Editing Henry Mayhew

{{Short description|British writer and activist (1812–1887)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
[[Image:Henrymayhew.png|thumb|Mayhew depicted in ''London Labour and the London Poor'' (1861)]]

'''Henry Mayhew''' (25 November 1812 – 25 July 1887) was an English journalist, playwright, and advocate of reform. He was one of the co-founders of the satirical magazine ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' in 1841, and was the magazine's joint editor, with [[Mark Lemon]], in its early days. He is also known for his work as a social researcher, publishing an extensive series of newspaper articles in the ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'' that was later compiled into the three-volume book ''[[London Labour and the London Poor]]'' (1851), a groundbreaking and influential survey of the city's poor.

==Biography==

===Early life===
He was born in London, the thirteenth of 17 children to Joshua Mayhew. He was educated at [[Westminster School]] before running away from his studies to the sea.<ref>Taithe (1996), p. 3.</ref> He then served with the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] as a [[midshipman]] on a ship bound for [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He returned after several years, in 1829, becoming a trainee lawyer in [[Wales]].<ref name = "puuvpx">Taithe (1996), p. 9.</ref> He left this career to become a freelance journalist. He contributed to ''The Thief'', a readers' digest, followed quickly by founding a weekly comic journal – ''Figaro in London'' (1831–1839). Mayhew reputedly fled his creditors and holed up at the Erwood Inn, a small public house in the village of [[Erwood]], south of [[Builth Wells]] in Wales.

===Paris and writing===
In 1835, Mayhew found himself in a state of debt and, along with a fellow writer, escaped to Paris to avoid his creditors.<ref name = "puuvpx"/> He spent his time writing and in the company of other writers including [[William Thackeray]] and [[Douglas Jerrold]]. Mayhew spent over 10 years in Paris, returning to England in the 1850s, whereupon he was involved in several literary adventures, mostly the writing of plays. Two of his plays – ''The'' ''Wandering Minstrel'' (1834) and ''But, However'' (1842) – were successful, whilst his early work ''Figaro in London'' was less successful.<ref name = "gxjpjs">Taithe (1996), p. 10</ref>

===''Punch'' magazine===
[[Image:Punch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Punch (magazine)|Punch magazine]] was co-founded by Mayhew in 1841.]]
On 17 July 1841, Mayhew cofounded [[Punch (magazine)|''Punch ''magazine]]. At its founding, the magazine was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. The two men hired a group of writers and illustrators to aid them. These included Douglas Jerrold, Angus Reach, John Leech, Richard Doyle, and Shirley Brooks. Initially, the magazine was subtitled ''The London Charivari'', referencing the satirical humour magazine published in France under the title ''[[Le Charivari]]'' (a work Mayhew read often whilst in Paris). Reflecting their satirical and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove [[puppet]] [[Punch and Judy|Mr. Punch]].

''Punch'' was an unexpected success, selling about 6,000 copies a week in the early years. However, sales of as many as 10,000 issues a week were required to cover all costs of the magazine. In December 1842, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans; Mayhew resigned as joint editor,<ref name = "gxjpjs"/> and he continued at the magazine as "suggestor in chief" with Mark Lemon reappointed as editor. Mayhew eventually severed his connection with the magazine, writing his last article in February 1845. His brother [[Horace Mayhew (journalist)|Horace]] stayed on the board of Punch until his own death.

The ''Punch'' years gave Mayhew the opportunity to meet talented illustrators whom he later employed to work from [[daguerreotypes]] on ''[[London Labour and the London Poor]]''.<ref name = "gxjpjs"/> Following ''Punch'', Mayhew launched ''Iron Times'', a railway magazine. However, this venture lost Mayhew so much money that he was forced to appear in a court of [[bankruptcy]] in 1846.

===Formative work===
In 1842, Mayhew contributed to the pioneering ''[[Illustrated London News]]''. By this time, he had become reasonably secure financially, had settled his debts, and married Jane Jerrold, the daughter of his friend [[Douglas Jerrold]].<ref>Taithe (1996), p. 11</ref> She lived until 1880.

====''London Labour and the London Poor''====
{{Main|London Labour and the London Poor}}
The articles comprising ''London Labour and the London Poor'' were initially collected into three volumes in 1851; the 1861 edition included a fourth volume, co-written with Bracebridge Hemyng, John Binny, and [[Andrew Halliday (journalist)|Andrew Halliday]], on the lives of prostitutes, thieves, and beggars. This extra volume took a more general and statistical approach to its subject than volumes one to three.

Mayhew wrote in volume one: "I shall consider the whole of the metropolitan poor under three separate phases, according as they ''will'' work, they ''can't'' work, and they ''won't'' work".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nils.lib.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A4000.01.0140 |title= &#124; DCA|website=nils.lib.tufts.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322222303/http://nils.lib.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A4000.01.0140 |archive-date=22 March 2005}}</ref> He interviewed everyone – beggars, street-entertainers (such as Punch and Judy men), market traders, prostitutes, labourers, [[sweatshop]] workers, even down to the "[[mudlark]]s" who searched the stinking mud on the banks of the [[River Thames]] for wood, metal, rope, and coal from passing ships, and the "pure-finders" who gathered dog faeces to sell to [[tanner (occupation)|tanner]]s. He described their clothes, how and where they lived, their entertainments and customs, and made detailed estimates of the numbers and incomes of those practising each trade. The books show how marginal and precarious many people's lives were, in what, at that time, was the richest city in the world.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Mayhew's richly detailed descriptions give an impression of what the street markets of his day were like. An example from volume one:

{{blockquote|The pavement and the road are crowded with purchasers and street-sellers. The housewife in her thick shawl, with the market-basket on her arm, walks slowly on, stopping now to look at the stall of caps, and now to cheapen a bunch of greens. Little boys, holding three or four onions in their hand, creep between the people, wriggling their way through every interstice, and asking for custom in whining tones, as if seeking charity. Then the tumult of the thousand different cries of the eager dealers, all shouting at the top of their voices, at one and the same time, is almost bewildering. "So-old again," roars one. "Chestnuts all'ot, a penny a score," bawls another. "An 'aypenny a skin, blacking," squeaks a boy. "Buy, buy, buy, buy, buy– bu-u-uy!" cries the butcher. "[[Paper quire#Quire|Half-quire]] of paper for a penny," bellows the street stationer. "An 'aypenny a lot ing-uns." “Twopence a pound grapes." “Three a penny Yarmouth bloaters." “Who'll buy a bonnet for fourpence?" “Pick 'em out cheap here! three pair for a halfpenny, bootlaces." “Now's your time! beautiful whelks, a penny a lot." “Here's ha'p‘orths," shouts the perambulating confectioner. "Come and look at 'em! here's toasters!" bellows one with a Yarmouth bloater stuck on a [[toasting fork]]. "Penny a lot, fine russets," calls the apple woman: and so the Babel goes on.<ref>Mayhew, Henry 1851–1861. ''London Labour and the London Poor''. Researched and written, variously, with J. Binny, B. Hemyng and A. Halliday.</ref>}}

Some of the London street traders did not like the way Mayhew wrote about them. In spring/summer 1851, they established a Street Trader's Protection Association to guard themselves against the journalist.<ref>Münch (2017)</ref>

==Family==
Mayhew was the grandfather of Audrey Mayhew Allen (b. 1870), an author of a number of children's stories published in various periodicals, and of ''[[Gladys in Grammarland]]'', an [[Works based on Alice in Wonderland|imitation]] of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''Wonderland'' books.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jerrold|first1=Yvonne|title=Family Tree|url=http://www.yvonnejerrold.com/FamilyTree/1-JaneMatilda%282%29Jerrold-Mayhews.html|website=Yvonne Jerrold}}</ref>

==Influence==
Mayhew's work was embraced by and was an influence on the [[Christian Socialists]], such as [[Thomas Hughes]], [[Charles Kingsley]], and [[F. D. Maurice]]. Radicals also published sizeable excerpts from the reports in the ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|Northern Star]]'', the ''[[Red Republican]]'', and other newspapers. The often sympathetic investigations, with their immediacy and unswerving eye for detail, offered unprecedented insights into the condition of the Victorian poor. Alongside the earlier work of [[Edwin Chadwick]], they are also speculated as a decisive influence on the thinking of [[Charles Dickens]]<ref>Nelson, Harland S. “Dickens’s Our Mutual Friend and Henry Mayhew’s London Labour and the London Poor.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 20, no. 3, 1965, pp. 207–22. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2932754. Accessed 15 Jan. 2024.</ref>

Mayhew's work inspired the script of director [[Christine Edzard]]'s 1990 film ''[[The Fool (1990 film)|The Fool]]''. Mayhew has appeared as a character in television and radio histories of Victorian London; he was played by [[Timothy West]] in the documentary ''[[London (TV series)|London]]'' (2004), and [[David Haig]] in the [[Afternoon Play]] ''A Chaos of Wealth and Want'' (2010). In the 2012 novel ''[[Dodger (novel)|Dodger]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]], Mayhew and his wife appear as fictionalised versions of themselves, and he is mentioned in the dedication.

==Publications, plays and public speeches: a select list ==
Although Mayhew is most remembered for his works of non-fiction, he also authored many plays, farces, novels, public speeches (many of which have been transcribed and subsequently published) alongside his numerous works of non-fiction and newspaper articles. 
*1831 [[Figaro in London]] [co-founder and editor, weekly, radical paper]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Humpherys |first1=Anne |title=Dickens and Mayhew on the London Poor |journal=Dickens Studies Annual |date=1975 |volume=4 |pages=78–179 |jstor=44372536 }}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">’’Henry Mayhew’’ [biographical notes], ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Mayhew</ref>
*	1832 ''The Thief '' [periodical] <ref name="britannica.com"/>
*	1834: ''The Wandering Minstrel: A Farce in One Act'' (farce first performed at the Fitzroy Royal Theatre, 16 January 1834)<ref>William Davenport Adams (ed.), ''A Dictionary of the Drama: A Guide to the Plays, Play-wrights, players and playhouses of the United Kingdom and America from the Earliest Times to the Present,'' Chatto and Windus, London, 1904, p. 100</ref>
*	1838 But, however: A Farce in One Act [play by Henry Mayhew and Henry Bayliss] 
*	1841-1842: Punch (satirical magazine, co-founded with Mark Lemon, [[Ebenezer Landells]] and possibly others)<ref>Dick Sullivan, “Henry Mayhew (1812–1887)”, ''The Victorian Web, '' https://victorianweb.org/history/mayhew.html</ref><ref>Philip V. Allingham, “Punch, or the London Charivari  (1841–1992) — A British Institution”, ''Victorian Web''; Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Ontario, https://victorianweb.org/periodicals/punch/pva44.html</ref><ref>N.H. Spielmann, ''The History of "Punch"'', Cassell, London, 1895,  pp 10-14, p. 27 https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o5o4AAAAIAAJ/page/14/mode/2up</ref><ref>Christopher Gangadin Anderson, ''London Vagabond: The Life of Henry Mayhew'', Christopher Anderson, 2018, Chapter 3</ref>
* 1844: ''The Comic Almanack '', vol 2, 1844 [co-authored with William Makepeace Thackery, Gilbert Abbott A’ Beckett, Horace Mayhew (brother) and Albert Smith]<ref>N.H. Spielmann, ''The History of "Punch"'', Cassell, London, 1895, p. 32, p. 49, https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o5o4AAAAIAAJ/page/14/mode/2up</ref> 
* 1847: ''The Greatest Plague of Life: or, the Adventures of a Lady in Search of a Good Servant, '' Carey and Hart, London, [satirical novel, co-authored with Augustus Mayhew (brother)]
* 1849-1850: ''Survey of Labour and the Poor'' - series of 82 letters, surveying the conditions of the nation's labouring population as published in the Morning Chronicle in 1849-1850<ref>Eileen Yeo and E. P. Thompson,  ''The Unknown Mayhew'', Schocken, NY, 1971; Peter Razzell (ed), ''The Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor'', Routledge, London, 1980</ref><ref>Anne Humphreys (ed), ''Voices of the Poor: Selections from the Morning Chronicle, 'Labour and the Poor' (1849–1850) by Henry Mayhew'', Frank L Cass, NY, 1971, p. xiii</ref>
* 1851: ''London Labour and the London Poor'', 2 volumes, 1851, 1862 (reprinted 1865) [book, based on the Morning Chronicle articles]<ref name=jstor3825892>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=E. P. |title=The Political Education of Henry Mayhew |journal=Victorian Studies |date=1967 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=41–62 |jstor=3825892 }}</ref>
* 1851 ''The Adventures of Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys and Family, who Came up to London to Enjoy Themselves and See the Great Exhibition'', George Newbold, London, 1851 [comic novel] <ref>Edmund King, The Great Exhibition at Hyde Park and its Publications, RSA Journal, vol 144, 1996</ref> 
* 1856: “The Great World of London” [Pamphlet series]<ref name=jstor3825892/><ref>Anne Humphreys (ed), ''Voices of the Poor: Selections from the Morning Chronicle, 'Labour and the Poor' (1849–1850) by Henry Mayew'', Frank L Cass, NY, 1971, p. xviii</ref>
* 1862: ''The Criminal Prisons of London: And Scenes of Prison Life''<ref name=jstor3825892/>
* 1871: ''London Characters and the Humorous Side of London Life: with upwards of seventy illustrations'', Stanley Rivers, London, 1871

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |author=Anderson, Christopher Gangadin |year=2018 |title=London Vagabond: The Life of Henry Mayhew |publisher=Amazon KDP |isbn=978-1-5272-2030-0}}
* Anne Humpherys (1984), Henry Mayhew, Boston/Mass.: OUP.
* {{cite book |author=Mayhew, Henry, edited by Robert Douglas-Fairhurst |year=2010 |title=London Labour and the London Poor |publisher=[[OUP]]}}
* Ole Münch (2017), Henry Mayhew and the Street Traders of Victorian London – A Cultural Exchange with Material Consequences, in: The London Journal.
* {{cite book |author=Taithe, Bertrand |year=1996 |title=The Essential Mayhew: Representing and Communicating the Poor |publisher=Rivers Oram Press |isbn=1-85489-046-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Vlock, Deborah |year=2004 |title=Mayhew, Henry (1812–1887) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=OUP |location=London}}
* {{cite book |author=Yates, Edmund |author-link=Edmund Yates |year=1884 |title=His Recollections and Experiences |url=https://archive.org/details/edmundyateshisre00yateuoft |publisher=Richard Bentley and Son |location=London}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=cDYUb-tzToUC&q=Henry+Mayhew London Labour and the London Poor], Mayhew, Henry, Published in London, 1861–62. Retrieved 7 July 2010
* [http://punch.photoshelter.com/about/], Punch Magazine History and FAQs
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henry Mayhew}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2234}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=48614}}

{{Authority control}}

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