Editing Henry the Lion

{{Short description|Duke of Saxony (r. 1142–80) and Bavaria (r. 1156–80)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Henry the Lion (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Depiction in the [[Gospels of Henry the Lion]]
| succession   = [[Duke of Saxony]]
| reign        = 1142–1180
| predecessor  = [[Albert the Bear]]
| successor    = [[Bernard III, Duke of Saxony|Bernard III]]
| succession1  = [[Duke of Bavaria]]
| reign1       = 1156–1180
| predecessor1 = [[Henry XI, Duke of Bavaria|Henry XI]]
| successor1   = [[Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I]]
| spouse       = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Clementia of Zähringen]]|1147|1162|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda of England]]|1168|1189|end=d}}
}}
| issue        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gertrude of Bavaria|Gertrude, Queen of Denmark]]
* [[Matilda of Saxony (1172-1209/10)|Matilda of Saxony]]
* [[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine]]
* [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]
* [[William, Lord of Lüneburg]]
}}
| house        = [[House of Welf|Welf]]
| father       = [[Henry the Proud|Henry X, Duke of Bavaria]]
| mother       = [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg]]
| birth_date   = {{c.}} 1129
| birth_place  = [[Ravensburg]], [[Duchy of Swabia]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1195|8|6|1129|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], [[Duchy of Saxony]]
| date of burial = 
| place of burial = [[Brunswick Cathedral]]|
}}
'''Henry the Lion''' ({{langx|de|Heinrich der Löwe}}; 1129/1131{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}} – 6 August 1195{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}}), also known as [[List of rulers of Saxony|Henry III, Duke of Saxony]] (ruled 1142-1180) and [[List of monarchs of Bavaria|Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria]] (ruled 1156-1180), was a member of the [[Welf dynasty]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Henry III, duke of Bavaria and Saxony |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-III-duke-of-Bavaria-and-Saxony |access-date=March 22, 2023 |last=Jordan |first=Karl H.E.}}</ref>

Henry was one of the most powerful German princes of his time. As the Duke of Saxony, Henry had had a decisive part in 1152 in his cousin [[Frederick Barbarossa]]'s campaign for the throne. Because of this, in the following years, he was intensely promoted by Barbarossa.  So, in 1156, he received the Dukedom of [[Bavaria]]. In North Germany, Henry could now build a kingly presence.  He achieved this in [[Brunswick, Germany|Brunswick]] by building a new collegiate church, [[Brunswick Cathedral|St Blaise]], and, in the neighbouring [[Dankwarderode Castle]], he placed a statue of a lion, as a symbol of its place as the capital of his duchies. The aggressive building strategy of the Duke in Saxony and north of the Elbe supplanted the influence of the previous greats of [[Saxony]]. Next, Henry repaid Barbarossa’s sponsorship by putting great effort into his service to the first Italian dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Heinrich der Löwe |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we |url-status=live |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Wikipedia.de}}</ref>

In 1176, the rival [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]] dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and of Frederick's son and successor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]. The agreement between Henry and Barbarossa encountered difficulties, when, in the face of a threatening situation, the Duke refused to undertake a war with the Emperor’s Lombardy states. After the death of Barbarossa, and the failure of the overall Italian political scene and the peace agreement of 1177 (due to campaigning by Pope Alexander III), Henry the Lion overthrew more Dukes, but had to go into exile in southern England.<ref name=":0" />

At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the [[North Sea|North]] and [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] seas to the [[Alps]], and from [[Westphalia]] to [[Pomerania]]. Alongside Frederick Barbarossa, he was an important protagonist in the Staufen-Welf conflict, which had served as the main political force in the twelfth century.<ref name=":0" /> Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents. He is considered as one of the most important people of this early era.<ref name=":0" />

==Family background==
Henry the Lion came from the [[House of Welf|Welf Dynasty]]. Since the 1120s, there arose more documents in the history of this family, where there were different spellings. This meant the Welfs were the first noble family in the kingdom that we know the history of. The household records in the [[Genealogia Welforum]], in which  the Saxon Welf Origins and the [[Historia Welforum]] are found, show a link before  the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingians]], and have a possible etymology of the name Welf, which may come from the Latin word catulus (Welpe in German).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Heinrich der Löwe |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we |url-status=live |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Heinrich der Löwe |language=German}}</ref>

The ancestors of the Welfs begin in the eighth century at the time of the Carolingians. The rise of the family came completely from advantageous marriages. The Welf [[Judith house welf|Judith]] was the second wife of [[Louis the Pious|Emperor Louis the Pious]], and brought the earliest influence of the Welfs to the history of the [[Francia|Frankish Kingdom]].  Her sister, [[Hemma]], was married to Judith's stepson King Ludwig the German.  This second marriage into the Carolingian royal family secured the rise of the Welfs in the Royal Circle. The fall of the Frankish Kingdom offered an opportunity for the family of the [[Burgundy|Kings of Burgundy]] in 1032. After the death of Welf III in 1055 without an heir, the dynasty was thrown into an existential crisis. His sister, Cuniza, married the [[Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan|Margrave Azzo II of Este]], changing the future of the dynasty.<ref name=":1" />

The grandfather of Henry the Lion, the Bavarian [[Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria|Duke Henry the Black]], married [[Wulfhilde of Saxony|Wulfhild]], the eldest daughter of the Saxon Duke [[Magnus, Duke of Saxony|Magnus Billung]] and [[Sophia of Hungary|Sophia]], the daughter of the Hungarian King. Large tracts of land around [[Lüneburg|Luneberg]] the center of power and the burial place of the [[Billung|House of Billung]], now went to the Welfs. In 1123 a relative of the family, [[Conrad of Constance|Bishop Conrad of Constance]], was put forward for canonisation, and raised the reputation of the family. The Welf [[Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia|Judith]], daughter of Henry the Black, married the Hohenstaufen Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II]], the father of Frederick Barbarossa. The candidacy of Frederick II as the successor to the ore rich lands of the late, childless [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] stayed unsponsored. Instead, the Saxon duke [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothar III]] was preferred. The usual sponsors of Henry the Black were split between him and Duke Lothar. Some of these sponsors were won over by Lothar marrying his only daughter [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg|Gertrude]] to Henry's son, Henry the Proud. Gertrude’s mother was [[Richenza of Northeim|Richenza]], heiress of the Saxon territories of [[Northeim]] and the properties of the [[Brunones]], counts of [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]]. From this union came Henry the Lion.<ref name=":1" /> He was born in Ravensburg.<ref name=":2" /> From the Steterburger Chronik, he must have been born around 1129/1130. His baptism was around 1135/36, but this seems a long time to wait for a baptism. It is possible that the copyist made a transcription error, so Henry's birth could have been in 1133/35.<ref name=":1" />

Soon after, Henry the Proud gained a conglomeration of duchies, close to the size of a kingdom.  At the end of the reign of his father in law Lothar, he ruled over the duchies of Bavaria and Saxony, and over the [[March of Tuscany]] in the Mathilda Guter, specifically the extensive lands in [[Swabia]], Bavaria, Saxony and [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]]. Henry's father died in 1139, aged 32, when Henry was still a child. King [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] had dispossessed Henry the Proud of his duchies in 1138 and 1139, handing Saxony to [[Albert the Bear]] and Bavaria to [[Leopold, Duke of Bavaria|Leopold of Austria]]. This was because Henry the Proud had been his rival for the Crown in 1138.

==Rule==
[[File:JindraLev.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Contemporary depiction of Henry the Lion from the ''[[Historia Welforum]]'']]
Henry the Lion did not relinquish his claims to his inheritance, and Conrad returned Saxony to him in 1142.{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}} A participant in the 1147 [[Wendish Crusade]],{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}} Henry also reacquired Bavaria by a decision of the new emperor, [[Frederick Barbarossa]], in 1156. However, the [[Margraviate of Austria|East Mark]] was not returned and became the [[Duchy of Austria]].{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}}

Henry was the founder of [[Munich]] (1157){{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}} and [[Lübeck]] (1159);{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}} he also founded and developed numerous other cities in Northern Germany and Bavaria, such as [[Augsburg]], [[Hildesheim]], [[Stade]], [[Kassel]], [[Güstrow]], [[Lüneburg]], [[Salzwedel]], [[Schwerin]] and [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]]. In Brunswick, his capital, he had a [[Brunswick Lion|bronze lion]], his heraldic animal, erected in the courtyard of his castle [[Dankwarderode]] in 1166—the first bronze statue north of the [[Alps]]. Later, he had [[Brunswick Cathedral]] built close to the statue.

[[Image:Guelf c12.jpg|thumb|Henry's duchies Saxony and Bavaria]]
In 1147, Henry married [[Clementia of Zähringen]], thereby gaining her hereditary territories in [[Swabia]]. He divorced her in 1162, apparently under pressure from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who did not cherish Guelphish possessions in his home area and offered Henry several fortresses in Saxony in exchange. In 1168, Henry married [[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda]] (1156–1189), the daughter of King [[Henry II of England]] and Duchess [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], and sister of King [[Richard I of England]].{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=320}}

Henry faithfully supported Emperor Frederick in his attempts to solidify his hold on the Imperial Crown and his repeated wars with the cities of [[Lombardy]] and the popes, several times turning the tide of battle in Frederick's favor with his Saxon knights. During Frederick's first invasion of northern Italy, Henry took part, among the others, in the victorious sieges of [[siege of Crema|Crema]] and Milan.

In 1172, Henry took a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (June–July), meeting with the [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]],<ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States |first=Indrikis |last=Sterns |title=A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East |editor1-first=Norman P. |editor1-last=Zacour |editor2-first=Harry W. |editor2-last=Hazard |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |date=1985 |page=319 |isbn=9780299091446}}</ref>{{efn|As [[Arnold of Lübeck]] reports in his ''[[Arnoldi Chronica Slavorum|Chronica Slavorum]]'', he was present at the meeting of Henry the Lion with [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuk Sultan of Rûm]] [[Kilij Arslan II]] during the former's pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]] in 1172. When they met near [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]], the sultan embraced and kissed the German duke, reminding him that they were blood cousins ('amplexans et deosculans eum, dicens, eum consanguineum suum esse'). When the duke asked for details of this relationship, Kilij Arslan II informed him that 'a noble lady from the land of Germans married a king of Russia who had a daughter by her; this daughter's daughter arrived to our land, and I descend from her.'}} and spending Easter of that year in Constantinople.<ref name="Lock151">{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Lock |title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |page=151 |isbn=9781135131449}}</ref> By December 1172, he was back in Bavaria<ref name="Lock151"/> and, in 1174, he refused to aid Frederick in a renewed invasion of Lombardy because he was preoccupied with securing his own borders in the east. He did not consider these Italian adventures worth the effort, unless Barbarossa presented Henry with the Saxon [[Free imperial city|imperial city]] [[Goslar]]: a request Barbarossa refused.

==Fall==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Erfurt Peterskirche 745.jpg|thumb|The now-secularised St Peter's Church at [[Petersberg Citadel]], Erfurt, where Henry the Lion submitted to Barbarossa in 1181]]
Barbarossa's expedition into Lombardy ultimately ended in failure. He bitterly resented Henry for failing to support him. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany, Frederick had Henry [[Trial in absentia|tried ''in absentia'']] for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes in 1180. 

Declaring that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, the court had Henry stripped of his lands and declared him an outlaw. Frederick then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring Henry to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181 at an [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] in [[Erfurt]]. He was exiled from Germany in 1182 for three years, and stayed with his father-in-law in [[Normandy]] before being allowed back into Germany in 1185. At [[Whitsun]] 1184, he visited the [[Diet of Pentecost]] in Mainz, probably as a mediator for his father-in-law Henry II. He was exiled again in 1188. His wife Matilda died in 1189.

When [[Frederick Barbarossa]] went on the [[Crusade of 1189]], Henry returned to Saxony, mobilized an army of his faithful, and conquered the rich city of [[Bardowick]] as punishment for its disloyalty. Only the churches were left standing. Barbarossa's son, Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], again defeated Duke Henry, but in 1194, with his end approaching, he made his peace with the Emperor, and returned to his much diminished lands around Brunswick, where he peacefully sponsored arts and architecture.

==Children==
By his first wife, [[Clementia of Zähringen]] (divorced 1162),{{sfn|Previté-Orton|1912|p=329 note 3}} daughter of Duke [[Conrad I of Zähringen]] and Clemence of Namur, Henry had:{{sfn|Lyon|2013|p=249}}
*[[Gertrude of Bavaria|Gertrude]] (1155–1197),{{sfn|Loud|2019|p=94}} who married first Duke [[Frederick IV of Swabia]] and then King [[Canute VI of Denmark]].
*Richenza (c. 1157 – 1167){{sfn|Loud|2019|p=94}}
*Henry, who died young

[[Image:Marriage_of_Henry_the_Lion.png|thumb|Wedding to Matilda as depicted in the [[Gospels of Henry the Lion]]]]
By his second wife, [[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda]] (married&nbsp;1168), daughter of King [[Henry II of England]] and Duchess [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]:{{sfn|Nicholson|2001|p=129}}
*[[Matilda of Saxony (1172-1209/10)|Matilda]] (or Richenza) (1172–1204), who married first Count [[Geoffrey III of Perche]]<ref>{{cite book |first=John W. |last=Baldwin |authorlink=John W. Baldwin |title=Aristocratic Life in Medieval France |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |date=2002 |page=46 |isbn=9780801869129}}</ref> and then Lord [[Enguerrand III of Coucy]].
*[[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine]] (c. 1173 – 1227){{sfn|Nicholson|2001|p=129}}
*Lothar (c. 1174 – 1190)
*[[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Duke of Swabia]] (c. 1175 – 1218){{sfn|Nicholson|2001|p=129}}
*[[William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg]] (1184–1213){{sfn|Lyon|2013|p=245}}

Three other children are listed, by some sources, as having belonged to Henry and Matilda:
*Eleanor (born 1178); died young
*Ingibiorg (born 1180); died young
*Son (b. & d. 1182)

By his lover, Ida von Blieskastel, he had a daughter, Matilda, who married Lord [[Henry Borwin I of Mecklenburg]].

==Legacy==
The [[Gospels of Henry the Lion|Henry the Lion Bible]] is preserved in near-mint condition from the year 1170; it is located in the [[Herzog August Library]] in [[Wolfenbüttel]], a town in Lower Saxony.

Henry the Lion remains a popular figure to this day.<ref>{{cite news | first = Matthias |last=Heine | url = https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article2052536/Barbarossas-Staatsfeind-Nummer-eins.html | title = Barbarossas Staatsfeind Nummer eins | language = de | newspaper = [[Die Welt]] |date=31 May 2008| access-date = 9 May 2013}}</ref> During [[World War I]], a [[Nail Men|nail man]] depicting Henry the Lion, called ''Eiserner Heinrich'', was used in Brunswick to raise funds for the German war effort.

[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[propaganda]] later declared Henry an antecessor of the Nazi's ''[[Lebensraum]]'' policy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/domHeinrichderloewe.htm |title=Heinrich der Löwe |website=Vernetztes Gedächtnis |language=de |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> and turned Brunswick Cathedral and Henry's tomb into a "National Place of Consecration".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweigerdom.de/dom/layout_storage/ueberdom_geschichte_en.php |title=About the Cathedral |website=Braunschweiger Dom |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123023332/http://www.braunschweigerdom.de/dom/layout_storage/ueberdom_geschichte_en.php |archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>

<gallery>
Image:DEU Schwerin COA.svg|Henry the Lion on the [[coat of arms]] of [[Schwerin]]
Image:Braunschweig Brunswick Orden Heinrichs des Loewen (1834).JPG|[[Order of Henry the Lion]], order of merit of the [[Duchy of Brunswick]] (awarded from 1834 to 1918)
Image:Braunschweig Brunswick Heinrich der Loewe Heinrichsbrunnen (2005).JPG|Henry the Lion's Fountain (1874), Brunswick
Image:Braunschweig Heinrich der Loewe 1915.jpg|''Eiserner Heinrich'' (1915), [[Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum]], Brunswick
File:2012.02.26.145337 Löwendenkmal Markt Schwerin.jpg|Henry the Lion Monument in Schwerin
File:Henry the Lion Monument in front of the Dom. Schwerin, Germany.jpg|Henry the Lion Monument in Schwerin
</gallery>

===Folklore and fiction===
[[Image:Johann Wilhelm Völker Heinrich der Löwe1.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Henry and his lion (title page illustration from [[Karl Joseph Simrock]]'s retelling of the folktale ''Geschichte des großen Helden und Herzogen Heinrich des Löwen und seiner wunderbaren höchst gefährlichen Reise'' (1844))]]

Shortly after his death, Henry the Lion became the subject of a [[folklore|folktale]], the so-called ''Heinrichssage''.<ref>{{cite web | author = Brothers Grimm | authorlink = Brothers Grimm | url = http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/753/272 | title = Heinrich der Löwe |trans-title=Henry the Lion – The Brothers' Grimm version | work = [[Deutsche Sagen]] | language = de | publisher = Projekt Gutenberg-DE | access-date = 10 May 2013}}</ref> The tale was later also turned into the [[opera]] ''[[Enrico Leone]]'' by Italian composer [[Agostino Steffani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klassika.info/Komponisten/Steffani_Agostino/Oper/EnricoLeone/index.html |title=Enrico Leone (Heinrich der Löwe) |website=Klassica |access-date=9 May 2013 |language=de}}</ref> The ''Heinrichssage'' details a fictional account of Henry's [[pilgrimage]] to the [[Holy Land]]. A popular part of the tale deals with the [[Brunswick Lion]]. According to legend, Henry witnessed a fight between a lion and a [[dragon]] while on pilgrimage. He joins the lion in its fight and they slay the dragon. The faithful lion then accompanies Henry on his return home. After its master's death, the lion refuses all food and dies of grief on Henry's grave. The people of Brunswick then erect a statue in the lion's honour.<ref>{{Citation| last = Combellack| first = C. R. B.| title = Die Sage von Heinrich dem Löwen. Ihr Ursprung, Ihre Entwicklung und Ihre Überlieferung by Karl Hoppe| journal = Comparative Literature| volume = 7| issue = 2| year = 1955| pages = 160–162| jstor = 1769130| doi=10.2307/1769130}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1 = Jäckel| first1 = Dirk| title = Der Herrscher als Löwe: Ursprung und Gebrauch eines politischen Symbols im Früh- und Hochmittelalter| publisher = Böhlau Verlag| place = Cologne / Weimar| language = de| year = 2006| pages = 163–164}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1 = Pollach| first1 = Günter| title = Kaleidoskop der Mächtigen: Randglossen zu überlieferten Mythen und Episoden der Geschichte| language = de| year = 2011| pages = 64–67}}</ref> The legend of Henry the Lion also inspired the Czech tale of the knight [[:cs:Bruncvík|Bruncvík]], which is depicted on a [[List of statues on Charles Bridge#Statue of Saints Vincent Ferrer and Procopius .2B Bruncv.C3.ADk column|column]] on [[Charles Bridge]] in [[Prague]].

The book ''The Pope's Rhinoceros'' (1996) by [[Lawrence Norfolk]] opens with an allegory of a planned ransack by Henry's army of the monastery at [[Usedom]] where purportedly a treasure was kept. However, the night before the attack the poorly maintained monastery and its treasures crumble into the sea as the result of a storm, and henceforth constituting a loss to the military expedition.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|22em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Emmerson |first1=Richard K. |title=Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77518-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSCPAQAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=The Chronicle of Arnold of Lübeck |first=Graham A. |last=Loud |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |authorlink=Graham Loud}}
* {{cite book |title=Princely Brother and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250 |first=Jonathan R. |last=Lyon |authorlink=Jonathan R. Lyon |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8014-5130-0 }}
* {{cite book |first=Helen |last=Nicholson |authorlink=Helen Nicholson (historian) |title=Love, War, and the Grail |publisher=Brill |date=2001 |page=129 |isbn=90-04-12014-9}}
* {{cite book |first=C. W. |last=Previté-Orton |authorlink=Charles Previté-Orton |title=The Early History of the House of Savoy: 1000–1233 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1912 |page=329 note 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofh00prev/page/328/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |title=Heinrich der Löwe und seine Zeit. Katalog der Ausstellung |volume=Bd. 2 |location=Braunschweig |year=1995 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Karl |last=Jordan |title=Henry the Lion. A Biography |year=1986 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821969-5 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Henry the Lion}}
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/H/HenryL1io.asp Henry the Lion on Encyclopedia.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050124021738/http://www.bartleby.com/65/he/HenryLio.html Henry the Lion. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58109 The fall of Henry the Lion (from Germany) – Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-2455 Deposition of Henry the Lion. (from Frederick I) – Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://encarta.msn.com/media_461561791_761578474_1_1/Henry_the_Lion.html  MSN Encarta – Multimedia – Henry the Lion] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071128054819/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461561791_761578474_1_1/Henry_the_Lion.html Archived] 2009-10-31)
* [http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B|%7D%7B|%7D137.248.186.134%7B|%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B|%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B|%7DE711.jpg%22 Charter given by Henry to monastery Volkenroda, 31.1.1174]. Photograph taken from the collections of the [[:de:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden|Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden]] at [[Marburg University]] showing Henry's seal.
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Welf]]||1129/1131||1195}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Albert I of Brandenburg|Albert the Bear]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Saxony]]|years=1142&ndash;1180}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bernard III, Duke of Saxony|Bernard III]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry II of Austria|Henry XI]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Bavaria]]|years=1156&ndash;1180}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Dukes of Bavaria}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry Iii}}
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1195 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century dukes of Bavaria]]
[[Category:People from Ravensburg (district)]]
[[Category:Dukes of Saxony|Henry 03]]
[[Category:House of Welf]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:Christians of the Wendish Crusade]]
[[Category:12th-century Saxon people]]
[[Category:People from Ravensburg]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Burials at Brunswick Cathedral]]