Editing Hindenburg disaster newsreel footage

{{short description|1937 film and audio}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=December 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hindenburg'' disaster newsreel footage}}
[[File:1937-05-10 Special Release - Zeppelin Explodes Scores Dead.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=6|Universal Newsreel of the ''Hindenburg'' disaster<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXO7mdBcA48 Herbert Morrison Hindenburg Recording, from ''WLS Eye Witness Recording Of Airship Hindenburg Disaster,'' LP vinyl recording.]</ref>]]
{{Listen |filename=Live audio recording from the scene of the Hindenburg disaster 1937-05-06 19-25 EST.oga |title=Live acetate disc recording from the scene of the Hindenburg disaster |format=[[Ogg]] |pos=right}}
[[Newsreel]] footage of the 6 May 1937 [[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]], where the [[zeppelin]] ''[[LZ 129 Hindenburg]]'' crashed and burned down, was filmed by several companies.

The film is frequently shown with narration, by [[WLS (AM)]] announcer [[Herbert Morrison (announcer)|Herbert Morrison]], who was narrating a field recording on to an [[acetate disc]], and was present to watch the zeppelin's arrival.<ref>Frassanelli, Mike [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/the_hindenberg_75_years_later.html "The Hindenburg 75 years later: Memories time cannot erase."] ''The Newark Star-Ledger'', May 6, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The 'Prairie Farmer Magazine' Days |url=http://www.wlshistory.com/WLS30/ |website=WLS Radio History |access-date=7 May 2021 |quote=Listeners in Chicago and across the country didn't hear Morrison's coverage of the disaster until the next day because his report wasn't broadcast live from Lakehurst. He and engineer Charles Nehlsen had been experimenting with field recordings on huge acetate discs.  They realized the gravity of their recordings as they found themselves being followed by German SS Officers!  After hiding out for a few hours, the two managed to make a clean getaway and get back across the country to WLS.  The chilling account aired the next day on the station and was the first recorded radio news report to be broadcast nationally by NBC.}}</ref> Morrison's commentary was recorded by engineer Charles Nehlsen, but not broadcast until the next day on May 7, 1937,<ref>{{cite book |last=Childers |first=Scott |date=2008 |title=Chicago's WLS Radio (Images of America: Illinois) |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=40 |isbn=9780738561943}}</ref> one of the first times that recordings of a news event were ever broadcast.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hansen | first1=K.A. | last2=Paul | first2=N. | title=Future-Proofing the News: Preserving the First Draft of History | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-4422-6714-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWrEDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 | access-date=January 20, 2023 | page=108}}</ref> In 2002, the audio recording<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wlshistory.com/audio/morrison-hindenburg.mp3 |title=audio file of Herbert Morrison's account of the Hindenburg Disaster for WLS |access-date=November 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051418/http://www.wlshistory.com/audio/morrison-hindenburg.mp3 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> was selected for preservation into the Library of Congress [[National Recording Registry]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Registry Titles with Descriptions and Expanded Essays {{!}} Recording Registry {{!}} National Recording Preservation Board {{!}} Programs at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/descriptions-and-essays/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> It has since been combined with the separately filmed newsreel footage. Most of the original newsreels have their own narration, and many composite edits have been made for documentaries dubbed with Morrison's commentary.

Four newsreel teams were in attendance at the time of the disaster. They were positioned close to each other and adjacent to the mooring mast for the airship. As a result, the newsreels do not show the mooring mast for the airship to be moored (other mooring masts appear in the background in many of the reels), unlike many of the press photographs which were taken farther away which show the mast as well as two of the newsreel cameramen with their cameras mounted atop of newsreel trucks. None of the newsreels captured the initial signs of disaster as the cameras had momentarily stopped filming after the ground crew caught the landing ropes (the fire started approximately four minutes after the first starboard rope was dropped at 7:21). At least one amateur film, taken by Harold N. Schenck, is known to exist, showing a side view of the stern on fire and the tail crashing to the ground.<ref name="Nova-iMdb"/><ref name="Nova-Promo-YouTube"/><ref name="NatGeoTV"/><ref name="New-Angle-of-Hindenburg-nbcphiladelphia"/><ref name="Schenck-artnet"/><ref name="locals-recall-hindenburg">{{cite web|last1=Fuhrmann|first1=Doug|date=1 April 2015|title=Local History: Vinelanders recall tragic Hindenburg explosion|url=https://www.thedailyjournal.com/story/news/history/2015/04/01/local-history-locals-recall-tragic-hindenburg-explosion/70764084/|access-date=7 May 2021|website=[[The Daily Journal (New Jersey)|The Daily Journal]]|quote=The explosion was so great that it shattered windows and overturned dishes at a Toms River restaurant six miles away, said Fred Schenck, a newspaper salesman from Pleasantville, who had been dining with his wife at the time.  The tragedy had been broadcast live on the radio, and soon traffic jams at least five miles deep blocked roads leading to the Lakehurst Naval Air Station.  In the traffic was Vinelander Harold Wright who was able to get only a mile from the site, but nevertheless had a distant view of the burning wreckage before heading home.  Another Vineland resident, Arthur Schaefer, a member of the U.S. Signal Corps at Fort Monmouth, was one of 106 officers called to the scene to help with crowd control.}}</ref>

In 1997, the original reels were selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."<ref>{{Cite web|title=New to the National Film Registry (December 1997) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9712/nfr.html|access-date=2020-10-30|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

==List of footage==
There are five known newsreels of the fire, released by [[Pathé News]], [[Paramount News]], [[Movietone News]], Hearst ''[[News of the Day]]''/[[Universal Newsreel]], and the fifth is of unknown origin. In addition, there is one known amateur film, by Harold N. Schenck.<ref name="Nova-iMdb"/><ref name="Nova-Promo-YouTube"/><ref name="NatGeoTV"/><ref name="New-Angle-of-Hindenburg-nbcphiladelphia"/><ref name="Schenck-artnet"/><ref name="locals-recall-hindenburg"/>

===Pathé===
[[File:Hindenburg burning composite 1937.jpg|thumb|300px|left|''Hindenburg'' disaster sequence captured by William Deeke of [[Pathé News]]]]
Cameraman William Deeke filmed the scenes in this newsreel. The footage shows the ''Hindenburg'' making its final sharp turn to starboard while dropping ballast three times before skidding to port and dropping her landing lines. The narrator describes the Hindenburg as a "puny plaything in the mighty grip of fate", foreshadowing the stern-heaviness and dumping of water ballast as a "grim note of impending tragedy." Deeke had focused the camera on the ground crew before he stopped filming. Although his camera was focused on the airship the moment it caught fire, the camera malfunctioned and it became necessary for him to set up a hand crank, which he only started to use when ship's tail was on the ground and the side collapsed inward. As a result, the Pathé News reel is actually the shortest in showing the crash. The footage also suffers from slight camera shake. The newsreel was edited to show the ground crew footage prior to the fire with an explosion sound effect, giving the false impression the ship was exploding while the camera was focused to the ground. Two distinct still frames flash to transition between the ground crew scene and the footage of the fire; these appear to be from footage taken earlier of the ship's landing approach which was edited out of the final reel.<ref>
{{cite web
| author = William Deeke
| year = 1937
| title = Actual Zeppelin Crash!
| work = [[British Pathé]]
| url = http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=50144
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100822015757/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=50144
| archive-date = 2010-08-22
| access-date = 2010-07-05
}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fURATK5Yt30 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160327111130/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fURATK5Yt30&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=Hindenburg Disaster - Real Footage (1937) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fURATK5Yt30 |website=[[British Pathé]] | date=24 March 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=7 May 2021 |language=en |quote=Footage of the German airship catching fire, crashing and burning to the ground: This original footage from the British Pathe archive shows impressive shots of the Hindenburg flying overhead on on Thursday, May 6, 1937, flying over its landing ground at Lakehurst, New Jersey, and then finally there is footage of the famous crash. 13 out of 36 passengers died, whilst 22 out of 61 crew members died, so many survived the disaster.<!-- ...British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website. -->}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CgWHbpMVQ1U Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120222030615/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=Hindenburg Disaster: Real Zeppelin Explosion Footage (1937) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U |website=[[British Pathé]] |publisher=[[YouTube]]  |access-date=7 May 2021 |language=en |date=July 27, 2011 |quote=Witness the infamous Hindenberg disaster with this original archive footage of the Nazi airship, as it flew what would be its final voyage on Thursday, May 6, 1937. Check out the impressive shots of its flight over the landing ground of Lakehurst, New Jersey before it ultimately caught fire and came crashing to the ground.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Fox Movietone===
The Fox Movietone footage was filmed by Al Gold (who filmed the fire sequence shown in the newsreel), Larry Kennedy and Deon de Titta. Gold stated that he was filming the ground crew when the fire started. However, the Movietone newsreel shows the ground crewmen catching the ropes early on, and it appears Gold's camera only started to film the fire as the airship's stern touched the ground. Kennedy and de Titta were closer to the airship when the fire started and had to run. Soundman Addison Tice was present as well, and recorded some of the audio of the disaster. Although the explosion sound in the newsreel was simulated, some of the audio may have been from the crash, as someone can be heard saying "you're alright now Al!".

===Universal/''Hearst News of the Day''===
The Universal cameraman stationed at the air field left early due to the bad weather and went to see a Broadway play. However, James J. Seeley filmed the disaster for Hearst's ''News of the Day'' and Universal used his footage of the fire for their report. Both newsreel companies had taken their own aerial footage of the airship over New York hours before the fire. One scene in the Universal reel showing passengers looking out of the windows, was taken from Universal's 1936 newsreel of one of the ''Hindenburg's'' previous transatlantic crossings.

This newsreel is the longest in showing the fire sequence. The camera pans upward showing the stern ablaze as it crashes down and the fire burns through the nose like a blowtorch. It does not show what is happening below the burning airship when it crashes to the ground as the camera is focused more on the fire itself until the bow nears the ground. At this point, navy ground crewmen can be seen walking close to the camera.<ref>
{{cite web
| date = 1937-05-10
| title = Hindenburg Explodes, Scores Dead - Special Release
| website=[[Universal Newsreel|UniversalNewsreels]] 
| publisher=[[Townhall|Townhall.com]] via: [[YouTube]] 
| access-date=7 May 2021 
| language=en
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8V5KXgFLia4
}}</ref>

The ''Hearst News of the Day'' Newsreel is much less common than the Universal reel.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/9Upy-8Bm_tw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625231351/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Upy-8Bm_tw Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=First Films Of The Hindenburg Disaster|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Upy-8Bm_tw|work=News of the Day| date=6 July 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A high quality government archive copy of the Universal version also appeared online (which also includes the Universal Newsreel of the wreckage a few days after, and the Pathé newsreel).  Compared to the Universal edit, the Hearst newsreel has some different shots of the airship over New York and also shows footage of passengers inside the ship from 1936.  The same narration is used in the [[Gaumont British News]] report which uses footage from both Universal/Hearst and Movietone. Another redub of the newsreel is the "Victoria Record".

===Paramount===
The Paramount was filmed by Tommy Craven using an [[Eyemo]], which had interchangeable lenses. During the landing approach, Craven alternated between wide-angle and telephoto views of the airship. As the ship dropped its ropes another cameraman can be seen. Craven was using the telephoto lens when the fire started (the footage starts a few seconds after the Hearst reel), giving a close-up view of the fire and people running away from the airship. The footage also shows flames burning away the ship's name as it crashes to the ground. Craven, an out-of-work news photographer aspiring to become a newsreel cameraman, was given the chance by Paramount to cover the ''Hindenburg''{{'}}s arrival, which landed him the job at Paramount News. The footage has sometimes been misattributed to Al Mingalone. In 1957, Craven made an appearance in the Canadian game show ''[[Front Page Challenge]]'' recounting his experience filming the disaster.

===Amateur footage===
There is one known amateur film of the disaster, a 25-second 8mm home movie by Harold N. Schenck,<ref name="Schenck-artnet">{{cite web |last1=Schenck |first1=H. N. |title=THE HINDENBURG DISASTER, LAKEHURST, NEW JERSEY, 1937 |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/hn-schenck/the-hindenburg-disaster-lakehurst-new-jersey-Rv6r3Y--oV5eCXoNS1zRbg2 |website=[[artnet]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Zeppelin Hindenburg: An Illustrated History of LZ-129|last1=Grossman|first1=Dan|last2=Ganz|first2=Cheryl|last3=Russell|first3=Patrick|publisher=The History Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0750969956}}</ref> giving a side-rear view of the disaster.<ref name="New-Angle-of-Hindenburg-nbcphiladelphia">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Newly-Released-Video-Shows-New-Angle-of-Hindenburg-Disaster-258699681.html|title=Newly Released Video Shows New Angle of Hindenburg Disaster|year=2014|author=NBC|work=NBC News Report|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref> While it was known by the Lakehurst Historical Society for many years and shown at an event for the 50th anniversary of the disaster, it was not publicly broadcast until May 2014 by NBC. A restoration and analysis of the film was performed for the 2021 ''[[Nova (American TV program)|Nova]]'' documentary ''Hindenburg: The New Evidence''.<ref name="Nova-iMdb">{{cite web |title=Hindenburg: The New Evidence ("Nova" TV Episode 2021) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14207440/ |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="NatGeoTV">{{cite web |title=Hindenburg: The New Evidence |url=https://www.natgeotv.com/za/shows/natgeo/hindenburg-the-new-evidence |website=NatGeo TV |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=7 May 2021 |language=en |date=2021}}</ref><ref name="Nova-Promo-YouTube">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/eViFMVdGlNE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210507184601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eViFMVdGlNE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=Promo: NOVA: Hindenburg: The New Evidence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eViFMVdGlNE |website=[[WOSU-TV]] |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=7 May 2021 |location=Columbus, Ohio |language=en |date=April 15, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> While missing the initial stages of the fire, it shows the fire a few seconds earlier than the Universal/Hearst newsreel, seconds before the airship's tail started to fall.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/alU0QBBaRT8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201103085311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alU0QBBaRT8&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |author1=Discovery UK |title=What Caused The Hindenburg Disaster? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alU0QBBaRT8 |website=Blowing Up History |access-date=7 May 2021 |language=en |date=2020-09-30 |quote=At over 800ft long, the LZ 129 Hindenburg was the largest aircraft ever to fly and the last of the great airships as its demise on May 6, 1937, ended the public love affair with lighter-than-air travel.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |author=Cary O'Dell |title=Crash of the Hindenburg: Herbert Morrison, reporting May 6, 1937 |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/Hindenburg.pdf  |publisher=Library of Congress  |website=National Recording Preservation Board <!-- National Recording Registry -->}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eagan |first1=Daniel |title=America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry |date=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0826429773 |pages=258–259 |chapter=Hindenburg Disaster Newsreel Footage}}
* {{cite web  |last1=Castle |first1=Eugene W.  |author-link= Castle Films |publisher=Pathé News, Universal Newsreel |year=1937 |title=Hindenburg Explodes |work=[[Internet Archive]] |url=https://archive.org/details/hindenberg_explodes |access-date=2010-07-05 |quote=Footage from Castle and Pathé coverage of the Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst. Also shots of the big ships over New York. }}<!-- {{Internet Archive film clip|id=hindenberg_explodes|description=of the ''Hindenburg'' disaster Newsreel Footage}} -->
* {{IMDb title|0131424}}. Graham McNamee: Narrator (Universal Newsreel); Herbert Morrison: News Reporter (voice); 
* [[Carl Akeley]]. ''Finder for Moving-Picture Cameras'' [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1310776 US1310776] [[Google Patents]]<!-- 
* [http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=Hindenburg Footage of the disaster on Google Video]
-->

[[Category:1937 films]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:LZ 129 Hindenburg|Disaster newsreel footage]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1930s disaster films]]
[[Category:1937 documentary films]]