Editing Henry I, Duke of Brabant

{{Short description|Duke of Brabant (from 1183) and Duke of Lower Lotharingia (from 1190)}}
{{Inline|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox nobility
| name         = Henry I
| title        = [[Duke of Brabant]]<br>[[Duke of Lothier]]
| image        = Hertog Brabant Hendrik I denier.jpg
| caption      = [[Denarius|Denier]] 'au cavalier' with Duke Henry galloping to right; struck in [[Antwerp]] after 1210
| spouse       = [[Matilda of Boulogne, Duchess of Brabant|Matilda of Boulogne]]<br>[[Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant|Marie of France]]
| issue        = [[Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress]]<br>[[Adelaide of Brabant|Adelaide]]<br>Margaret<br>[[Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Holland|Matilda]]<br>[[Henry II, Duke of Brabant]]<br>Godfrey<br>Elizabeth<br>Marie
| noble family = [[House of Reginar]]
| father       = [[Godfrey III, Count of Leuven]]
| mother       = Margaret of Limburg
| birth_date   = {{circa|1165}}
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 5 September 1235
| death_place  = [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Germany]], Holy Roman Empire
| burial_place = [[St. Peter's Church, Leuven]]
}}

'''Henry I''' ({{langx|nl|Hendrik}}, {{langx|fr|Henri}}; c. 1165&nbsp;– 5 September 1235), named "The Courageous", was a member of the [[House of Reginar]] and first [[duke of Brabant]] from 1183/84 until his death.

==Early life==
Henry was possibly born in [[Leuven]] (Louvain), the son of Count [[Godfrey III of Louvain]]{{sfn|George|1875|p=table XXIX}} and his wife Margaret, daughter of Duke [[Henry II of Limburg]]. His father also held the title of a [[landgrave of Brabant]], [[duke of Lower Lorraine]] and [[margrave of Antwerp]]. Henry early appeared as a co-ruler of his father. In 1180,{{sfn|Lambert of Ardres|2007|p=229}} he married [[Matilda of Boulogne, Duchess of Brabant|Matilda of Boulogne]], daughter of [[Marie of Boulogne]] and [[Matthew of Alsace]]{{sfn|George|1875|p=table XXIX}} and on this occasion received the County of [[Brussels]] from his father. He acted as a [[regent]] while Count Godfrey III went on a pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]] from 1182 to 1184.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

==Career==
In 1183, Henry took the title of duke of Brabant. Upon the death of his father in 1190, King [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] confirmed the elevation of Brabant, while he ''[[de facto]]'' abolished the Duchy of [[Lower Lorraine]] by creating the empty title of a [[Duke of Lothier]]. Duke Henry sought to expand his power and soon picked several quarrels with the Count [[Baldwin V of Hainaut]]. He also was in opposition to the German king (emperor from 1191) when his brother [[Albert of Louvain]] was elected [[bishop of Liège]] and murdered shortly afterwards.

Further conflicts with Duke [[Henry III of Limburg]] and Count [[Otto I of Guelders]] followed, before in mid-1197 Henry of Brabant joined the [[Crusade of 1197|Crusade of Henry VI]] as one of the leaders. In October of the same year he took part in the recapture of [[Beirut]] and, then moved to [[Jaffa]] with the crusaders: however, before reaching the city he got news of the death of the King of Jerusalem, [[Henry II, Count of Champagne]], and he returned to [[Acre (city)|Acre]]. Here he acted as regent until the arrival of the new king, [[Amalric II of Jerusalem|Amalric II]].

Back in Germany after the emperor's death in September 1197, Duke Henry supported the [[Imperial election, June 1198|election]] of the [[House of Welf|Welf]] candidate [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]], the fiancé of his daughter [[Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress|Maria]], who rivalled with the [[Hohenstaufen]] scion [[Philip of Swabia]]. He fought against Philip's seconders Count [[Dirk VII of Holland]] and Count Otto of Guelders, however, he switched sides in 1204,{{sfn|Wihoda|2016|p=91}} when he and King [[Philip II of France]] backed Philip against Otto. In 1208, after the assassination of Philip, Henry was proposed as successor by King Philip II. In the war which followed, he finally reached a reconciliation with Emperor Otto IV. Together they fought against King Philip in the 1214 [[Battle of Bouvines]],{{sfn|Wilkinson|2012|p=19}} but the two were defeated.

In 1213, Duke Henry also suffered a heavy defeat against the [[Bishopric of Liège]] in the [[Battle of Steppes]].{{sfn|Schnerb|2010|pp=309–311}} From 1217 to 1218 he joined the [[Fifth Crusade]] to [[Egypt]].{{sfn|Wilson|2021|p=114}}

Under Henry I, there was town policy and town planning. His attention went out to those regions that lent themselves to the extension of his sovereignty and in some locations he used the creation of a new town as an instrument in the political organisation of the area. Among the towns to which the duke gave city rights and trade privileges were [['s-Hertogenbosch]] and [[Eindhoven]].

In 1234, he participated in the [[Stedinger Crusade]]. In 1235, [[Emperor Frederick II]] appointed Henry to travel to [[Kingdom of England|England]] to bring him his fiancée [[Isabella of England|Isabella]], daughter of [[King John of England]]. Henry fell ill on his way back and died at [[Cologne]]. He was buried in [[St. Peter's Church, Leuven|Saint Peter's Church]] at Leuven where his Late Romanesque effigy can still be seen.

==Marriages==
[[File:Heinricus 1 Brabant.jpg|thumb|Effigy of Henry on his seal]]
Henry had six children by his first marriage with [[Matilda of Boulogne, Duchess of Brabant|Mathilde of Boulogne]]:
# [[Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress|Maria]] (c. 1190–1260), married in [[Maastricht]] after 19 May 1214 [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]],{{sfn|George|1875|p=table XXIX}} married July 1220 [[William I, Count of Holland]]{{sfn|Wilkinson|2012|p=145}}
# [[Adelaide of Brabant|Adelaide]] (b. {{circa|1190}}), married 1206 [[Arnold III, Count of Looz|Arnold III]], [[County_of_Loon|Count of Looz]], married 1225 [[William X of Auvergne]] (c. 1195–1247), married before 21 April 1251 Arnold van Wesemaele (d. aft. 1288)
# Margaret (1192–1231), married January 1206 [[Gerard III, Count of Guelders|Gerhard III, Count of Guelders]] (d. 1229){{sfn|Baldwin|2014|p=27}}
# [[Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Holland|Mathilde]] (c. 1200–1267), married in [[Aachen]] in 1212 [[Henry VI, Count Palatine of the Rhine]] (d. 1214), married on 6 December 1214 [[Floris IV, Count of Holland]]{{sfn|Baldwin|2014|p=27}}
# [[Henry II, Duke of Brabant|Henry II of Brabant]] (1207–1248){{sfn|Baldwin|2014|p=27}}
# Godfrey (1209–1254), Lord of Gaesbeek, married Marie van Oudenaarde

His second marriage was on 22 April 1213 in [[Soissons]] to [[Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant|Marie]], daughter of King [[Philip II of France]].{{sfn|Pollock|2015|p=53}} They had two children:
# Ysabeau (Elizabeth) (d. 23 October 1272), married in [[Leuven]] 19 March 1233 Count Dietrich of [[Duchy of Cleves|Cleves]], Lord of [[Dinslaken]] (c. 1214–1244),{{sfn|Behm|1908|p=41}} married 1246, Gerhard II, Count of [[Wassenberg]] (d. 1255)
# Marie, died young (d. 15 August 1224), and was buried at [[Affligem Abbey]].{{sfn|Verbeke|Milis|Goossens|2005|p=168}}

==Death, burial, and tomb==
{{Onesource|section|date=January 2023}}
[[File:20091015 leuven stpierre06.JPG|thumb|Grave of duke Henry]]
In 1235, Henry I was commissioned by the German emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II of Hohenstaufen]] to accompany the imperial fiancée [[Isabella of England|Isabella Plantagenet]] from England to Germany. However, he died en route in Cologne, before he could complete his assignment.

His tomb in [[St. Peter's Church, Leuven|Saint Peter's Church, Leuven]] is the oldest surviving of its kind. The image of Henry I has been idealised in the relief: he is depicted as a smiling young man. In addition, he lies on a high base, wears a long robe and the duke's cloak, and holds a sceptre; his left hand plays with the cord of the mantle. The [[archangel]]s Raphaël and Michael wave the censer at his head. In addition to the tomb of Hendrik I van Brabant, there are also the tombs of his wife Mathilde van Boulogne and his daughter, Maria van Brabant.

Originally, the tomb was at the altar. This was a privilege reserved only for prominent families and high clergy. The initially Romanesque church was replaced by a Gothic church in the fifteenth century. It was then that Hendrik's grave was moved and given a place of honour in front of the high altar. During the French occupation in the eighteenth century, the grave was destroyed and its remains were buried under the tower. 

Only in the mid-19th century was the burial monument restored and placed in the chapel of Saint John of Latheran. The bones of Hendrik I were dug up in 1929, and only a few decades later, namely in 1998, were they put back in the tomb. In the meantime, the monument has been relocated and is back in its original place: in front of the high altar.<ref>'Grafmonument van hertog Hendrik I', Erfgoedplus.be (https://www.erfgoedplus.be/details/24062A51.priref.17497)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dukes of Brabant family tree]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=Pope Gregory X and the Crusades |first=Philip B. |last=Baldwin |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2014 }}
*{{cite book |title=Die ältesten clevischen chroniken und ihr verhältnis zu einander: Wisseler |first=Otto |last=Behm |language=German |publisher=Druck von Emil Eisele |year=1908 }}
*{{cite book |first=Hereford Brooke |last=George |title=Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press |year=1875 }}
*{{cite book |last=Lambert of Ardres |title=The History of The Counts of Guines and Lords of Ardres |translator-first=Leah |translator-last=Shopkow |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2007 }}
*{{cite book |first=M. A. |last=Pollock |title=Scotland, England and France After the Loss of Normandy, 1204-1296 |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2015 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Battle of Steppes |first=Bertrand |last=Schnerb |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |volume=3 |editor-first=Clifford J. |editor-last=Rogers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |pages=309–311 }}
*{{cite book |title=Vladislaus Henry: The Formation of Moravian Identity  |first=Martin |last=Wihoda |publisher=Brill |year=2016 }}
*{{cite book |title=Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England |first=Louise J. |last=Wilkinson |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2012 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Conquest of Santarém and Goswin's Song of the Conquest of Alcácer do Sal |first=Jonathan |last=Wilson |publisher=Routledge |year=2021  }}
*{{cite book |first1=Werner |last1=Verbeke |first2=Ludovicus |last2=Milis |first3=Jean |last3=Goossens |title=Medieval Narrative Sources: A Gateway Into the Medieval Mind |publisher=Leuven University Press |year=2005 }}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k119172c ''Chronique des Ducs de Brabant'', Adrian van Baerland, Antwerp (1612)].

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Reginar]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Godfrey III of Leuven]]|as=[[duke of Lower Lorraine]]<br>and [[landgrave of Brabant]]}})
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Lothier]]|years=1190–1235}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Henry II, Duke of Brabant|Henry II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Brabant]]|years=1183/1184–1235}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry 01, Duke of Brabant}}
[[Category:1160s births]]
[[Category:1235 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century regents]]
[[Category:12th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:13th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:People from Leuven]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Church, Leuven]]
[[Category:People of the Stedinger Crusade]]
[[Category:Christians of the Crusade of 1197]]
[[Category:Christians of the Fifth Crusade]]
[[Category:House of Reginar]]
[[Category:Regents in the Holy Roman Empire]]