Editing High pressure

{{Short description|Great force distributed over a small area}}
{{About||the related geology term|Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism|the meteorology term|High-pressure area|the 1932 film|High Pressure (film)|the Red Garland album|High Pressure (Red Garland album)}}
In [[science]] and [[engineering]] the study of '''high pressure''' examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a [[diamond anvil cell]], which can create high [[pressure]]. ''High pressure'' usually means pressures of thousands (kilo[[Bar (unit)|bar]]s) or millions (megabars) of times [[atmospheric pressure]] (about 1 bar or 100,000 Pa).

==History and overview==
[[Percy Williams Bridgman]] received a [[Nobel Prize]] in 1946 for advancing this area of physics by two magnitudes of pressure (400 MPa to 40 GPa). The list of founding fathers of this field includes also the names of [[Harry George Drickamer]], [[Tracy Hall]], [[Francis P. Bundy]], {{ill|Leonid F. Vereschagin|ru|Верещагин, Леонид Эмильевич}}, and {{ill|Sergey M. Stishov|ru|Стишов, Сергей Михайлович}}.

It was by applying high pressure as well as high [[temperature]] to [[carbon]] that synthetic [[synthetic diamond|diamond]]s were first produced alongside many other interesting discoveries. Almost any material when subjected to high pressure will compact itself into a denser form, for example, [[quartz]] (also called [[silica]] or [[silicon dioxide]]) will first adopt a denser form known as [[coesite]], then upon application of even higher pressure, form [[stishovite]]. These two forms of silica were first discovered by high-pressure experimenters, but then found in nature at the site of a meteor impact.

Chemical bonding is likely to change under high pressure, when the P*V term in the free energy becomes comparable to the energies of typical chemical bonds – i.e. at around 100 GPa. Among the most striking changes are metallization of [[oxygen]] at 96 GPa (rendering oxygen a superconductor), and transition of [[sodium]] from a nearly-free-electron metal to a transparent insulator at ~200 GPa. At ultimately high compression, however, all materials will [[Metallization pressure|metallize]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = The Chemical Imagination at Work in Very Tight Places|journal= [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]] | doi=10.1002/anie.200602485|pmid= 17477335 |volume=46|issue= 20 |pages=3620–3642|year = 2007|last1 = Grochala|first1 = Wojciech|last2= Hoffmann |first2= Roald |last3= Feng |first3= Ji |last4= Ashcroft |first4= Neil W. }}</ref>

High-pressure experimentation has led to the discovery of the types of minerals which are believed to exist in the deep mantle of the Earth, such as [[silicate perovskite]], which is thought to make up half of the Earth's bulk, and [[post-perovskite]], which occurs at the core-mantle boundary and explains many anomalies inferred for that region.{{citation needed|date = May 2009}}

Pressure "landmarks": typical pressures reached by large-volume presses are up to 30–40 GPa, pressures that can be generated inside [[diamond anvil cell]]s are ~1000 GPa,<ref>{{cite journal|url= |title = Terapascal static pressure generation with ultrahigh yield strength nanodiamond|journal = Science Advances|volume = 2|issue = 7|pages = e1600341|doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1600341|pmid = 27453944|year = 2016|last1 = Dubrovinskaia|first1 = Natalia|last2 = Dubrovinsky|first2 = Leonid|last3 = Solopova|first3 = Natalia A.|last4 = Abakumov|first4 = Artem|last5 = Turner|first5 = Stuart|last6 = Hanfland|first6 = Michael|last7 = Bykova|first7 = Elena|last8 = Bykov|first8 = Maxim|last9 = Prescher|first9 = Clemens|last10 = Prakapenka|first10 = Vitali B.|last11 = Petitgirard|first11 = Sylvain|last12 = Chuvashova|first12 = Irina|last13 = Gasharova|first13 = Biliana|last14 = Mathis|first14 = Yves-Laurent|last15 = Ershov|first15 = Petr|last16 = Snigireva|first16 = Irina|last17 = Snigirev|first17 = Anatoly|pmc = 4956398|bibcode = 2016SciA....2E0341D}}</ref> pressure in the center of the Earth is 364 GPa, and highest pressures ever achieved in shock waves are over 100,000 GPa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.0608170104 |pmid=17494771 |volume=104 |issue=22 |pages=9172–9177 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.9172J |pmc=1890466 |year=2007 |last1=Jeanloz |first1=Raymond |last2=Celliers |first2=Peter M. |last3=Collins |first3=Gilbert W. |last4=Eggert |first4=Jon H. |last5=Lee |first5=Kanani K. M. |last6=McWilliams |first6=R. Stewart |last7=Brygoo |first7=Stéphanie |last8=Loubeyre |first8=Paul |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Synthetic diamond]]
* [[D-DIA]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Hazen|first1=Robert M.|author-link=Robert Hazen|title=The new alchemists : breaking through the barriers of high pressure|date=1993|publisher=Times Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8129-2275-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newalchemists00robe}}

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[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Pressure]]