Editing History of Styria

{{Short description|Account of events in Styria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
<!--This article is in Commonwealth English-->
[[File:Austria-Hungary map.svg|thumb|250px|Styria within [[Austria-Hungary]] at number 12.]]
The '''history of Styria''' concerns the region roughly corresponding to the modern [[Austria]]n state of [[Styria]] and the [[Slovenia|Slovene]] [[Štajerska|region of Styria (''Štajerska'')]] from its settlement by [[Germans]] and [[Slavs]] in the [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] until the present. This mountainous and scenic region, which became a centre for mountaineering in the 19th century, is often called the "Green March", because half of the area is covered with forests and one quarter with meadows, grasslands, vineyards and orchards. Styria is also rich in minerals, soft coal and iron, which has been mined at [[Erzberg]] since the time of the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. The [[Slovene Hills]] ({{langx|sl|Slovenske gorice}}, {{langx|de|Windische Bühel}}) is a famous wine-producing district, stretching between Slovenia and Austria. Styria was for long the most densely populated and productive mountain region in Europe.

Styria's population before [[World War I]] was 68% German-speaking, 32% Slovene, bordered on (clockwise) [[Lower Austria]], [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]], [[Carniola]], [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], [[Salzburg]], and [[Upper Austria]]. In 1918 after [[World War I]] the southern, Slovene-speaking third south of the [[Mur River]] was incorporated into [[Slovenia]] in the [[Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. The remaining two-thirds became the [[Austria]]n [[States of Austria|federal state]] of [[Styria]], while the Slovene-speaking third ([[Lower Styria]]) formed the informal [[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]] region in Slovenia, now divided into the [[Drava Statistical Region|Drava]] and [[Savinja Statistical Region|Savinja]] Statistical Regions and the major part of [[Slovenian Carinthia]].<ref>[http://flagspot.net/flags/si(.html "Clickable map of Slovenia"]</ref> The capital both of the duchy and the Austrian state has always been [[Graz]], which is now also the residence of the governor and the seat of the administration of the land.

==Political history==

===Prehistory to Charlemagne===
[[File:Steiermark Wappen.svg|thumb|367x367px|Coat of arms of the Dukes of Styria, crowned with the [[Ducal hat of Styria|ducal hat]].]]
The [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] history of Styria is as part of [[Noricum]] and [[Pannonia]], with the romanized [[Celt]]ic population of the [[Taurisci]]. During the [[migrations period|great migrations]], various Germanic tribes settled and/or traversed the region using the river valleys and low passes, but about 600 CE the [[Slavs]] took possession of the area and settled assimilating the remaining autochthonous romanized population.

When Styria came under the hegemony of [[Charlemagne]] as a part of [[Carantania]] ([[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]]), erected as a border territory against the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]] and Slavs, there was a large influx of [[Bavarii]] and other [[Christianized]] Germanic peoples, whom the bishops of [[Salzburg]] and the [[patriarchs of Aquileia]] kept faithful to [[Rome]]. Bishop [[Vergilius of Salzburg]] (745-84), was largely instrumental in establishing a church hierarchy in the Duchy and gained for himself the name of "Apostle of Carantania." In 811 Charlemagne made the [[Drave]] River the boundary between the [[diocese]]s of Salzburg and Aquileia.

===Middle Ages===
{{Main|March of Styria|Duchy of Styria}}
The [[March of Styria]] was created in the [[Duchy of Carinthia]] in the late 10th century as a defence against the [[Magyars]]. Long called the Carantanian or [[March of Carinthia|Carinthian March]] it was soon ruled by a margravial dynasty called the [[Otakars]] that originated from [[Steyr]] in Upper Austria thus giving the land its name: "Steiermark". This march was raised to become a [[duchy]] by the Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]] in 1180 after the fall of [[Henry the Lion|Henry the Lion of Bavaria]].

With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct; the region fell successively to the [[Babenberg]] family, [[rulers of Austria]], as stipulated in the [[Georgenberg Pact]]; after their extinction to the control of Hungary (1254–60); to King [[Premysl Ottokar II|Ottokar of Bohemia]]; in 1276 to the [[Habsburgs]], who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564–1619.

At the time of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invasions in the 16th and 17th centuries the land suffered severely and was depopulated. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; churches, monasteries, cities, and villages were destroyed and plundered, while the population was either killed or carried away into slavery.

===Modern era===
[[File:023 Grenzmaut zwischen Kärnten und Steiermark bei der Ruine Dürnstein - J.F.Kaiser Lithografirte Ansichten der Steiermark 1825.jpg|thumb|Historical view of the border between Styria and Carinthia, 1830]]
The [[Semmering Railway]], completed in 1854, was a triumph of engineering in its time, the oldest of the great European mountain railways.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gehrer|first=Elisabeth|date=1998-05-12|title=The World Heritage Documentation for the Nomination of Semmering Railway – cultural site Semmeringbahn (Kulturlandschaft)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/785.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010105558/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/785.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-10|access-date=2021-06-11|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|page=13}}</ref> It was remarkable for its numerous and long tunnels and viaducts spanning mountain valleys, running from Gloggnitz in Lower Austria to Mürzzuschlag in Styria, and passing through the area's scenery.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gehrer|first=Elisabeth|date=1998-05-12|title=The World Heritage Documentation for the Nomination of Semmering Railway – cultural site Semmeringbahn (Kulturlandschaft)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/785.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010105558/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/785.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-10|access-date=2021-06-11|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|pages=4–5}}</ref> The railway brought tourists to alpine lake resorts and mineral springs at [[Rogaška Slatina|Rohitsch]] (today's Rogaška Slatina) and [[Bad Gleichenberg]], the brine springs of [[Bad Aussee]], and the thermal springs of [[Laško|Tuffer]] (today's Laško), [[Neuhaus am Klausenbach]] and [[Haselsdorf-Tobelbad|Tobelbad]].

Following [[World War I]], Styria was divided by the [[Treaty of Saint Germain]]. [[Lower Styria]] with the cities of [[Celje]] and [[Maribor]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], while the rest remained with Austria as the [[Styria|State of Styria]]. Other than in [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], no fighting resulted from this, in spite of a German minority in Slovenia (the larger cities of Lower Styria were largely German-speaking).

Lower Styria was reattached to the [[Reichsgau]] Steiermark from 1942 to 1945, whence it was annexed by Germany. After [[World War II]], Styria became part of the British [[Allied-occupied Austria|occupation zone in Austria]]. The lower third was returned to [[Yugoslavia]] and today, it makes up about the eastern third of [[Slovenia]].

==Religious history==
The Protestant [[Reformation]] made its way into the country about 1530. [[Charles II of Austria|Duke Karl]] (ruling 1564–90), whose wife was the Catholic Duchess Maria of Bavaria, introduced the [[Counter-Reformation]] into the country; in 1573 he invited the [[Jesuits]] into Styria and in 1586 he founded the Catholic [[University of Graz]]. In 1598 his son and successor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] suppressed all Protestant schools and expelled the teachers and preachers: Protestant doctrines were maintained only in a few isolated mountain valleys, as in the valley of the Inn and the valley of the Mur. On a narrow reading of the [[Peace of Augsburg]], 1555, with its principle of ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]'', only the nobility were not forced to return to the Roman Church; each could have Protestant services privately in his own house.

After Ferdinand had become Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 and had defeated his Protestant opponents in the [[Battle of White Mountain]] near [[Prague]] in 1620, he forbade all Protestant church services whatsoever (1625). In 1628 he commanded the nobility also to return to the Catholic faith. A large number of noble families, consequently, emigrated from the country. But most of them either returned, or their descendants did so, becoming Catholics and recovering their possessions.

In the second half of the 17th century renewed action against the Protestants in the isolated mountain valleys resulted in the expulsion of Protestant ministers with the peasants who would not give up Protestantism; about 30,000 chose [[population transfer|compulsory emigration]] to [[Transylvania]] over conversion. Only an Edict of Toleration issued by Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] as late as 1781 put an end to religious repression. The Protestants then received the right to found parish communities and to exercise their religion in those enclaves undisturbed.

In 1848, all the provinces of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] received complete liberty of religion and of conscience, parity of religions, and the right to the public exercise of religion.

Ecclesiastically the province was historically divided into two Catholic [[Prince bishop|prince-bishoprics]], Seckau and Lavant. From the time of their foundation both were suffragans of the [[Archdiocese of Salzburg]]. The [[Prince-Bishopric of Seckau]] was established in 1218; since 1786 the see of the prince-bishop has been Graz. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lavant|Prince-Bishopric of Lavant]] with its bishop's seat at [[Sankt Andrä]] in the Carinthian [[Lavant (river)|Lavant]] Valley was founded as a bishopric in 1228 and raised to a prince-bishopric in 1446. In 1847 the bishop's seat was transferred from St. Andrä to Maribor, and after World War I the [[Episcopal see|see's]] boundaries were adapted to the new political frontiers. A short-lived third Salzburg suffragan [[diocese of Leoben]] comprising 157 parishes in the districts of Leoben and [[Bruck an der Mur]] existed on Styrian soil from 1786 but was incorporated into the diocese of Graz-Seckau in 1856<ref>[http://www.graz-seckau.at/content/allgemeines/geschichte4.php History of Graz-Seckau diocese]. Retrieved 31 July 2010.</ref> Today the see of the bishop of Graz-Seckau is identical in territory with the Austrian State of Styria.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Graz history]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14318a.htm Styria in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']

{{Commons category|History of Styria}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Styria}}
[[Category:History of Styria| ]]
[[Category:1180s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1180 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:History of Slovenia by historical region|Styria]]