Editing Henry II of France

{{short description|King of France from 1547 to 1559}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Henry II
| succession   = [[King of France]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the French sovereign|more...]])
| image        = Henry II of France-François Clouet (altered).jpg
| caption      = 1559 portrait
| reign        = 31 March 1547 – 10 July 1559
| coronation   = 25 July 1547
| cor-type     = france
| predecessor  = [[Francis I of France|Francis I]]
| successor    = [[Francis II of France|Francis II]]
| succession1  = [[Duke of Brittany]]
| reign1       = 10 August 1536 – 13 August 1547
| predecessor1 = [[Francis III, Duke of Brittany|Francis III]]
| successor1   = ''Position abolished'' (Brittany absorbed into the [[crown lands of France]])
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Catherine de' Medici]]|28 October 1533}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Francis II, King of France]]
* [[Elisabeth of Valois|Elisabeth, Queen of Spain]]
* [[Claude of Valois|Claude, Duchess of Lorraine]]
* [[Louis of Valois (1549–1550)|Louis, Duke of Orléans]]
* [[Charles IX, King of France]]
* [[Henry III, King of France]]
* [[Margaret of Valois|Margaret, Queen of France]]
* [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]]
}}

{{it col|Illegitimate}}{{plainlist|
*[[Diane de France|Diane,&nbsp;Duchess of Angoulême]]
*[[Henri d'Angoulême|Henri, Duke of Angoulême]]
* {{ill|v=ib|Henri, Count of Saint-Rémi|fr|Henri de Saint-Rémi}}
}}
| issue-link   = #Children
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[House of Valois-Angoulême|Valois-Angoulême]]
| father       = [[Francis I of France]]
| mother       = [[Claude, Duchess of Brittany]]
| birth_name   = Henry, Duke of Orléans
| birth_date   = 31 March 1519
| birth_place  = [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
| death_date   = 10 July 1559 (aged 40)
| death_place  = [[Hôtel des Tournelles]]
| burial_date  = 13 August 1559
| burial_place = [[Saint Denis Basilica]]
| signature    = Henry II of France signature.svg
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in France|Catholicism]]
}}
'''Henry II''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|Henri II}}; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was [[List of French monarchs#House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589)|King of France]] from 1547 until his death in 1559. The second son of [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] and [[Claude of France|Duchess Claude of Brittany]], he became [[Dauphin of France]] upon the death of his elder brother [[Francis III, Duke of Brittany|Francis]] in 1536.

As a child, Henry and his elder brother spent over four years in captivity in Spain as hostages in exchange for their father. Henry pursued his father's policies in matters of art, war, and religion. He persevered in the [[Italian Wars]] against the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] and tried to suppress the [[Reformation]], even as the [[Huguenots|Huguenot]] numbers were increasing drastically in France during his reign.

Under the April 1559 [[Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis]] which ended the Italian Wars, France renounced its claims in Italy, but gained certain other territories, including the [[Pale of Calais]] and the [[Three Bishoprics]]. These acquisitions strengthened French borders while the abdication of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in January 1556 and division of his empire between [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]] provided them with greater flexibility in foreign policy. [[Nostradamus]] also served King Henry as physician and astrologer.

In June 1559, Henry was injured in a [[jousting]] tournament held to celebrate the treaty, and died ten days later after his surgeon, [[Ambroise Paré]], was unable to cure the wound inflicted by [[Gabriel de Montgomery]], the captain of his [[Scottish Guard]]. Though he died early, the succession appeared secure, for he left four young sons – as well as a widow ([[Catherine de' Medici]]) to lead a capable regency during their minority. Three of those sons lived long enough to become king; but their ineffectual reigns, and the unpopularity of Catherine's regency, helped to spark the [[French Wars of Religion]] between [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Protestant]]s, and an eventual end to the [[House of Valois]] as France's ruling dynasty.

==Early years==
[[File:Henri II enfant.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Henry as a child]]
Henry was born in the royal [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], near Paris, the son of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]] and [[Claude, Duchess of Brittany]], daughter of [[Louis XII of France]] and [[Anne, Duchess of Brittany]]. Francis and Claude were [[second cousins]]; both had [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans]], as a patrilineal great-grandfather, and their marriage strengthened the family's claim to the throne.{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|pp=3–5}}

Henry's father was captured at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525 by the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and held prisoner in [[Spain]].{{sfn|Tazón|2003|p=16}} To obtain his release, it was agreed that Henry and his older brother Francis be sent to Spain in his place.{{sfn|Knecht|1984|p=189}} They remained in captivity for over four years.{{sfn|Watkins|2009|pp=79–80}}

Henry married [[Catherine de' Medici]], a member of the ruling family of [[Florence]], on 28 October 1533, when they were both fourteen years old.{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|pp=28–29}} The wedding was officiated by [[Pope Clement VII]], himself a [[Medici]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|pp=28–29}} At this time, Henry's brother Francis was alive and there was little prospect of Henry coming to the throne. The following year, he became romantically involved with a thirty-five-year-old widow, [[Diane de Poitiers]]. Henry and Diane had always been very close: the young lady had fondly embraced Henry on the day he, as a seven-year-old child, set off to captivity in Spain, and the bond had been renewed after his return to France.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=197}} At the tournament to honour his father's new bride, [[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]], in 1531, Henry and Francis dressed as chevaliers, and Henry wore Diane's colors.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=197}}

Extremely confident, mature and intelligent, Diane left Catherine powerless to intervene.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=200}} She did, however, insist that Henry sleep with Catherine in order to produce heirs to the throne.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=200}}

When his elder brother Francis died in 1536 after a game of tennis, Henry became heir apparent to the throne.

His attachment to Diane caused a breach with his father in 1544; the royal mistress [[Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly]] persuaded Francis that Henry and Diane were conspiring on behalf of [[Anne de Montmorency|the Constable Montmorency]], who had been banished from court in 1540. Francis banished Diane from court.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=176}} Henry also withdrew to the [[Château d'Anet]]; father and son were reconciled in 1545.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=177}}

He succeeded his father on his 28th birthday and was crowned King of France on 25 July 1547 at [[Reims Cathedral]].{{sfn|Thevet|2010|pp=24–25}}

==Reign==
=== Attitude towards Protestants ===
Henry's reign was marked by the persecution of Protestants, mainly Calvinists known as [[Huguenot]]s. Henry II severely punished them, particularly the ministers, for example by [[burning at the stake]] or cutting off their tongues for uttering [[heresy|heresies]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|pp=114–132}}

Henry II was made a [[Knight of the Garter]] by [[Edward VI|Edward VI, King of England]], in April 1551.{{sfn|Loach|2014|p=107}} By 19 July, after some lengthy haggling concerning the dowry, a betrothal was made between his daughter, [[Elisabeth of Valois|Elisabeth]] and Edward.{{sfn|Loach|2014|p=108}}

The [[Edict of Châteaubriant]] (27 June 1551) called upon the civil and ecclesiastical courts to detect and punish all heretics and placed severe restrictions on Huguenots, including the loss of one-third of their property to informers, and confiscations. The Edict also strictly regulated publications by prohibiting the sale, importation or printing of any unapproved book. It was during the reign of Henry II that Huguenot attempts at establishing a colony in [[Brazil]] were made, with the short-lived formation of {{lang|fr|[[France Antarctique]]}}.{{sfn|Felix|Juall|2016|p=2}} In June 1559, with war against the Habsburgs concluded, Henri established in [[letters patent]] his desire to task much of the [[Gendarme (historical)|Gendarmerie]] that had been involved in the foreign wars with the extirpation of domestic heresy.{{sfn|Harding|1978|p=37}}

===Italian War of 1551–1559===
{{Main|Italian War of 1551–1559}}
[[File:Henri2entranceMetz.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Henry II enters [[Metz]] following the 1552 [[Treaty of Chambord]]]]

The [[Italian War of 1551–1559]] began when Henry declared war on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. Persecution of Protestants at home did not prevent him from becoming allied with German Protestant princes at the [[Treaty of Chambord]] in 1552. Simultaneously, the continuation of his father's [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] allowed him to invade the [[Rhineland]] while a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended southern France.{{sfn|Inalcik|1995|p=328}} Although an attempted 1553 invasion of [[Tuscany]] ended with defeat at [[Battle of Marciano|Marciano]], in return for his support in the [[Second Schmalkaldic War]], Henry occupied the [[Three Bishoprics]] of [[Prince-Bishopric of Toul|Toul]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Verdun|Verdun]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Metz|Metz]], acquisitions secured with victory at [[Battle of Renty|Renty]] in 1554.{{sfn|Thevet|2010|p=92}}

After the abdication of Charles V in 1556, the Habsburg empire was split between his son [[Philip II of Spain]] and brother Emperor [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]. The focus of Henry's conflict with the Habsburgs shifted to [[Flanders]], where Philip, in conjunction with [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy]], defeated the French at [[Battle of St. Quentin (1557)|St Quentin]]. England's entry into the war later that year led to the French [[Siege of Calais (1558)|capture of Calais]], and French armies plundered the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. However, in April 1559 lack of money and increasing domestic religious tensions led Henry to agree the [[Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis]].{{sfn|Konnert|2006|p=97}}

The Peace was signed between Henry and [[Elizabeth I of England]] on 2 April{{sfn|Nolan|2006|p=127}} and between Henry and Philip of Spain on 3 April 1559 at [[Le Cateau-Cambrésis]]. Under its terms, France restored [[Piedmont]] and [[Savoy]] to Emmanuel Philibert, but retained [[Saluzzo]], [[Calais]] and the Three Bishoprics. The agreement was reinforced by a marriage between Henry's sister [[Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry|Margaret]] and Emmanuel Philibert, while his daughter [[Elisabeth of Valois]] became Philip's third wife.{{sfn|Knecht|2000|p=1}}

Henry raised the young [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], at his court, hoping to establish a dynastic claim to the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] by [[Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France|her marriage]] to [[Francis II of France|Dauphin Francis]] on 24 April 1558. Their son would have been King of France and King of Scotland, and also a claimant to the throne of [[Kingdom of England|England]]. Henry had Mary sign secret documents, illegal in Scottish law, that would ensure Valois rule in Scotland even if Mary died without leaving a child by Francis.{{sfn|Guy|2012|p=91}} As it happened, Francis died without issue a year and half after his father, ending the French claim to Scotland.

==Patent innovation==
{{Main|History of patent law}}
[[File:Double henri d'or a l'effigie d'Henri II, 1554, Bourges.jpg|thumb|Henry II]]

Henry II introduced the concept of publishing the description of an invention in the form of a [[patent]]. The idea was to require an inventor to disclose his invention in exchange for monopoly rights to the patent. The description is called a patent "specification". The first patent specification was submitted by the inventor [[Abel Foullon]] for {{lang|fr|Usaige & Description de l'holmetre}} (a type of [[rangefinder]]). Publication was delayed until after the patent expired in 1561.{{sfn|Frumkin|1945|p=143}}

==Death==
[[File:Tournament between Henry II and Lorges.jpg|thumb|The fatal tournament between Henry II and [[Gabriel, comte de Montgomery|Montgomery]] (Lord of "Lorges")]]

Henry II was an avid hunter and a participant in [[Jousting|jousts]] and tournaments. On 30 June 1559, a tournament was held near [[Place des Vosges]] to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis with his longtime enemies, the Habsburgs of Austria, and to celebrate the marriage of his daughter [[Elisabeth of Valois]] to King [[Philip II of Spain]]. During a jousting match, King Henry, wearing the colours of his mistress [[Diane de Poitiers]],{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=213}} was wounded in the eye by a fragment of the splintered lance of [[Gabriel, comte de Montgomery|Gabriel Montgomery]], captain of the King's [[Garde Écossaise|Scottish Guard]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|p=250}} Despite the efforts of royal surgeons [[Ambroise Paré]] and [[Andreas Vesalius]], the court doctors ultimately "advocated a wait-and-see strategy";<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zanello |first1=Marc |last2=Charlier |first2=Philippe |last3=Corns |first3=Robert |last4=Devaux |first4=Bertrand |last5=Berche |first5=Patrick |last6=Pallud |first6=Johan |date=Jan 2015 |title=The death of Henry II, King of France (1519–1559). From myth to medical and historical fact |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25421951/ |journal=Acta Neurochir (Wien) |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=145–149 |doi=10.1007/s00701-014-2280-9 |pmid=25421951 |s2cid=24693363 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> as a result, the king's untreated eye and brain damage led to his death by [[sepsis]] on 10 July 1559.{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|p=252}} His autopsy found that he had a cerebral abscess and the infection that he got through sepsis probably travelled to his brain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eftekhari |first1=Kian |last2=Choe |first2=Christina H. |last3=Vagefi |first3=M. Reza |last4=Eckstein |first4=Lauren A. |date=May 2015 |title=The last ride of Henry II of France: Orbital injury and a king's demise |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.09.001 |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=274–278 |doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.09.001 |pmid=25890627 |issn=0039-6257}}</ref> He was buried in a [[cadaver tomb]] in [[Saint Denis Basilica]]. Henry's death played a significant role in the decline of jousting as a sport, particularly in France.{{sfn|Barber|Barker|1989|pp=134, 139}}

[[File:Henri II et Catherine de Médicis.JPG|thumb|left|Tombs of Henry II of France and his wife [[Catherine de' Medici]] in [[Basilica of St Denis]], Paris]]

As Henry lay dying, Queen Catherine limited access to his bedside and denied Diane de Poitiers permission to see him, even though he repeatedly asked for her. Following his death, Catherine sent Diane into exile, where she lived in comfort on her own properties until her death.{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=213}}

It was the practice to enclose the heart of the king in an urn. The Monument to the Heart of Henry II is in the collection of the [[Louvre]], but was originally in the Chapel of Orleans beneath a pyramid. The original bronze urn holding the king's heart was destroyed during the French Revolution and a replica was made in the 19th century. The marble sculpture of the [[Charites|Three Graces]] holding the urn, executed from a single piece of marble by [[Germain Pilon]], the sculptor to [[Catherine de' Medici]], survives.{{sfn|Goldberg|1966|pp=206–218}}

Henry was succeeded by his sickly fifteen-year-old son, [[Francis II of France|Francis II]].{{sfn|Knecht|1997|p=59}} Francis was married to sixteen-year-old<!--[Mary's age at the death of Henri II: {{Age|1542|12|8|1559|7|10}}]--> [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], who had been his childhood friend and fiancée since her arrival at the French court when she was five<!--[Mary's age upon arrival at St.-Germain-en-Laye, mid October 1548: {{Age|1542|12|8|1548|10|15}}]-->.{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|pp=67–69}} Francis II died in December 1560, and Mary returned to Scotland in August 1561.{{sfn|Fraser|1991|p=900}} Francis II was succeeded by his ten-year-old brother [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]]. His mother, [[Catherine de Medici]], acted as [[regent]].{{sfn|Knecht|1997|p=72}}

==Children==
{{see also|Descendants of Henry II of France}}
Catherine de' Medici bore ten of Henry's children:{{sfn|Anselme|1726|pp=134–136}}
*[[Francis II of France|Francis II]], born 19 January 1544, who married [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] 
*[[Elizabeth of Valois|Elizabeth of France]], born 2 April 1546, who married [[Philip II, King of Spain]]
*[[Claude of Valois|Claude]], born 12 November 1547, who married [[Charles III, Duke of Lorraine]]
*[[Louis of Valois (1549–1550)|Louis]], Duke of Orléans, born 3 February 1549, died 24 October 1550
*[[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]], born 27 June 1550, died 30 May 1574
*[[Henry III of France|Henry III]], born 19 September 1551, married [[Louise of Lorraine]] died 2 August 1589, also briefly King of Poland
*[[Marguerite de Valois|Margaret]], born 14 May 1553, who married Henry III, King of Navarre (later [[Henry IV of France]])
*[[François, Duke of Anjou|Hercules]], born 18 March 1555, later known as Francis, Duke of Alençon and Anjou
*[[Victoire of France (1556)|Victoire]], born 24 June 1556, died 17 August 1556
* Joan, born 24 June 1556, stillborn.

Henry II also had three illegitimate children:
* By [[Filippa Duci]]:{{sfn|Merrill|1935|p=133}}
** [[Diane de France|Diane, duchesse d'Angoulême]] (1538–1619). At the age of fourteen, she married [[Orazio Farnese, Duke of Castro]],{{sfn|Baumgartner|1988|p=70}} who died in battle in 1553. Her second marriage was to [[François de Montmorency, 2nd Duke of Montmorency|François, Duke of Montmorency]].{{sfn|Lanza|2007|p=29}}
* By [[Lady Janet Stewart]] (1502–1562), the illegitimate daughter of [[James IV of Scotland]]:{{sfn|Sealy|1981|p=206}}
** [[Henri d'Angoulême]] (1551 – June 1586).{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=212}} He was legitimized and became governor of [[Provence]].
* By [[Nicole de Savigny]]:
** {{ill|Henri de Saint-Rémi|fr}} (1557–1621).{{sfn|Knecht|1997|p=38}} He was given the title of Count of Saint-Rémy. One of his last known descendants was [[Comtesse de la Motte|Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, Countess de la Motte]], famous for her role in the [[Affair of the Diamond Necklace]] at the court of [[Louis XVI]].

==Portrayals==
Henri or Henry has had four notable portrayals onscreen:

He was played by a young [[Roger Moore]] in the 1956 film ''[[Diane (1956 film)|Diane]]'', opposite [[Lana Turner]] in the title role and [[Marisa Pavan]] as [[Catherine de Medici]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/13/archives/screen-return-from-alcoholism-ill-cry-tomorrow-is-film-at-music.html?searchResultPosition=1 "Lana Turner as 'Diane'"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 13 January 1956.</ref>

In the 1998 film ''[[Ever After]]'', the Prince Charming figure, portrayed by [[Dougray Scott]], shares his name with the historical monarch.

In the 2013 [[The CW|CW]] series ''[[Reign (TV series)|Reign]]'', he is played by [[Alan van Sprang]].<ref>{{ cite web | first=Denette| last=Wilford| title='Reign' Cast Gets Down And Dirty With Details on Royal TV Show | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/10/16/reign-cw-tv-show-cast-review_n_4101541.html | date=16 October 2013 | access-date=7 February 2014 | work=The Huffington Post }}</ref>

In the premiere of ''[[The Serpent Queen]]'' (2022), a young Henri (Alex Heath) is shown meeting and marrying Catherine De Medici, performing consummation of the marriage, jousting, and snuggling in the older Diane's arms. Beginning with the fourth episode, older Henri is portrayed by [[Lee Ingleby]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Royal Monogram of King Henri II of France.svg|Royal Monogram
Henri II of France - Limoges.jpg|Detail from portrait plaque, enamel and gilding on copper
Clouet atelier Henri II Roi de France.jpg|Henry II, here [[Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting|standing on an oriental carpet]], continued the policy of [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] of his father [[Francis I of France|Francis I]]. Painting by [[François Clouet]].
Henri II 1547.jpg|Coin of Henry II, 1547
French bastard culverin 1548 with arms of Henri II and Catherine de Medicis and crescent of Diane 85mm 300cm 1076kg.jpg|"[[Calibres de France|Bastard culverin]]" of 1548, with arms of Henri II and [[Catherine de Medicis]] and crescent of [[Diane de Poitiers]]. Caliber: 85&nbsp;mm, length: 300&nbsp;cm, weight: 1076&nbsp;kg.
16th century French cypher machine in the shape of a book with arms of Henri II.jpg|A [[cryptography|cypher machine]] in the shape of a book, with arms of Henri II.
Monument du coeur d'Henri II.jpg|Monument to the Heart of Henry II, Louvre, Paris, sculpture of the [[Charites|Three Graces]] by [[Germain Pilon]] holding a replica of the urn that contained the king's heart
</gallery>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Henry II of France'''
| 2 = 2. [[Francis I of France]]
| 3 = 3. [[Claude of France|Claude, Duchess of Brittany]]
| 4 = 4. [[Charles, Count of Angoulême]]{{sfn|Knecht|1984|pp=1–2}}
| 5 = 5. [[Louise of Savoy]]{{sfn|Knecht|1984|pp=1–2}}
| 6 = 6. [[Louis XII of France]]<ref name="Anselme">{{cite book |title=Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France |volume=1 |trans-title=Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France |last=Anselme de Sainte-Marie |first=Père |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j/f149.image |publisher=La compagnie des libraires |location=Paris |pages=134–136 |language=fr |edition=3rd |year=1726 }}</ref>
| 7 = 7. [[Anne of Brittany|Anne, Duchess of Brittany]]<ref name="Anselme"/>
| 8 = 8. [[John, Count of Angoulême]]<ref name="Adams2010">{{cite book |first=Tracy |last=Adams |title=The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2010 |page=255}}</ref>
| 9 = 9. [[Marguerite de Rohan, Countess of Angoulême|Marguerite de Rohan]]<ref name="Gicquel1986">{{cite book|last=Gicquel|first=Yvonig|author-link=:fr:Yvonig Gicquel|title=Alain IX de Rohan, 1382–1462: un grand seigneur de l'âge d'or de la Bretagne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGgfAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Éditions Jean Picollec|language=fr|isbn=9782864770718|page=480}}</ref>
|10 = 10. [[Philip II, Duke of Savoy]]<ref name="Jackson-Laufer">{{cite book |first=Guida Myrl |last=Jackson-Laufer |title=Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070917 |url-access=registration |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070917/page/231 231]|isbn=9781576070918 }}</ref>
|11 = 11. [[Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483)|Margaret of Bourbon]]<ref name="Jackson-Laufer"/>
|12 = 12. [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]]<ref name="Wilson1991">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Katharina M.|title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA258|year=1991|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780824085476|page=258}}</ref>
|13 = 13. [[Marie of Cleves]]<ref name="Wilson1991"/>
|14 = 14. [[Francis II, Duke of Brittany]]<ref name="Robin2007">{{cite book|last1=Robin|first1=Diana Maury|last2=Larsen|first2=Anne R.|last3=Levin|first3=Carole|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851097722 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ8mdTjxungC&q=anne+of+brittany+born+1477+nantes |page=20}}</ref>
|15 = 15. [[Margaret of Foix]]<ref name="Robin2007"/>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
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*{{cite book |title=Cultural Exchanges Between Brazil and France |editor-first1=Regina R. |editor-last1=Felix |editor-first2=Scott D. |editor-last2=Juall |publisher=[[Purdue University Press]] |year=2016 }}
*{{cite journal |first=M. |last=Frumkin |title=The Origin of Patent |journal=Journal of the Patent Office Society |date=March 1945 |volume=XXVII |number=3}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Antonia |last=Fraser |author-link=Antonia Fraser |title=Mary, byname Mary Queen of Scots |volume=7 |pages=900–901 |encyclopedia=[[The New Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=1991 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Graces, Muses, and Arts: The Urns of Henry II and Francis I |last=Goldberg |first=Victoria L. |journal=Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes |year=1966 |volume=29 |pages=206–218 |doi=10.2307/750716 |jstor=750716 |s2cid=194963087 }}
*{{cite book |first=John |last=Guy |author-link=John Guy (historian) |title=My Heart is my Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots |publisher=[[Penguin Books Ltd]] |year=2012 }}
*{{cite book |title=Anatomy of a Power Elite |first=Robert |last=Harding |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1978 |isbn=0300022026 }}
*{{cite book |first=R.J. |last=Knecht |author-link=Robert Knecht |title=Francis I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 }}
*{{cite book |first=R. J. |last=Knecht |title=Catherine De'Medici |publisher=Longman |year=1997 }}
*{{cite book |first=R.J. |last=Knecht |title=The French Civil Wars, 1562–1598 |publisher=Pearson Education Ltd |year=2000 }}
*{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Konnert |title=Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559–1715 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2006 }}
*{{cite book|first=Janine M |last=Lanza |title=From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris: Gender, Economy, and Law |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2007 }}
*{{cite book |first=Jennifer |last=Loach |title=Edward VI |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2014 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Considerations on "Les Amours de I. du Bellay" |first=Robert V. |last=Merrill |journal=Modern Philology |volume=33 |number=2 |date=November 1935 |pages=129–138 |doi=10.1086/388187 |s2cid=161187778}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cateau-Cambresis |encyclopedia=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization |volume=1 |editor-first=Cathal J. |editor-last=Nolan |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2006}}
*{{cite book |first=César |last=Nostradamus |title=Histoire et Chronique de Provence |publisher=Simon Rigaud |year=1614 }}
*{{cite book |first=Robert J. |last=Sealy |title=The Palace Academy of Henry III |publisher=Droz |year=1981 }}
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*{{cite book |chapter=Marriage a la Mode, 1559: Elisabeth de Valois, Elizabeth I, and the Changing Practice of Dynastic Marriage |first=John |last=Watkins |title=Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England |editor-first1=Carole |editor-last1=Levin |editor-first2=R. O. |editor-last2=Bucholz |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2009 }}
*{{cite book |first=Kathleen |last=Wellman |title=Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2013 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Henry II. of France}}
*[http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/henry-ii-france-dies-tournament-wounds Henry II of France] [[History Today]] V.59 I9.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110425/http://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/naturalization.html Michael Servetus Research- Naturalization] Scholarly graphical study on a document issued by Henry II of France in 1548 and 1549

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Valois|House of Valois, Orléans-Angoulême branch]]|31 March|1519|10 July|1559|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Francis I of France|Francis I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of France]]|years=31 March 1547 – 10 July 1559}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Francis II of France|Francis II]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|fr}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Louis XII of France|Louis II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Orléans]]|years=1519–1536}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans|Charles II]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Francis III, Duke of Brittany|Francis III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Brittany]]|years=10 August 1536 – 31 March 1547}}
{{s-non|reason=Merged in crown}}
|-
{{s-roy|fr}}
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Francis III, Duke of Brittany|Francis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dauphin of France]]|years=10 August 1536 – 31 March 1547}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[Francis II of France|Francis]]}}
|-
{{S-end}}

{{Breton monarchs}}
{{Monarchs of France}}
{{Dukes of Orléans}}
{{Dauphins of France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry 02 of France}}
[[Category:Henry II of France| ]]
[[Category:1519 births]]
[[Category:1559 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century kings of France]]
[[Category:16th-century dukes of Brittany]]
[[Category:Ancien Régime]]
[[Category:Dauphins of France]]
[[Category:Dauphins of Viennois]]
[[Category:French book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:House of Valois-Angoulême]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Nostradamus]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
[[Category:Sport deaths in France]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:1540s in France]]
[[Category:1550s in France]]
[[Category:16th-century peers of France]]<!--as Duke of Brittany-->
[[Category:French people of Breton descent]]
[[Category:Sons of duchesses regnant]]