Editing Hippolytus of Rome

{{Short description|Christian theologian and saint (c. 170 – c. 235)}}
{{For-multi|places named after the saint|Saint-Hippolyte (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox saint 
| honorific_prefix   = [[Saint]]
| name               = Hippolytus of Rome
| image              = Saint-Jean-sur-Vilaine_(35)_Église_Vitrail_02.JPG
| imagesize          = 240
| caption            = Stained glass portrait ([[Saint-Jean-sur-Vilaine]])
| titles             = [[Church Father]],<br />Theologian, [[Martyr]]
| birth_date         = c. 170 AD
| death_date         = c. 235 AD (aged about 65)
| birth_place        = [[Rome]], [[Roman Italy|Italy]], [[Roman Empire]]
| death_place        = [[Sardinia]], [[Sardinia and Corsica]], [[Roman Empire]]
| module             = {{Infobox theologian
| embed              = yes
| notable_works      = [[Refutation of All Heresies|Philosophumena]]<br />[[Apostolic Tradition]]
| era                = [[Patristic Age]]
| language           = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| tradition_movement = [[Trinitarianism]]
| main_interests     = [[Apologetics]], [[Eschatology]], [[Christology]], [[Exegesis]]}}
| feast_day          = {{plainlist|
* [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]: 13 August
* [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]: 30 January
* [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic]]: [[Meshir]] 6}}
| venerated_in       = {{plainlist|
* [[Catholic Church]]
* [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
* [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]
* [[Anglican Communion]]}}
}}

'''Hippolytus of Rome''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ə|'|p|a:|l|I|t|ə|s}} {{respell|hi|PAH|lit|əs}}, {{Langx|grc|Ἱππόλυτος}}; Romanized: {{lang|grc-Latn|Hippólytos}}, {{circa|170}} – {{circa|235 AD}}) was a Bishop of Rome and one of the most important second–third centuries Christian theologians, whose provenance, identity and corpus remain elusive to scholars and historians. Suggested communities include Rome, Palestine, Egypt, [[Anatolia]] and other regions of the [[Middle East]]. The best historians of literature in the ancient church, including [[Eusebius]] and [[Jerome]], openly confess they cannot name where Hippolytus the biblical commentator and theologian served in leadership. They had read his works but did not possess evidence of his community. [[Photios I of Constantinople]] describes him in his ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]]'' (cod. 121) as a disciple of [[Irenaeus]], who was said to be a disciple of [[Polycarp]], and from the context of this passage it is supposed that he suggested that Hippolytus so styled himself.<ref name="EB1911" /> This assertion is doubtful.<ref name="ODCC">{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=}}</ref> One older theory asserts he came into conflict with the [[pope]]s of his time and seems to have headed a schismatic group as a rival to the [[bishop of Rome]], thus becoming an [[antipope]]. In this view, he opposed the Roman Popes who softened the penitential system to accommodate the large number of new pagan converts. However, he was reconciled to the Church before he died as a [[Christian martyr|martyr]].<ref name="ODCC" />

Starting in the fourth century, various legends arose about him, identifying him as a priest of the [[Novatianism|Novatianist schism]] or as a soldier converted by [[Saint Lawrence]]. He has also been confused with another martyr of the same name.<ref name="ODCC" /> [[Pope Pius IV]] identifies him as "Saint Hippolytus, Bishop of [[Diocese of Pontus|Pontus]]" who was martyred in the reign of [[Severus Alexander]] through his inscription on a statue found at the Church of Saint Lawrence in Rome and kept at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] as photographed and published in Bunsen.<ref name="Brunsen">[https://archive.org/details/hippolytusandhi04bunsgoog ''Hippolytus and His Age''], Volume I, frontispiece, 1852, p. 424.</ref>

== Life ==
Little is known for certain about his community of origin. One Victorian theory suggested that as a [[presbyter]] of the church at Rome under [[Pope Zephyrinus]] (199–217 AD), Hippolytus was distinguished for his learning and eloquence. It was at this time that [[Origen]], then a young man, heard him preach.<ref>[[De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)|Jerome's ''De Viris Illustribus'']] # 61; cp. [[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' vol. 14, 10.</ref><ref name="EB1911" />

In this view, Hippolytus accused Pope Zephyrinus of [[modalism]], the heresy which held that the names Father and Son are simply different names for the same subject. Hippolytus championed the [[Logos]] doctrine of the Greek apologists, most notably [[Justin Martyr]], which distinguished the Father from the Logos ("Word"). An ethical conservative, he was scandalized when [[Pope Callixtus I]] (217–222 AD) extended [[absolution]] to Christians who had committed grave sins, such as adultery.<ref name="EBO">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266682/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome "Saint Hippolytus of Rome"]. [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2010.</ref>

Some suggest Hippolytus himself advocated a pronounced rigorism.<ref name="Kirsch" /> At this time, he seems to have allowed himself to be elected as a rival Bishop of Rome, and continued to attack [[Pope Urban I]] (222–230 AD) and [[Pope Pontian]] (230–235 AD).<ref name="ODCC"  /> G. Salmon suggests that Hippolytus was the leader of the Greek-speaking Christians of Rome.<ref name="dcb" /> Allen Brent sees the development of Roman house-churches into something akin to Greek philosophical schools gathered around a compelling teacher.<ref>Brent, Allen; ''Hippolytus and the Roman church in the third century - communities in tension before the emergence of a monarch-bishop'', 1995, Brill {{ISBN|9004102450}}</ref>

Also under this view: during the persecution at the time of Emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]], Hippolytus and Pontian were exiled together in 235 to [[Sardinia]],<ref name="SHMI">{{Cite book |author=Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI |title=My First Book of Saints |year=1997 |publisher=Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications |isbn=978-971-91595-4-4 |pages=179-180 |chapter=Sts. Pontian & Hippolytus}}</ref> likely dying in the mines.<ref name="dcb">[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.h.html?term=hippolytus+romanus "Hippolytus Romanus"]. ''Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature''. Henry Wace, ed. John Murray, London, 1911.</ref> It is quite probable that, before his death there, he was reconciled to the other party at Rome, for, under [[Pope Fabian]] (236–250 AD), his body and that of Pontian were brought to Rome. The so-called ''[[Chronography of 354]]'' (more precisely, the ''[[Liberian Catalogue]]'') reports that on 13 August, probably in 236, the two bodies were interred in Rome, that of Hippolytus in a cemetery on the [[Via Tiburtina]] (now known as the [[Catacomb of Sant'Ippolito]]),<ref name="SHMI" /> his funeral being conducted by [[Justin the Confessor]]. This document indicates that, by about 255, Hippolytus was considered a martyr and gives him the rank of a priest, not of a bishop, an indication that before his death the schismatic was received again into the Church.<ref name="ODCC"  /><ref name="EB1911" />

== Legends ==
The name Hippolytus appears in various hagiographical and martyrological sources of the early Church. The facts about the life of the writer Hippolytus, as opposed to other celebrated Christians who bore the name Hippolytus, were eventually lost in the West, perhaps partly because he wrote in [[Hellenic Greek]]. [[Pope Damasus I]] dedicated to a Hippolytus one of his famous epigrams,<ref name="EB1911" /> referring to a priest of the [[Novatianism|Novatianist]] schism, a view later forwarded by [[Prudentius]] in the 5th century in his "Passion of St Hippolytus". In the Passionals of the 7th and 8th centuries, he is represented as a soldier converted by [[Saint Lawrence]], a legend that long survived in the [[Roman Breviary]]. He was also confused with a martyr of the same name who was buried in [[Portus]], of which city he was believed to have been a bishop,<ref name="ODCC"  /> who was put to death by drowning in a deep well.<ref name="SHMI" />

According to Prudentius' account, a martyr Hippolytus was dragged to death by wild horses,<ref>[[John Foxe]], [[Foxe's Book of Martyrs|Book of Martyrs]] (E. Hall, 1833) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JMU8AAAAYAAJ&q=Martina&pg=PA41 p. 41].</ref> a striking parallel to the story of the mythological [[Hippolytus of Athens|Hippolytus]], who was dragged to death by wild horses at Athens. He described the subterranean tomb of the saint and states that he saw there a picture representing Hippolytus' execution. He also confirms 13 August as the date on which a Hippolytus was celebrated but this again refers to the convert of Lawrence, as preserved in the [[Menaion]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].

The latter account led to a Hippolytus being considered the [[patron saint]] of horses. During the [[Middle Ages]], sick horses were brought to [[St Ippolyts]], [[Hertfordshire]], England, where a church is dedicated to him.<ref>[http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/links/ippollitts.htm Ippollitts (A Guide to Old Hertfordshire)]</ref>

== Writings ==
[[File:Statues of Saint Hippolytus.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Ancient Roman|Roman]] sculpture, maybe of Hippolytus, found in 1551 and used for the attribution of the Apostolic Tradition.]]

Controversy surrounds the corpus of the writer Hippolytus. In the [[Victorian era]], scholars claimed his principal work to be the ''[[Refutation of all Heresies]]''.<ref name="ODCC" /> Of its ten books, Book I was the most important.<ref name="EBO"/> It was long known and was printed (with the title ''Philosophumena'') among the works of Origen. Books II and III are lost, and Books IV–X were found, without the name of the author,<ref name="EB1911" /> in a monastery of [[Mount Athos]] in 1842. Emmanuel Miller published them in 1851 under the title ''Philosophumena'', attributing them to [[Origen of Alexandria]]. Recent scholarship prefers to treat the text as the work of an unknown author, perhaps of Roman origin.

In 1551 a marble statue of a seated figure (originally female,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Handl |first1=András |date=2021 |title=A Heavily Bearded Philosopher in Women's Underwear - Deconstructing and Reconstructing the Identity of the So-called Hippolytus Statue |journal=Louvain Studies |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=340-364 |doi=10.2143/LS.44.4.3290040 |url=https://www.academia.edu/72135680 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> perhaps personifying one of the sciences) was purportedly found in the cemetery of the [[Via Tiburtina]] and was heavily restored. On the sides of the seat was carved a [[paschal cycle]], and on the back the titles of numerous writings by Hippolytus.<ref name="Kirsch" /><ref name="EB1911" /> Many other works are listed by [[Eusebius]] and [[Jerome]]. The research of Guarducci showed the original statue was a representation of a female figure, reopening the question of its original purpose. Allen Brent analyzed the title list of the statue, questioning Hippolytan authorship of some works.

Hippolytus' voluminous writings, which for variety of subject can be compared with those of Origen, embrace the spheres of [[exegesis]], [[homiletics]], [[apologetics]] and [[polemic]], [[chronography]], and [[canon law|ecclesiastical law]]. The Apostolic Tradition, if it is the work of Hippolytus, recorded the first [[liturgy|liturgical]] reference to the [[Virgin Mary]], as part of the ordination rite of a bishop.<ref name="McNally68">McNally, Terrence, ''What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary'', 2009, {{ISBN|1-4415-1051-6}}, pp. 68-69</ref>

Of exegetical works attributed to Hippolytus, the best preserved are the ''Commentary on the Prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]]'' and the ''Commentary on the [[Song of Songs]]''.<ref name="ODCC" /> This is the earliest attested Christian interpretation of the Song, covering only the first three chapters to Song 3:7.

The commentary on the [[Song of Songs]] survives in two Georgian manuscripts, a Greek [[epitome]], a Paleo-Slavonic [[florilegium]], and fragments in [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] as well as in many patristic quotations, especially in [[Ambrose]]'s ''Exposition on Psalm 118 (119)''. It is generally regarded as an instruction relating to a post-Baptismal rite of anointing with oil as a symbol of receiving the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]. The commentary was originally written as part of a [[Order of Christian Initiation of Adults|mystagogy]], an instruction for new Christians. Scholars have usually assumed the ''Commentary on the [[Song of Songs]]'' was originally composed for use during [[Easter]], a season favored in the West for Baptism.<ref>Hippolytus' ''Commentary on Daniel'' 1.17</ref> Hippolytus supplied his commentary with a fully developed introduction known as the ''schema isagogicum'', indicating his knowledge of the rhetorical conventions for teachers discussing classical works.<ref>{{harvnb|Mansfeld|1997|p=}} notes Origen's use of the schema, but not Hippolytus'.</ref> He employs a common rhetorical trope, [[ekphrasis]], using images on the walls or floors of Greco-Roman homes, and in the catacombs as paintings or mosaics.<ref name="Smith">[https://www.gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/p-59818-the-mystery-of-anointing-hippolytus-commentary-on-the-song-of-songs-in-social-and-critical-contextsbrby-yancy-smithbrgorgias-studies-in-early-christianity-and-patristics-62.aspx Smith, Yancy] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413225321/http://gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/p-59818-the-mystery-of-anointing-hippolytus-commentary-on-the-song-of-songs-in-social-and-critical-contextsbrby-yancy-smithbrgorgias-studies-in-early-christianity-and-patristics-62.aspx |date=13 April 2016}} ''The Mystery of Anointing: Hippolytus' Commentary On the Song of Songs in Social and Critical Contexts'', Gorgias Studies in Early Christianity and Patristics 62, 2015, {{ISBN|978-1-4632-0218-7}}, pp. 9, 34</ref> Origen felt that the Song should be reserved for the spiritually mature and that studying it might be harmful for the novice.

Scholars generally ascribe to Hippolytus<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome |title=Saint Hippolytus of Rome - antipope |date=13 March 2024}}</ref> a work now entitled the ''[[Apostolic Tradition]]'', which contains the earliest known ritual of ordination.<ref name="SHMI" /> The influence of Hippolytus was felt chiefly through his works on chronography and ecclesiastical law.<ref name="EB1911" /> His chronicle of the world, a compilation embracing the whole period from the [[Genesis creation narrative|creation of the world]] up to the year 234, formed a basis for many chronographical works both in the East and West.<ref name="Schmidt">[http://www.attalus.org/armenian/Chronicon_of_Hippolytus.pdf], ''The Chronicon of Hippolytus'', T.C. Schmidt and Nick Nicholas, 2010, 2nd ed. (rough draft)</ref><ref name="EB1911" /> It is from the ''Apostolic Tradition'' that the current words of episcopal ordination in the [[Catholic Church]] come from, as updated by [[Pope Paul VI]]. Additionally, the 21st chapter of Apostolic Tradition contains what may be a proto-[[Apostles' Creed]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf |title=The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome}}</ref>

In the great compilations of ecclesiastical law that arose in the East since the 3rd century, the [[Ancient Church Orders|Church Orders]] many canons were attributed to Hippolytus, for example in the [[Canons of Hippolytus]] or [[Apostolic Constitutions#Epitome|the Constitutions through Hippolytus]]. How much of this material is genuinely his, how much of it worked over, and how much of it wrongly attributed to him, can no longer be determined beyond dispute,<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Hippolytus (writer) |display=Hippolytus |volume=13 |page=519 |inline=1 |first=Gustav |last=Krüger}}</ref> however a great deal was incorporated into the ''[[Fetha Negest]]'', which once served as the constitutional basis of law in [[Ethiopia]] – where he is still remembered as '''Abulides'''. During the early 20th century the work known as ''The Egyptian Church Order'' was identified as the [[Apostolic Tradition]] and attributed to Hippolytus; at present this attribution is hotly contested.

Differences in style and theology lead some scholars to conclude that some of the works attributed to Hippolytus actually derive from a second author.<ref name="ODCC" />

Two small but potentially important works, ''On the Twelve Apostles of Christ'' and ''On the [[Seventy Apostles]] of Christ,'' are often neglected because the manuscripts were lost during most of the church age and then found in Greece in the 19th century. The two are included in an appendix to the works of Hippolytus in the voluminous collection of [[Church Fathers|Early Church Fathers]].<ref>''Ante-Nicean Fathers'', ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleaveland Coxe, vol. 5 (Peabody MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 254–256 {{ISBN?}}</ref> The work on the 70 apostles is noteworthy as a (potentially) early source.

A consensus of scholarship agrees on a core of authentic texts composed by the second-third-century writer Hippolytus, regardless of disputes concerning his community, or the exact dates of his biography: these are the biblical commentaries, including On Daniel, On David and Goliath, On the Song of Songs (partially extant), On the Blessings of Isaac and Jacob, and On the Antichrist. These form a sound basis for exploring and understanding his theology and biblical doctrines.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Eschatology ==
Hippolytus is an important figure in the development of [[Christian eschatology]]. In his biblical compendium and topical study ''On Christ and the Antichrist'' and in his ''Commentary on the Prophet Daniel'' Hippolytus gave his interpretation of the second advent of Christ.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1583543 |jstor=1583543 |title=The Delay of the Parousia in Hippolytus |last1=Dunbar |first1=David G. | journal=Vigiliae Christianae |date=1983 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=313-327 |doi=10.1163/157007283X00205}}</ref>

With the onset of persecutions during the reign of [[Septimius Severus]], many early Christian writers treated topics of apocalyptic eschatology. ''On Christ and the Antichrist'' is one of the earliest works. It is thought Hippolytus was generally influenced by [[Irenaeus]].<ref>Dunbar, David G.; ''The Eschatology of Hippolytus of Rome'', (Ann Arbor, University Press, 1979)</ref> However, unlike Irenaeus, Hippolytus focuses on the meaning of prophecy for the Church in his own time. Of the dogmatic works, ''On [[Christ]] and the [[Antichrist]]'' survives in a complete state and was probably written about 202.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Hippolytus follows the long-established usage in interpreting Daniel's seventy prophetic weeks to be weeks of literal years. Hippolytus gave an explanation of Daniel's paralleling prophecies of chapters 2 and 7, which he, as with the other fathers, specifically relates to the Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. His interpretation of events and their significance is Christological.<ref name="Daley">[https://books.google.com/books?id=S6NOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 Daley, Brian; ''The Hope of the Early Church - A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology'', CUP, 1991] {{ISBN|9780521352581}}</ref>

Hippolytus did not subscribe to the belief that the [[Second Coming]] was imminent.<ref name="Cummings">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pkVCYrN8tL4C Cummings, Owen F., ''Eucharistic Doctors - A Theological History'', Paulist Press, 2005] {{ISBN|9780809142439}}</ref> In his commentary on Daniel he criticizes those who predict the Second Coming in the near future and then says that six thousand years must pass from Creation before the Second Coming. He also says that Christ was born 5500 years after Adam, so 500 years have to pass from the birth of Christ "to the consummation of the six thousand years, and in this way the end will be".<ref>"Απο γενεσεως ουν Χριστου δει ψηφιζειν πεντακοσια ετη τα επιλοιπα εις συμπληρωσιν των εξακισχιλιων ετων, και ουτως εσται το τελος" [https://web.archive.org/web/20101208010347/http://www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/gcs/bilder/daniel.pdf Του Αγιου Ιππολυτου Εις Τον Δανιηλ], {{cite book |last1=Hippolytus |title=Commentary on Daniel |url=https://www.preteristarchive.com/Books/pdf/0205_hippolytus_commentary-on-daniel_2010.pdf |access-date=22 June 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092425/http://preteristarchive.com/Books/pdf/0205_hippolytus_commentary-on-daniel_2010.pdf |url-status=dead}} Book 4, Paragraphs 23 and 24.</ref>

== Feast days ==
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[feast day]] of St Hippolytus falls on 13 August, which is also the [[Conditional sentence|Apodosis]] of the [[Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church|Feast]] of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]. Because on the Apodosis the hymns of the Transfiguration are to be repeated, the feast of St. Hippolytus may be transferred to the day before or to some other convenient day. The Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrates the feast of ''"St Hippolytus Pope of Rome"'' on 30 January, who may or may not be the same individual.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The [[Catholic Church]] celebrates St Hippolytus jointly with [[Pope Pontian|St Pontian]] on 13 August. The feast of Saint Hippolytus formerly celebrated on 22 August as one of the companions of Saint [[Symphorian and Timotheus|Timotheus]] was a duplicate of his 13 August feast and for that reason was deleted when the [[General Roman Calendar]] was [[Mysterii Paschalis]] (revised in 1969).<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 135</ref> Earlier editions of the [[Roman Martyrology]] referred to the 22 August Hippolytus as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Porto, Portugal|Bishop of Porto]]. The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] sees this as "connected with the confusion regarding the Roman presbyter resulting from the Acts of the Martyrs of Porto. It has not been ascertained whether the memory of the latter was localized at Porto merely in connection with the legend in Prudentius, without further foundation, or whether a person named Hippolytus was really martyred at Porto, and afterwards confounded in legend with Hippolytus of Rome."<ref name="Kirsch">{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Sts. Hippolytus |volume=13 |first=Johann Peter |last=Kirsch}}</ref> This opinion is shared by a Benedictine source.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.shtml |title=Saint of the Day, 22 August |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408130028/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology also mentioned on 30 January a Hippolytus venerated at [[Antioch]], but the details were borrowed from the story of Hippolytus of Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0130.shtml |title=Saint of the Day, 30 January |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225123851/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0130.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern editions of the Martyrology omit mention of this supposed Saint Hippolytus of Antioch.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|Ancient Rome}}
* ''[[Epistle to Diognetus]]''
* ''[[Josephus's Discourse to the Greeks concerning Hades]]'' (actually by Hippolytus)
* [[Papal selection before 1059]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Achelis, Hans; ''Hippolytstudien'' (Leipzig, 1897).
* Adhémar d'Ales, ''La Théologie de Saint Hippolyte'' (Paris, 1906), (G.K.).
* [[Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen]], ''Hippolytus and his Age'' (1852, 2nd ed., 1854; Ger. ed., 1853).
* {{Cite book |last=Cross |first=F. L. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* [[Ignaz von Döllinger]], ''Hippolytus und Kallistus'' (Regensb. 1853; Eng. transl., Edinburg, 1876).
* Gerhard Ficker, ''Studien zur Hippolytfrage'' (Leipzig, 1893).
* {{Cite book |last=Hippolytus |title=Commentary on Daniel, "The Ante-Nicene Fathers", Vol. 5 |year=170–236}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hippolytus |title=Treatise on Christ and Antichrist, "The Ante-Nicene Fathers", Vol. 5 |year=170–236}}
* Hippolytus, ''The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of Saint Hippolytus of Rome, Bishop and Martyr'', Trans [[Gregory Dix]], (London, Alban Press, 1992).
* [[J. B. Lightfoot]], ''The Apostolic Fathers'', Vol. I, part ii (London, 1889–1890).
* {{Cite book |author1-link=Jaap Mansfeld |last=Mansfeld |first=Jaap |title=Prolegomena - Questions to be Settled before the Study of an Author or a Text |year=1997 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]}}
* [[Karl Johannes Neumann]], ''Hippolytus von Rom in seiner Stellung zu Staat und Welt'', part i (Leipzig, 1902).
* Schmidt, T.C. and Nicholas, N.; ''The Chronicon of Hippolytus'', second edition (English translation, rough draft), (2010).
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Yancy W. |title=Hippolytus' Commentary On the Song of Songs in Social and Critical Context |year=2008 |publisher=Brite Divinity School at Texas Christian University}}

== Further reading ==
* Aragione, Gabriella, and Enrico Norelli (Eds) (2011); ''Des évêques, des écoles et des hérétiques - Actes du colloque international sur la Réfutation de toutes les hérésies'', Genève, 13–14 juin 2008, Éditions du Zèbre, 2011.
* {{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Allen |title=Hippolytus and the Roman church in the third century: communities in tension before the emergence of a monarch-bishop |year=1995 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-10245-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cerrato |first=J. A. |title=Hippolytus between East and West - the commentaries and the provenance of the corpus |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-924696-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eusebius |title=The Ecclesiastical History and the Martyrs of Palestine |year=1927 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |others=Hugh Jackson Lawlor and John Ernest Leonard Oulton, trans}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Robert |title=Augustus to Constantine - The Thrust of the Christian Movement into the Roman World |url=https://archive.org/details/augustustoconsta00gran |url-access=registration |year=1970 |publisher=Harper and Row |location=New York}}
* Handl, András (2021), [https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3290040&url=article&download=yes A Heavily Bearded Philosopher in Female Underwear - Deconstructing and Reconstructing the Identity of the Hippolytus-Statue] ''Louvain Studies'' 44, no. 4, 340-364.
* {{Cite book |last=Hippolytus |editor-last=Easton |editor-first=Burton Scott |title=The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus |year=1934 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York}}
* Hippolytus (2001), ''On the Apostolic Tradition - an English Version with Introduction and Commentary'' by Alistair Stewart-Sykes, in ''Popular Patristics Series'', Crestwood, N.Y., St. Vladimir's Seminary Press {{ISBN|0-88141-233-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mansfeld |first=Jaap |title=Heresiography in context - Hippolytus' Elenchos as a source for Greek philosophy |year=1992 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-09616-5}}
* Nautin, Pierre (1947), ''Hippolyte et Josipe - Contribution de la littérature chrétienne du troisième siècle'', [[Éditions du Cerf]].
* {{Cite book |last=Quasten |first=Johannes |title=Patrology - the Anti-Nicene literature after Irenaeus |year=1953 |publisher=Newman |location=Westminster, MD}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Roberts |editor1-first=Alexander |editor2-last=Donaldson |editor2-first=Sir James |editor3-last=Coxe |editor3-first=A. Cleveland |title=The Ante-Nicene Fathers - Translations of the writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian |volume=5 |year=1971 |publisher=Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wordsworth |first=Christopher |title=St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome in the Early Part of the Third Century |url=https://archive.org/details/sthippolytuschur00wordrich |year=1880 |publisher=Rivingtons |location=London |edition=2nd}}

== External links ==
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{{commons category|Saint Hippolytus}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0501.htm Refutation of All Heresies]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0521.htm Against Noetus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708082106/http://www.bombaxo.com/hippolytus.html The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome]
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iii.html Ante Nicene Fathers Vol. 5: Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100351 Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome] (30 January) Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040545/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome Encyclopædia Britannica, Hippolytus of Rome]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080324021353/http://saints.sqpn.com/sainth36.htm Patron Saints Index: Hippolytus]
* [http://www.christianiconography.info/hippolytus.html Saint Hippolytus, Martyr] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site
* [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/hippolytus.htm Here Follow the Life of St. Hyppolitus, Martyr] from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
* [http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Hippolytus-84/StHyppolitus.htm Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Hippolytus of Rome}}
* {{Librivox author |id=6004}}

{{Antipopes|state=collapsed}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hippolytus Of Rome}}
[[Category:Hippolytus of Rome| ]]
[[Category:170 births]]
[[Category:235 deaths]]
[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
[[Category:3rd-century antipopes]]
[[Category:3rd-century apocalypticists]]
[[Category:3rd-century Italian bishops]]
[[Category:3rd-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:3rd-century Romans]]
[[Category:3rd-century Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Christian anti-Gnosticism]]
[[Category:Catholicism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Church Fathers]]
[[Category:Greek popes]]
[[Category:Historians of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Middle Platonists]]
[[Category:Legendary Romans]]