Japanese society. According to experts, an accused but not convicted prisoner would be tied using methods which allowed the prisoner to be securely restrained but which contained no knots to save the prisoner the shame of being publicly bound.<ref>{{Cite book|title=拷問刑罰史|last=Nawa|first=Yumio|publisher=雄山閣出版|year=1963|isbn=978-4639008859|trans-title=History of torture and punishment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=十手捕縄の研究|last=Nawa|first=Yumio|year=1964|trans-title=Study of the Constables use of Truncheon and Rope}}</ref> Instead of securing the tie with knots, the constable held on to the free end of the rope and walked behind the prisoner to keep him or her under control as the prisoner was taken for an interrogation, which could involve the application of one or more forms of [[judicial torture]] to elicit a confession.

The second category utilized with one or occasionally two "main ropes" or 'honnawa' which, like the ''hayanawa'', could be any one of many different lengths, but was usually hemp in material. The thickness of this rope averaged at six or more millimeters in diameter,<ref>{{Cite book|title=図解捕縄術|last=Seiko|first=Seiko|publisher=名著刊行会|year=2000|isbn=978-4839002978|pages=13–14|trans-title=The Illustrated Science of Rope Arresting}}</ref> while the length could be as much as 25 meters long. This was used to provide a more secure, long-term binding than is possible with the ''hayanawa'' for transportation to a place of incarceration, restraint at legal proceedings, and—in the case of particularly severe crimes—for the public display of the prisoner prior to execution by such methods as beheading, crucifixion (i.e., the prisoner was displayed tied to a cross before spears were driven through the body), or, in arson convictions, death by fire.

''Honnawa'' ties were applied by a group of people, usually not less than four, whose presence allowed the use of more intricate and ornate patterns than was the case with the hayanawa. Both forms combined effective restraint with a distinct visual aesthetic.

In either form, the ''hojōjutsu'' ties known today display a shrewd understanding of human anatomy through several recurrent themes. This can include leverage removal (tying limbs in positions that decrease the force they can generate),<ref>{{Cite book|title=図解捕縄|last=Seiko|first=Fujita|publisher=名著刊行会|year=2000|isbn=978-4839002978|pages=169|trans-title=The Illustrated Science of Rope Arresting}}</ref> rope placement to discourage struggling or to make it less effective by placing one or more loops of rope around the neck and constricting restraint around points on the upper arms where determined struggle puts pressure on blood vessels and nerves, numbing the extremities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=図解捕縄|last=Seiko|first=Fujita|publisher=名著刊行会|year=2000|isbn=978-4839002978|pages=78|trans-title=The Illustrated Science of Rope Arresting}}</ref>

==Persistence in modern times==
''Hojōjutsu'' shows limited survival in the modern world, both in Japan and elsewhere. ''Torinawa'' techniques are taught as part of the curriculum learned by modern Japanese police officers and it remains an advanced topic within schools of jujutsu, following it and other Japanese traditional martial arts as they make their way around the world from Brazil to Eastern Europe. ''Yoshida ha Shidare Yanagi ryū'', art of the late [[Don Angier]], contains an extensive ''hojōjutsu'' curriculum.

Although the ''honnawa'' techniques have long been supplanted by handcuffs and leg-irons, some teachers of traditional martial arts in Japan work to continue to maintain the art form. The ''[[sōke]]'' (head of, and heir to the style) of [[Masaki-ryū]], Nawa Yumio, has written several books on the subject and has worked as an historical consultant on matters dealing with law enforcement and Mizukoshi Hiro's recently reprinted book ''Torinawajutsu'' offers historical background followed by thorough, practical instruction in more than 25 traditional ties, including some recreated from rare and very old texts. The ''[[ko-ryū]]'' cited are Seigo Ryu Jujutsu, Seishin Ryu Jujutsu, Koden Enshin Ryu Iaijutsu, Nanbu Handen Hojo Jutsu, Kurokawa Ryu Ninjutsu, [[Yōshin-ryū|Kurama Yoshin Ryu Jujutsu]], Nagano Ryu Heihou, Mitsuo (Mippa) Muteki Ryu, Bo Ryu and Tenfu Muso Ryu.

[[Seiko Fujita]]'s work ''Zukai Torinawajutsu'', which could be considered as the encyclopedia of this art, shows hundreds of ties from many different schools.<ref>{{Cite book|title=図解捕縄|last=Seiko|first=Fujita|publisher=名著刊行会|year=2000|isbn=978-4839002978|trans-title=The Illustrated Science of Rope Arresting}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* {{Annotated link|Bolas}}
* {{Annotated link|Braid}}
* {{Annotated link|Cat's cradle}}
* {{Annotated link|Child harness}}
* {{Annotated link|Chinese knotting}}
* {{Annotated link|Ittatsu-ryū}}
* {{Annotated link|Jitte}}
* {{Annotated link|Knot}}
* {{Annotated link|Kumihimo}}
* {{Annotated link|Lasso}}
* {{Annotated link|List of knots}}
* {{Annotated link|Macramé}}
* {{Annotated link|Marudai}}
* {{Annotated link|Mizuhiki}}
* {{Annotated link|Rein}}
* {{Annotated link|Surujin}}
* {{Annotated link|Takenouchi-ryū}}
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
<references />

==References==
* Torinawajutsu (Hojo-jutsu)- Hiro Mizukoshi
* Bugei Ryuha Daijiten

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hojojutsu}}
* [http://japaneseropeart.com/RopeArt/Hojojutsu/hojo_cleaver.html An article by Richard Cleaver on Hojojutsu, translations from the 1964 works of Headmaster Nawa Yumio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604102143/http://japaneseropeart.com/RopeArt/Hojojutsu/hojo_cleaver.html |date=2013-06-04 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040315165750/http://www.geocities.com/koryu-bujutsu/tenjikai/meijiu03.html Images from the Criminal Museum of Meiji University showing torinawa and hojojitsu techniques]
* [http://robertg.com/masakiryu.htm Masaki Ryū]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130203122100/http://japanese.lingualift.com/blog/hojojutsu-japanese-art/ The ancient art of Hojojutsu]
* [http://www.hojojutsu.org Kokusai Hojojutsu Kenkyukai / International Hojojutsu Research Society]

{{Japanese martial arts}}
{{Martial arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hojojutsu}}
[[Category:Physical restraint]]
[[Category:Ropework]]
[[Category:Japanese martial arts]]
[[Category:Ko-ryū bujutsu]]