Editing History of the Cape Colony before 1806

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{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2013}}
The written '''history of the Cape Colony''' in what is now South Africa began when Portuguese navigator [[Bartolomeu Dias]] became the first modern European to round the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1488.<ref name="Morison-75">{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=Admiral of the Ocean Sea A Life of Christopher Columbus|publisher=Little, Brown And Company|location=Boston|year=1942|pages=75–76|url=https://archive.org/stream/admiraloftheocea011692mbp#page/n96}}</ref> In 1497, [[Vasco da Gama]] sailed along the whole coast of South Africa on his way to India, landed at [[St Helena Bay]] for 8 days, and made a detailed description<ref>{{cite web|last=da Gama|first=Vasco|title=Round Africa to India|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.asp|work=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|publisher=Fordham University|access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> of the area. The Portuguese, attracted by the riches of Asia, made no permanent settlement at the [[Cape Colony]]. However, the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) settled the area as a location where vessels could restock water and provisions.

{{CapeColony}}

== First settlement ==
{{see|Dutch Cape Colony}}
[[File:Charles Bell - Jan van Riebeeck se aankoms aan die Kaap.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A romanticised depiction of the arrival of [[Jan van Riebeeck]] in [[Table Bay]] (by [[Charles Davidson Bell|Charles Bell]])]]
The Dutch East India Company settlement in the area began in March 1647, with the shipwreck of the Dutch ship ''Nieuwe Haarlem''. The shipwreck victims built a small fort that they named the "Sand Fort of the Cape of Good Hope."  They stayed for nearly one year, until they were rescued by a fleet of 12 ships under the command of W. G. de Jong.

After their return to Holland some of the shipwrecked crewmates tried to persuade the [[Dutch East India Company]] to open a trading center at the Cape.

A Dutch East India Company expedition of 90 [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] settlers, under the command of [[Jan van Riebeeck]], founded the first permanent settlement near the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1652. Jan van Riebeeck was on one of the rescue ships that had come to rescue the shipwrecked sailors, and upon seeing the land, he decided to return. They arrived in the harbour of modern-day [[Cape Town]] on 6 April 1652 with five ships:

#''Reijger'', 
#''Oliphant'', 
#''Goede Hoop'', 
#''Walvisch'', 
#''Dromedaris''.

The settlers initially built a clay and timber fort, which was replaced between 1666 and 1679 by the [[Castle of Good Hope]], which is now the oldest building in South Africa. The Colony began properly in 1671 with the first purchase of land from the [[Khoikhoi]] (called "Hottentots" by the settlers) beyond the original limits of the [[fort]] built by van Riebeeck.

[[Image:Kasteel de Goede Hoop circa 1680.jpg|thumb|Sketch of Castle of Good Hope Courtyard in 1680]]

A long term policy of the VOC was to limit the growth of the colony to a small clearly defined area. Initially the VOC had hoped to employ a small number of servants and employees to produce food close to the fortress whilst obtaining cattle from the local Khoikhoi. However repeated crop failures convinced company officials to release nine servants to become semi-independent burgers who would produce food on free hold farms. Land grants were limited until the arrival of the colony's new commander [[Simon van der Stel]] in 1679.<ref name="MakingEasternCape">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacybl0000crai | url-access=registration | quote=migration eastern cape. | title=White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-Industrial South Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | work=The Making of the Colonial Order in the Eastern Cape, 1770-865 | date=1992 | access-date=3 April 2013 | author=Crais, Clifton C.}}</ref>{{rp|31}}

van der Stel pursued an expansionist agricultural policy which was continued by his son William thereby increasing the number of farms in the colony to 258 by 1705. The number of free hold farms almost doubled by 1731 to 435 farms. Income inequality increased rapidly in the early years of the colony's development and by 1731 only 7% of the colony's small free settler population controlled over half of all the private property in the colony.<ref name="MakingEasternCape" />{{rp|31}}

The earliest colonists were, for the most part, from the lower, working class and displayed an indifferent attitude towards developing the colony, but after a commissioner that was sent out in 1685 to attract more settlers, a more dedicated group of immigrants began to arrive. French [[refugees]] began to arrive in the Cape after leaving their country after the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]]. This small body of immigrants had a marked influence on the character of the Dutch settlers. Owing to the policy instituted in 1701 of the Dutch East India Company which dictated that schools should teach exclusively in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and strict laws of assembly, the [[Huguenot]]s ceased by the middle of the 18th century to maintain a distinct identity, and the knowledge of French disappeared. By the late 1700s the Cape Colony was one of the best developed European settlements outside Europe or the Americas.<ref name="Smith">Smith, Adam (1776), [http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/adam-smith/Wealth-Nations.pdf Wealth of Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020042323/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/adam-smith/Wealth-Nations.pdf |date=20 October 2013 }}, Penn State Electronic Classics edition, republished 2005, p.516</ref>

{{See also|Huguenots in South Africa}}

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of the Western Cape}}
The two pillars of the Cape Colony's economy for almost the entirety of its history were shipping and agriculture. Its strategic position meant that prior to the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 almost every ship sailing between Europe and Asia stopped off at the colony's capital Cape Town. The supplying of these ships with fresh provisions, fruit, and [[South African wine|wine]] provided a very large market for the surplus produce of the colony.<ref name="Smith"/>

== Further expansion ==
[[File:Dutch Cape Colony.png|thumb|Expansion of the Dutch Cape Colony.]]
The Cape colonists gradually acquired all of the land of the Khoikhoi to the north and east of their base at [[Cape Town]]. Besides those who died in warfare, whole tribes of Khoikhoi were severely disrupted by [[smallpox]] epidemics in 1713 and 1755. A few remaining tribes maintained their independence, but the majority of the Khoikhoi took jobs with the colonists as herdsmen. The Dutch East India Company government passed a law in 1787 subjecting the remaining nomadic Khoikhoi to certain restrictions. The direct effect of this law was to make the Khoikhoi even more dependent upon the farmers, or to compel them to migrate northward beyond the colonial border. Those who chose the latter encountered the hostility of their old foes, the [[San people|San]], who inhabited the plains from the [[Nieuwveld Mountain|Nieuwveld]] and [[Sneeuwberg Mountain|Sneeuwberg]] mountains to the [[Orange River]].

==  Conflicts with the Dutch East India Company ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2010}}
Neither the hostility of the natives, nor the struggle to make agriculture profitable on ''[[Karoo]]'' or ''[[veld]]'', slowed the progress made by the colonists as much as the narrow and tyrannical policy adopted by the [[Dutch East India Company]]. The Company stopped the colony's policy of open immigration, monopolised trade, combined the administrative, legislative and judicial powers into one body, told the farmers what crops to grow, demanded a large percentage of every farmer's harvest, and harassed them. This tended to discourage further development of industry and enterprise. From these roots sprung a dislike of orderly government, and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] view-point that has characterised the "[[boer]]s" or Dutch farmers for many generations. Seeking largely to escape the oppression of the Dutch East India Company, the farmers trekked farther and farther from the seat of government. The company, to control these emigrants, established a magistracy at [[Swellendam]] in 1745 and another at [[Graaff Reinet]] in 1786. The authorities declared the [[Gamtoos River]] as the eastern frontier of the colony, but the trekkers soon crossed it. To avoid collision with the bantu tribes advancing south and west from east central Africa, the Dutch agreed in 1780 to make the [[Great Fish River]] the boundary of the colony. In 1795 the heavily taxed boers of the frontier districts, who received no protection against the Africans, expelled the officials of the Dutch East India Company, and established independent governments at [[Republic of Swellendam|Swellendam]] and at [[Republic of Graaff-Reinet|Graaff-Reinet]].

The Netherlands fell to the [[French Army|French army]] under the leadership of [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoléon Bonaparte]] in 1795. Reacting to the weakness of the Dutch East India Company holdings, a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] force under [[James Henry Craig|Sir James Henry Craig]] set out for Cape Town to secure the colony for the [[Stadtholder]] [[William V of Orange|Prince William V of Orange]] against the French. The governor of Cape Town refused at first to obey any instructions from the prince, but after Craig threatened to use force, he capitulated. The boers of Graaff Reinet did not surrender until an army had been sent against them, and in 1799 and again in 1801 they rose in [[revolt]]. In February 1803, as a result of the [[Peace of Amiens]], the colony came under the control of the [[Batavian Republic]].

==See also==
* Cape Town [[History of Cape Town|history]] and [[Timeline of Cape Town|timeline]]
*[[History of South African wine]]

== References ==
* ''The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony''. P.J. Van Der Merwe, Roger B. Beck. [[Ohio University Press]]. 1 January 1995. 333 pages. {{ISBN|0-8214-1090-3}}.
* ''History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain''. George McCall Theal. Greenwood Press. 28 February 1970. 392 pages. {{ISBN|0-8371-1661-9}}.
* ''Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners''. Robert Ross, David Anderson. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 1 July 1999. 220 pages. {{ISBN|0-521-62122-4}}.
* ''The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others''. Basil Alexander Le Cordeur. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. {{ISBN|0-909079-14-5}}.
* ''Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853''. Elizabeth Elbourne. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. {{ISBN|0-7735-2229-8}}.
* ''Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties''. Alan Mabin. [[University of the Witwatersrand]], African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages.

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/CapeProv_History.asp Cape Colony History on Encyclopedia.com]
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=44059 Encyclopædia Britannica Cape Colony]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321002915/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/20.htm  Introduction to the Resolutions of the Council of Policy – History of the Cape of Good Hope]}}

{{South Africa topics}}

[[Category:17th century in South Africa]]
[[Category:18th century in South Africa]]
[[Category:Dutch Cape Colony]]