Editing History of St Albans

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[St Albans]] is a city located in [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saint Albans {{!}} England, United Kingdom {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Albans-England|access-date=2021-11-29|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> It was originally founded as [[Verlamion]] a settlement belonging to the Catuvellauni (a Celtic tribe or state of southeastern Britain before the Roman conquest, attested by inscriptions into the 4th century). It was subsequently transformed into the Roman settlement of [[Verulamium]] from where it grew into a ''[[municipium]]'' around AD 50.

After the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|Anglo-Saxon settlement]] it was known as Verlamacaestir.<ref name="Bede" />
It later became known as St Albans because of its association with [[Saint Alban]].

==Roman==
[[File:Sea God Mosaic, 160-190 AD, Verulamium Museum, St Albans (14212743925).jpg|thumb|Remains of the Roman city of [[Verulamium]] have been excavated in modern times]]
The Roman city of [[Verulamium]], the third largest town in Roman Britain after [[Londinium]] and [[Camulodunum|Colchester]],<ref name="Raddato">{{Cite web |title=Exploring Verulamium, the Roman city of St Albans (UK) |url=https://followinghadrian.com/2015/02/01/exploring-verulamium-the-roman-city-of-st-albans-uk/#:~:text=In%20its%20heyday%2C%20Verulamium%20was,centre%20of%20the%20Catuvellauni%20tribe.}}</ref> was built alongside the Celtic settlement in the valley of the [[River Ver]] nearer to the present city centre. The settlement was granted the rank of ''[[municipium]]'' around AD&nbsp;50, meaning that its citizens had what were known as "Latin Rights", a lesser citizenship status than a ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'' possessed. It grew to a significant town, and as such received the attentions of [[Boudica]] of the [[Iceni]] in 61, when Verulamium was sacked and burnt on her orders:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml|title = BBC - History - Boudicca}}</ref> a black ash layer has been recorded by archaeologists, thus confirming the Roman written record. It grew steadily; by the early 3rd century, it covered an area of about {{convert|125|acre|km2}}, behind a deep ditch and wall. It was encircled by gated walls in AD 275. Verulamium contained a [[forum (Roman)|forum]], [[basilica]] and a [[Roman theatre (structure)|theatre]], much of which were damaged during two fires, one in 155 and the other in around 250. One of the few extant Roman inscriptions in Britain is found on the remnants of the forum (see [[Verulamium Forum inscription]]). The town was rebuilt in [[Rock (geology)|stone]] rather than [[timber]] at least twice over the next 150 years.

===Early Christianity===
[[File:DublinTrinityCollegeMSEi40LifeAlbanFol38rMartyrdomAlban.jpg|thumb|13th-Century manuscript depicting the martyrdom of [[St Alban]] (Trinity College Library, Dublin)]]
The city is named after [[St Alban]], a convert to Christianity who, according to medieval sources, lived in the Roman city. He was martyred in either the third or fourth century.<ref name=niblett2>Rosalind Niblett, ''Verulamium,'' Stroud: Tempus, 2001</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=St Albans |volume=23 |page=1012}}</ref> [[Bede]]'s [[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|''Ecclesiastical History'']] gives an account of Alban being beheaded on a hill outside the city.<ref name="Bede" /> This suggests that the cathedral, built on a hill above the Roman city, may have been built on the site of his martyrdom. However, the cathedral could alternatively be on the site of his burial. Widespread cults of saints began in cemeteries outside of Roman cities.<ref>Brown, Peter (1981). ''The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity''.</ref> The site of Alban's burial remains a topic for investigation. The site of a Roman burial was uncovered near the Cathedral in the late 20th century, in the area of demolished medieval cloisters, probably extending beneath the present building, but there is no evidence of a connection with Alban.<ref>''St Albans Cathedral & Abbey,'' ed. A.Herbert et.al., Fraternity of the Friends of St Albans Abbey, 2015</ref><ref name=":0">Martin Biddle and Birthe Kølbye Biddle, "The Origins of St Albans Abbey: Excavations in the Cloister 1982-1983", Occasional Paper No. 2, The Fraternity of Saint Albans Abbey, 1984</ref>

Bede referred to a Roman church dedicated to St Alban, built "when peaceable Christian times were restored" (possibly the [[Peace of the Church|fourth century]]) and still in use in Bede's time.<ref name="Bede">Bede.
[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38326/38326-h/38326-h.html#toc25 Ecclesiastical History of England, p.18]. [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref><ref>Bede, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede1.shtml ''Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum'']</ref> In 429 [[Germanus of Auxerre]] visited the church and subsequently promoted the cult of St Alban.<ref name=Vermaat:>{{cite web|last1=Constantius of Lyon|last2=Trans. Vermaat|first2=Robert|title=The text of the Vita sancti Germani|url=http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artsou/constex.htm|website=vortigernstudies.org.uk|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=biddle>[[Martin Biddle]], "Alban and the Anglo-Saxon Church", in Robert Runcie (ed), ''Cathedral and City: St Albans Ancient and Modern,'' Martyn Associates, 1977</ref><ref name=storyofalban>[https://www.stalbanscathedral.org/history/story-of-st-alban "Story of St Alban", Cathedral and Abbey Church of St Alban.]</ref><ref>[http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1989_act_123_1_3580 Kenneth. S. Painter, "Recent discoveries in Britain", ''Publications de l'École française de Rome'', 1989, Vol.123, No.1, pp.2031-2071]</ref> [[John Morris (historian)|John Morris]] argued that the church was probably built in 396–8.<ref>John Morris, "The Date of St Alban", ''Hertfordshire Archaeology'', Vol. 9, 1987</ref> It has been suggested that several unearthed remains might have been Roman churches but there is no certain archaeological evidence.<ref name=niblett2/> An archaeological excavation in 1978, directed by [[Martin Biddle]], failed to find Roman remains on the site of the [[chapter house]] of the medieval abbey,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stalbanscathedral.org/history/chapter-house/history |title=Chapter House History - The Cathedral and Abbey Church of Saint Alban |publisher=Stalbanscathedral.org |access-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154308/http://www.stalbanscathedral.org/history/chapter-house/history |archive-date=2013-11-13 }}</ref> but recent investigation has uncovered a [[basilica]] near the cathedral, supporting the contention that it is "the oldest continuous site of Christian worship in Great Britain".<ref name=storyofalban/>

Some historians doubt the [[historicity]] of St Alban and argue that his cult was invented by Germanus.<ref name="Wood: Germanus, Alban and Auxerre">{{cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Ian|title=Germanus, Alban and Auxerre|journal=Bulletin du Centre d'Études Médiévales d'Auxerre|date=2009|volume=13|url=http://cem.revues.org/11037#ftn6|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>

==Later medieval period==
The [[Abbot of St Albans|Abbots of St Albans]] diverted [[Watling Street]] away from the ruins of Verulamium into the medieval town.

Three main roads date from the medieval period—Holywell Hill, St Peter's Street, and Fishpool Street—each of which had a pilgrim church founded in the ninth century by Abbot [[Wulsin (Abbot Ulsinus)|Ulsinus]] at the entrance to the town: [[St Stephen's Church, St Albans|St Stephen's]], [[Church of St Peter, St Albans|St Peter's]] and [[St Michael's Church, St Albans|St Michael's]] respectively. The foundation of the town's [[St Albans Market|markets]] is also attributed to this time.<ref name="saunders2003">{{cite web
	| url = http://www.salbani.co.uk/Med%20Web/market_place.htm
	| title = The Market Place
	| last = Saunders
	| first = Chris
	| date = 2003-02-24
	| website = salbani.co.uk
	| url-status = dead
	| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210926135822/http://www.salbani.co.uk/Med%20Web/market_place.htm
	| archive-date = 2021-09-26
}}</ref>

==Modern==

===Early Modern===
As part of the [[dissolution of the monasteries]], [[Henry VIII]] closed the Abbey in 1539 and took possession of the town, it remained crown property for the next fourteen years. In 1553, Henry's son [[Edward VI]] sold the abbey, the governance of the town, and the market (by [[letters patent]]) to a group of local merchants and landowners. The town became [[Borough#Ancient .26 Municipal boroughs|borough]] with a mayor. The mayor, assisted by ten [[burgess (title)|burgess]]es and serving for up to three years, had executive and judicial powers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=St Albans Mayor's Office|date=2013|title=A Brief History of St Albans and the Mayoralty|url=https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/publications/council/Mayoral%20History%20Booklet_tcm15-34877.pdf|website=St Albans City & District Council}}</ref> The first mayor was John Lockey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Translation of the Letters Patent of the seventh year of the reign of Edward VI |url=https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/translation-letters-patent-seventh-year-reign-edward-vi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202185637/https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/translation-letters-patent-seventh-year-reign-edward-vi |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=St Albans City & District Council}}</ref> The Lady Chapel became part of [[St Albans School (Hertfordshire)|St Albans School]] and the Great Gatehouse was used as a prison until the 19th century, when the school took it over.

In 1555, during the reign of [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]], a Protestant baker from Yorkshire, [[George Tankerfield]], was brought from London and burnt to death on Romeland for his refusal to accept the Roman Catholic doctrine of [[transubstantiation]].

During the [[First English Civil War|English Civil War]] (1642–45) the town sided with parliament but was largely unaffected by the conflict.

===Eighteenth century===
The bridge over the River Ver in St Michael's Street, adjacent to [[Kingsbury Watermill]] and not far from [[St Michael's Church, St Albans|St Michael's Church]], dates from 1765 and is believed to be the oldest extant bridge in Hertfordshire. It is [[Listed building|Grade II listed]].<ref>[https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101173828-st-michaels-bridge-st-albans#.WqaMrZpLGM8 St Michael's Bridge, St Albans, Hertfordshire]</ref> According to a contemporary account of the [[Second Battle of St Albans]] in 1461, another bridge existed on this site previously (recorded in 1505 as ''Pons de la Maltemyll'' - Malt Mill Bridge). It is thought that the Romans had built a bridge here by the 3rd century AD. The [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] alongside the current bridge, which is known to have existed for 2,000 years, is traditionally believed to be [[Saint Alban|Alban]]'s crossing point on his way to his execution.

===Nineteenth century===
[[File:White-Hart-20031026-005.jpg|thumb|St Albans has many old [[coaching inn]]s (pictured: The White Hart, Hollywell Hill)]]
Before the 20th century, St Albans was a rural [[market town]], a [[Christian pilgrimage]] site, and the first coaching stop of the route to and from [[London]], accounting for its numerous old inns. Victorian St Albans was small and had little industry. It grew slowly, 8-9% per decade between 1801 and 1861, compared to the 31% per decade growth of London in the same period. The railway arrived relatively late. In 1869 the extension of the city boundaries was opposed by the Earl of Verulam and many of the townsfolk, but there was rapid expansion and much building at the end of the century, and between 1891 and 1901 the population grew by 37%.<ref name=briggs>Asa Briggs, "The Victorian City", in ‘’Cathedral & City: St Albans Ancient and Modern’’, ed. [[Robert Runcie]], Martyn Associates, 1977</ref>

'''Population of St Albans in the Nineteenth Century'''<ref name=briggs/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|| 1801 || ''3,872''
|-
|| 1831 || ''6,582''
|-
|| 1851 || ''8,208''
|-
|| 1861 || ''9,090''
|-
|| 1871 || ''10,421''
|-
|| 1881 || ''10,659''
|-
|| 1891 || ''12,478''
|-
||1901 || ''16,181''
|}

The medieval road pattern was amended from the 18th century onwards. London Road was constructed in 1754, Hatfield Road in 1824 and Verulam Road in 1833.<ref name=briggs/> Verulam Road was created (as part of [[Thomas Telford#The 'Colossus of Roads'|Thomas Telford]]'s large-scale improvement of sections of the [[Watling Street|London to Holyhead road]]) specifically to aid the movement of stage coaches, since St Albans was the first major stop on the [[stagecoach|coaching]] route north from London. Victoria Street was called Sweetbriar Lane until 1876.<ref name=briggs/>

[[File:St Albans City railway station 2115508 abd38a94.jpg|thumb|St Albans City station, opened 1868 (pictured in 1958)]]
[[File:The Old Station in St Albans - geograph.org.uk - 111152.jpg|thumb|The Old London Road Station, closed 1951]]
There were three railway stations in the town, two of which are still active: {{rws|St Albans Abbey}} and {{rws|St Albans City}}. The first, St Albans Abbey, was opened by the [[London and North Western Railway]] on 5 May 1858 as the terminus of the [[Abbey Line]], a branch line from {{rws|Watford Junction}}. This was followed by the [[Midland Railway]] Company's station, now known as St Albans City, which opened on 1 October 1868 on the [[Midland Main Line|main line from Bedford to London]]. There was also a third railway station in the city centre, {{rws|St Albans (London Road)}}, which was opened on 16 October 1865 by the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]] on its [[Hatfield and St Albans Railway|Hatfield and St Albans branch]]. This branch line closed to passengers in 1951.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol2/pp469-477 British History Online]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Butt|first1=R.V.J.|title=The directory of railway stations : details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present|date=1995|publisher=Stephens|location=Sparkford|isbn=978-1-85260-508-7}}</ref>

In 1877, in response to a public petition, Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] issued the second royal charter, which granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] to the borough and [[Cathedral city#1836.E2.80.931888|Cathedral status]] to the former Abbey Church. The new [[Diocese of St Albans|diocese]] was established in the main from parts of the large [[Diocese of Rochester]]. The Abbey Church of St Alban had fallen into disrepair, despite work done on it under Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]] in 1860–1877, and some thought it ought to be allowed to decline into romantic ruin, but in the latter year, under the chairmanship of the [[James Grimston, 3rd Earl of Verulam|Earl of Verulam]], a restoration committee was formed, of which [[Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe|Edmund Beckett]] (later Lord Grimthorpe) became the dominant member. Grimthorpe put up £130,000 of his own money and by sheer force of personality brought about a restoration of the church (1880–1883) in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] style, sparking the ire of the [[Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings]]. [[Nicholas Pevsner]] said that the Abbey "is the only one of the major churches of England that has a West Front completely, or almost completely, Victorian."<ref name=briggs/> However, it seems reasonable to assume that, without Grimthorpe's money the Abbey Church would now be a ruin like many other former monastic churches.

The original St Albans Football Club was founded in October 1881, if folded in 1904. The present day St Albans City Football Club was founded on 13 April 1908. The club's home ground is Clarence Park, which was donated to the city by Sir John Blundell and opened on 23 July 1894.

The aforementioned transport links attracted a seed merchant, [[Samuel Ryder]], to locate his business in St Albans, which eventually moved to offices and a large purpose-built packing seed hall on Holywell Hill, which is now a [[Café Rouge]] restaurant. He served as Mayor of St Albans in 1905, and remained a councillor for several years after his term of office. In later life, Ryder began to suffer from poor health and was advised to take up golf as exercise. He joined the local Verulam Golf Club, making large donations to the club including the famous [[Ryder Cup]] and sponsorship of the tournament.

[[Ralph Chubb]], the poet and printer, lived on College Street in St Albans from 1892 to 1913, and attended St Albans School. His work frequently references the Abbey of St Albans, and he ascribed mystical significance to the geography and history of the town.

Another St Albans writer, [[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]], lived as boy and young man in Victoria Street from 1894 to 1917. He also attended St Albans School.

===Twentieth century===
[[File:A Dream of Toyland (frame capture).jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Melbourne-Cooper]]'s ''A Dream of Toyland'', produced in St Albans in 1907]]
The pioneering filmmaker [[Arthur Melbourne-Cooper]] was born in St Albans in 1874 at 99 London Road. He became a noted figure in the [[history of film]] when he began to explore the new art of moving photography in the mid-1900s. By 1908, he had set up a production base, the Alpha Production Works in Bedford Park Road, later moving to larger premises at Alma Road. Among the pioneering films he shot in St Albans was the animated fantasy, ''Dreams of Toyland'' (1908).<ref name="SLRL">{{cite web |title=Arthur Melbourne-Cooper: Matchstick Man of the Early Silent Era |first=Robyn |last=Ludwig |url=http://silentlondon.co.uk/2012/10/30/arthur-melbourne-cooper-matchstick-man-of-the-early-silent-era/ |work=Silent London |date=2012-10-30 |access-date=2015-07-05 }}</ref> He also established a film theatre on London Road to present his productions to the paying public, the Alpha Picture House, which opened on 27 July 1908, Hertfordshire's first permanent cinema. The cinema changed hands several times, variously known as the Poly, the Regent, the Capitol and the Odeon. It was replaced by a new [[Art Deco]] building in 1931, and the cinema continued in operation until 1995. In 2014 the building was restored and re-opened as [[Odyssey Cinema, St Albans|the Odyssey Cinema]].<ref name="listed">{{Cite web |url=https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/Images/16.03.03%20Area%205a%20-%20London%20Road%20FINAL%20JD_tcm15-53963.pdf |title=Locally Listed Buildings: Area 5a: London Road |publisher=St Albans City & District Council |page=164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323114417/https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/Images/16.03.03%20Area%205a%20-%20London%20Road%20FINAL%20JD_tcm15-53963.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[World War I]] in September 1916, following an attack on St Albans, the German Airship [[SL 11]] became the first [[airship]] to be brought down over England. But when London Colney was attacked, the nation was so angered it became united in its battle.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

[[File:St Albansmap 1944.jpg|thumb|right|St Albans on the 1 inch to the mile map Ordnance Survey map of 1944]]
In the inter-war years St Albans, in common with much of the surrounding area, became a centre for emerging high-technology industries, most notably aerospace. Nearby [[Radlett]] was the base for [[Handley Page|Handley Page Aircraft Company]], while [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield]] became home to [[de Havilland]]. St Albans itself became a centre for the [[Marconi plc]] company, specifically, [[Marconi Instruments]]. Marconi (later part of the [[General Electric Company plc|General Electric Company]]) remained the city's largest employer (with two main plants) until the 1990s. A third plant - working on top secret defence work - also existed. Even Marconi staff only found out about this when it closed down.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} All of these industries are now gone from the area.

In 1936 St Albans was the last but one stop for the [[Jarrow Crusade]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

The City expanded rapidly after [[World War II]], as government [[New towns in the United Kingdom#First wave|policy]] promoted the creation of New Towns and the expansion of existing towns around London. The local authority built large housing estates at Cottonmill (to the south), Mile House (to the south-east) and New Greens (to the north). The [[Marshalswick]] area to the north-east was also expanded, completing a programme of mainly private house building begun before the war.

In 1974 St Albans City Council, St Albans Rural District Council and Harpenden Town Council were merged, as part of a major national re-organisation of local government in the UK, to form [[City and District of St Albans|St Albans District Council]].

===Twenty-first century===
In 2011 the population of the St Albans City and District was 140,664, up 9% on the 2001 population of 129,005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stalbanslsp.org.uk/images/110106%20Community%20Profile%20for%20St%20Albans%20City%20%26%20District%202_tcm15-15752_tcm30-17788.pdf|title=Community Profile|publisher=St Albans City & District Council|date=2011-01-06}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/Images/121127%20Census%20Second%20(1)%20Release_tcm15-29434.pdf|title=2011 Census - On The Day|publisher=St Albans City & District Council|date=2012-11-23}}</ref> By 2021 the population had risen a further 5.4% to 148,700.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2021 {{!}} St Albans City and District Council |url=https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/census-2021 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.stalbans.gov.uk}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Verulam House, St Albans (17th century)]]
*[[Verulam House, St Albans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dunn
 | first = Alastair
 | year = 2002
 | title = The Great Rising of 1381: the Peasants' Revolt and England's Failed Revolution
 | publisher = Tempus
 | location= Stroud, UK
 | isbn = 978-0-7524-2323-4
 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.salbani.co.uk/ St Albans History and Archaeology]; Chris Saunders.
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43310&strquery=Marlborough%20St%20Albans British History Online - the city of St Albans]

{{History of England|bar=yes}}

[[Category:History of St Albans| ]]
[[Category:History of Hertfordshire|St Albans]]