Editing Hibernia

{{Short description|Classical Latin name for Ireland}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[Image:Ireland from space edit.jpg|thumb|right|[[Color depth#Truecolor|True-colour]] satellite image of Ireland]]

'''{{lang|la|Hibernia}}''' ({{IPA|la|(h)ɪˈbɛr.n̪i.a|lang}}) is the [[Classical Latin]] name for [[Ireland]]. The name ''Hibernia'' was taken from [[Greek language|Greek]] geographical accounts. During his exploration of [[northwest Europe]] ({{Circa|320 BC}}), [[Pytheas|Pytheas of Massalia]] called the island ''Iérnē'' (written {{lang|grc|Ἰέρνη}}).{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} In his book ''Geographia'' ({{Circa|150 AD}}), [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemaeus]] ("Ptolemy") called the island [[Ptolemy's map of Ireland|''Iouerníā'']] (written {{lang|grc|Ἰουερνία}}, where "ου"/''ou'' stands for ''w'').{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The Roman historian [[Tacitus]], in his book ''[[Agricola (book)|Agricola]]'' ({{Circa|98 AD}}), uses the name Hibernia.

{{lang|grc|Ἰουερνία}} ''Iouerníā'' was a Greek rendering of the [[P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages|Q-Celtic]] name *''Īweriū'', from which eventually arose the [[Irish language|Irish]] names ''[[Ériu]]'' and ''[[Éire]]''. The name was altered in Latin (influenced by the word ''[[wiktionary:hibernus#Latin|hībernus]]'') as though it meant "land of winter", although the word for winter began with a [[Vowel length|long 'i']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Hibernia&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Hibernia - Origin and meaning of the name Hibernia by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref>

==Post-Roman usage==
The High King [[Brian Boru]] (c. 941–1014) based his title on being emperor of the [[Scoti]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/crowning-of-irelands-last-scottish-high-king/ | website = tcd.ie | publisher = Trinity College Dublin | title = Crowning of Ireland's Last, Scottish High King | date = 22 September 2015 | access-date = 1 June 2021 }}</ref> which was in Latin ''Imperator [[wikt:Scotus|Scottorum]]'', emperor of the Gaels. From 1172, the [[Lordship of Ireland]] gave the King of England the additional title ''Dominus Hibernie'' (''sic'', for ''Hiberniae''; also ''Dominus Hybernie''), 'Lord of Ireland'. The [[Kingdom of Ireland]] created the title ''Rex Hiberniae'', King of Ireland, for use in Latin texts. [[Gerardus Mercator]] called Ireland "Hybernia" on his world map of 1541.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resources.teachnet.ie/dhorgan/2006/mercator.html|title=Satellite Maps|website=www.resources.teachnet.ie}}</ref> In 1642, the motto of the [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederates]], a Catholic-landlord administration that ruled much of Ireland until 1650, was {{Langx|la|Pro Deo, Rege et Patria, Hibernia Unanimis|lit=For God, king and fatherland, Ireland united|label=none}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

By the classicising 18th century, the use of Hibernia had revived in some contexts, just as had the use of [[Caledonia]], one of the Latin terms for [[Scotland]], and [[Britannia]] for Britain. "Hibernia" was used on Irish coins in the 1700s, and on a 2016 2 euro coin. Companies such as the [[Hibernian Insurance Company]] were established (later renamed the Hibernian Group). The name took on popularity with the success of the [[Irish Patriot Party]]. At a time when [[Palladian architecture|Palladian classical architecture and design]] were being adopted in northern Europe, Hibernia was a useful word to describe Ireland with overtones of classical style and civility, including by the prosperous [[Protestant Ascendancy|Anglo-Irish Ascendancy]] who were taught Latin at school. "Hibernian" was used as a term for people, and a general adjective. The [[City Hall, Dublin|Royal Exchange]] in Dublin was built during 1769–1779 with the carved inscription "SPQH" for {{Langx|la|Senatus Populusque Hibernicus|lit=the senate and people of Ireland|label=none}}.<ref>McPartland E. ''The Royal Exchange Competition'' JRSAI vol.102, p.63. See the original [[SPQR]].</ref> The [[Royal Hibernian Academy]] dates from 1823.
[[File:62cdd2f7394d34.03999185-original.jpg|thumb|[[Reverse (coin)|Reverse]] side of a 1744 [[Farthing (British coin)|Farthing]] which includes the term for its lettering]]
The 18th-century Spanish regiment composed of Irish exiles was known as the [[Regiment of Hibernia]].

Hibernia is a word that is rarely used today with regard to Ireland, except in long-established names.<ref>Although it is found in the first line of the Aeolus section (part 2, episode 7) of [[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'': ''IN THE HEART OF THE HIBERNIAN METROPOLIS'' (a fictional newspaper headline referring to Dublin).</ref> It is occasionally used for names of organisations and various other things; for instance: [[Hibernia National Bank]], [[Hibernian Insurance Group]], [[Ancient Order of Hibernians]], ''[[The Hibernian]]'' magazine, [[Hibernia College]], [[Hibernian Orchestra]], [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian Football Club]], {{HMS|Hibernia}}, and modern derivatives, from [[Latin]] like {{Langx|la|Respublica Hibernica|lit=Irish Republic|label=none}} and {{Langx|la|Universitas Hiberniae Nationalis|lit=National University of Ireland|label=none}}. In Canada, Hibernia lends its name to the [[Hibernia oil field]] off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], and to a large offshore oil platform, the [[Hibernia Gravity Base Structure]].

Another occurrence is in [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome|familial Hibernian fever or TRAPS]] (tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome), a periodic fever first described in 1982 in a family of Irish and Scottish descent, but found in all ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laxer|first=Ronald M.|author2=David D. Sherry|title=Pediatric Rheumatology, An Issue of Pediatric Clinics|journal=The Clinics: Internal Medicine|date=June 2012|volume=59|issue=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-KfXZ3-A54C&q=familial+Hibernian+fever+described+irish+scottish+1982&pg=PT555|access-date=5 January 2013|at=The TNF-receptor-associated periodic syndrome|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455744251}}</ref>

The compound form 'Hiberno-' remains more common, as '[[Hiberno-Norse]]', '[[Hiberno-English]]', 'Hiberno-Scottish', '[[Hibernophile]]', etc.

The Scottish football clubs [[Hibernian FC]] and Dundee Hibernian (now [[Dundee Utd]]) have adopted the name.

==See also==
* [[Hibernia (personification)]]
* [[Hiberno-English]]
* [[Hiberno-Roman relations]]
* [[Hibernophile]]
* [[Drumanagh]]
* [[Scotia]]

== Notes and references ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ancient Ireland]]
[[Category:Historical geography of Ireland]]
[[Category:Latin place names]]
[[Category:Names for Ireland]]
[[Category:Terminology of the British Isles]]