Editing Henry Hudson

{{Short description|English explorer (c. 1565 – after 1611)}}
{{Similar names|Henry Hudson (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Henry Hudson
| image              = HenryHudson.jpg
| caption            = One of many speculative portraits{{efn|All known portraits used to represent Henry Hudson were drawn after his death.{{sfn|Butts|2009|p=17}}<ref>{{cite book|last = Hunter|first = D.|date = 2007|title = God's Mercies: rivalry, betrayal and the dream of discovery|url = https://archive.org/details/godsmerciesrival0000hunt|url-access = registration|location = Toronto|publisher = Doubleday|page = [https://archive.org/details/godsmerciesrival0000hunt/page/12 12]|isbn = 978-0385660587}}</ref>}}
| birth_date         = {{circa|1565}}
| birth_place        = [[Kingdom of England]]
| disappeared_date   = {{disappeared date and age|1611|06|23|1565|df=y}}
| disappeared_place  = [[James Bay]], North America
| other_names        = Hendrick Hudson {{in lang|nl}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Sea explorer]]|[[navigator]]}}
| years_active       = 1607–1611 (as explorer)
| employer           = {{plainlist|
* [[Muscovy Company of London]]
* [[Dutch East India Company]]
* [[British East India Company]]
* [[Virginia Company of Plymouth]]}}
| known_for          = {{indented plainlist|
* Exploration of northeastern [[North America]]
* Search for the [[Northeast Passage|Northeast]] and [[Northwest Passage]]s}}
| children           = John Hudson ({{circa}} 1591–1611)
}}

'''Henry Hudson''' ({{circa}} 1565&nbsp;– disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English [[List of maritime explorers|sea explorer]] and [[navigator]] during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the Northeastern United States.

In 1607 and 1608, Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a rumoured [[Northeast Passage]] to [[Cathay]] via a route above the [[Arctic Circle]]. In 1609, he landed in North America on behalf of the [[Dutch East India Company]] and explored the region around the modern [[New York metropolitan area]]. Looking for a [[Northwest Passage]] to [[Asia]]<ref>{{cite book|last = De Laet|first = J.|date = 1625|title = Nieuvve wereldt, ofte, Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien|url = https://archive.org/details/nieuvvewereldtof00laetrich|language = nl|location = Leyden|publisher = Elzevier|page = [https://archive.org/details/nieuvvewereldtof00laetrich/page/83 83]|oclc = 65327738}}</ref> on his ship ''[[Halve Maen]]'' ("Half Moon"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half Moon :: New Netherland Institute |url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/half-moon |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.newnetherlandinstitute.org}}</ref> he sailed up the [[Hudson River]], which was later named after him, and thereby laid the foundation for [[New Netherland|Dutch colonization of the region]]. His contributions to the exploration of the [[New World]] were significant and lasting. His voyages helped to establish European contact with the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native peoples of North America]] and contributed to the development of trade and commerce. 

On his final expedition, while still searching for the Northwest Passage, Hudson became the first European to see [[Hudson Strait]] and the immense [[Hudson Bay]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Rink|first = O. A.|date = 1986|title = Holland on the Hudson: an economic and social history of Dutch New York|location = Ithaca|publisher = [[Cornell University Press]]|page = 29|isbn = 978-0801418662}}</ref> In 1611, after wintering on the shore of [[James Bay]], Hudson wanted to press on to the west, but most of his crew mutinied. The mutineers cast Hudson, his son, and six others adrift; what then happened to the Hudsons and their companions is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography – Hudson, Henry – Volume I (1000–1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Virtually nothing of Hudson's early life is known for certain.{{sfn |Howgego |2003}}<ref name=Pennington>{{cite book|last = Pennington|first = P.|title = The Great Explorers|publisher = Facts on File|year = 1979|location = New York|page = 90}}</ref> His year of birth is variously estimated between 1560 and 1570.{{sfn |Mancall |2009 |page=43}}<ref name=brittania>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274681/Henry-Hudson Henry Hudson's entry in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']</ref>{{sfn |Butts |2009|page=15}} He may have been born in London and it is possible that his father was an [[alderman]] of that city.{{sfn |Howgego |2003}}{{sfn |Mancall |2009 |pages=43-44}} When Hudson first entered the historical record in 1607, he was already an experienced mariner with sufficient credentials to be commissioned the leader of an expedition charged with a search for a trade route across the [[North Pole]].{{sfn |Mancall |2009 |pages=43-44}}

== Exploration ==

=== Expeditions of 1607 and 1608 ===
In 1607, the [[Muscovy Company]] of England hired Hudson to find a northerly route to the Pacific coast of Asia. At the time, the English were engaged in an economic battle with the Dutch for control of northwest routes. It was thought that, because the [[Midnight sun|sun shone for three months]] in the northern latitudes in the summer, the ice would melt, and a ship could make it across the "top of the world".{{sfn |Howgego |2003}}

On 1 May 1607, Hudson sailed with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80-ton ''Hopewell''.{{sfn|Asher|1860|pp=1–22}}{{sfn|Conway|1906|pp=23–30}} They reached the east coast of [[Greenland]] on 13 May, coasting northward until 22 May. Here the party named a headland "Young's Cape", a "very high mount, like a round castle" near it "Mount of God's Mercy" and land at 73°&nbsp;north latitude "[[Hold with Hope]]". After turning east, they sighted "Newland" ([[Spitsbergen]]) on 27 May near the mouth of the great bay Hudson later simply named the "Great Indraught" ([[Isfjorden (Svalbard)|Isfjorden]]).{{sfn |Howgego |2003}}

On 13 July, Hudson and his crew estimated that they had sailed as far north as 80°&nbsp;23′&nbsp;N,{{efn|Observations made during this voyage were often wrong, sometimes greatly so. See Conway 1906.}} but had more likely only reached 79°&nbsp;23′&nbsp;N. The following day they entered what Hudson later in the voyage named "Whales Bay" ([[Krossfjorden]] and [[Kongsfjorden]]), naming its northwestern point "Collins Cape" (Kapp Mitra) after his [[boatswain]], William Collins. They sailed north the following two days. On 16 July, they reached as far north as Hakluyt's Headland (which [[Thomas Edge]] says Hudson named on this voyage) at 79°&nbsp;49′&nbsp;N, thinking they saw the land continue to 82°&nbsp;N ([[Svalbard]]'s northernmost point is 80°&nbsp;49′&nbsp;N) when really it trended to the east. Encountering ice packed along the north coast, they were forced to turn back south. Hudson wanted to make his return "by the north of Greenland to Davis his Streights ([[Davis Strait]]), and so for Kingdom of England", but ice conditions would have made this impossible. The expedition returned to [[Tilbury|Tilbury Hope]] on the [[River Thames]] on 15&nbsp;September.

Hudson reported large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters during this voyage. Many authors{{efn|Sandler 2008, p.&nbsp;407; Umbreit 2005, p.&nbsp;1; {{harvnb|Shorto|2004|p=21}}; Mulvaney 2001, p.&nbsp;38; Davis et al. 1997, p.&nbsp;31; Francis 1990, p.&nbsp;30; Rudmose-Brown 1920, p.&nbsp;312; Chisholm 1911, p.&nbsp;942.}} credit his reports as the catalyst for several nations sending [[whaling]] expeditions to the islands. This claim is contentious; others have pointed to strong evidence that it was [[Jonas Poole]]'s reports in 1610, that led to the establishment of English whaling, and voyages of [[Nicholas Woodcock]] and [[Willem Cornelisz van Muyden]] in 1612, which led to the establishment of Dutch, French and Spanish whaling.{{sfnm|Purchas|1625|1p=24|Conway|1906|2p=53}} The [[History of whaling|whaling industry]] was built by neither Hudson nor Poole—both were dead by 1612.

In 1608, English merchants of the [[East India Company|East India]] and Muscovy Companies again sent Hudson in the ''Hopewell'' to attempt to locate a passage to the Indies, this time to the east around northern Russia. Leaving London on 22&nbsp;April, the ship travelled almost {{convert|2500|mi|abbr=on}}, making it to [[Novaya Zemlya]] well above the [[Arctic Circle]] in July, but even in the summer they found the ice impenetrable and turned back, arriving at [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]] on 26&nbsp;August.{{sfn|Hunter|2009|pp=19–20}}

==== Alleged discovery of Jan Mayen ====
According to [[Thomas Edge]], "William {{sic}} Hudson" in 1608 discovered an island he named "Hudson's Tutches" (Touches) at 71°&nbsp;N,{{sfn|Purchas|1625|p=11}} the latitude of [[Jan Mayen]]. However, records of Hudson's voyages suggest that he could only have come across Jan Mayen in 1607 by making an illogical detour, and historians have pointed out that Hudson himself made no mention of it in his journal.{{efn|"The above relation by Thomas Edge is obviously incorrect. Hudson's Christian name is wrongly given, and the year in which he visited the north coast of Spitsbergen was 1607, not 1608. Moreover, Hudson himself has given an account of the voyage and makes absolutely no mention of Hudson's Tutches. It would have been hardly possible indeed for him to visit Jan Mayen on his way home from Bear Island to the Thames." Wordie 1922, p.&nbsp;182.}} There is also no cartographical proof of this supposed discovery.{{sfn|Hacquebord|2004|p=229}}

[[Jonas Poole]] in 1611 and [[Robert Fotherby]] in 1615 both had possession of Hudson's journal while searching for his elusive Hold-with-Hope—which is now believed to have been on the east coast of Greenland—but neither had any knowledge of any discovery of Jan Mayen, an achievement which was only later attributed to Hudson. Fotherby eventually stumbled across Jan Mayen, thinking it a new discovery and naming it "Sir Thomas Smith's Island",{{sfnm|Purchas|1625|1pp=82–89|Hacquebord|2004|2pp=230–231}} though the first verifiable records of the discovery of the island had been made a year earlier, in 1614.

=== Expedition of 1609 ===
[[File:Henry Hudson Map 26.png|thumb|Hudson's voyages to North America]]
In 1609, Hudson was chosen by merchants of the [[Dutch East India Company]] in the Netherlands to find an easterly passage to Asia. While awaiting orders and supplies in Amsterdam, he heard rumours of a northwest route to the Pacific through North America.<ref name=empire>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empireofthebay/profiles/hudson.html|title=Empire of the Bay: Henry Hudson|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Hudson had been told to sail through the [[Arctic Ocean]] north of Russia, into the Pacific and so to the [[Far East]]. Hudson departed [[Amsterdam]] on 4&nbsp;April, in command of the Dutch ship {{ship||Halve Maen||2}}{{sfn|Hunter|2009|p=11}} (English: Half Moon). He could not complete the specified (eastward) route because ice blocked the passage, as with all previous such voyages, and he turned the ship around in mid-May while somewhere east of Norway's [[North Cape (Norway)|North Cape]]. At that point, acting outside his instructions, Hudson pointed the ship west and decided to try to seek a westerly passage through North America.{{sfn|Hunter|2009|pp=56–57}}

They reached the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]] on 2&nbsp;July, and in mid-July made landfall near the [[LaHave, Nova Scotia|LaHave area]] of [[Nova Scotia]].{{sfn|Hunter|2009|pp=92–94}} Here they encountered [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous people]] who were accustomed to trading with the French; they were willing to trade [[Beaver#Trapping|beaver pelts]], but apparently no trades occurred.{{sfnm|Hunter|2009|1p=98|Juet|1609|2loc=entry of 19&nbsp;July}} The ship stayed in the area about ten days, the crew replacing a broken mast and fishing for food. On the 25 July, a dozen men from the ''Halve Maen'', using muskets and small cannon, went ashore and assaulted the village near their anchorage. They drove the people from the settlement and took their boat and other property—probably pelts and trade goods.{{sfnm|Hunter|2009|1pp=102–105|Juet|1609|2loc=entry of 25&nbsp;July}}

[[File:Halve Maen front.jpg|thumb|Replica of the {{ship||Halve Maen||2}}]]
On 4 August, the ship was at [[Cape Cod]], from which Hudson sailed south to the entrance of the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. Rather than entering the Chesapeake he explored the coast to the north, finding [[Delaware Bay]] but continuing on north. On 3&nbsp;September, he reached the [[New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary|estuary]] of the river that initially was called the "North River" or "Mauritius" and now carries his name. He was not the first European to discover the estuary, though, as it had been known since the voyage of [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] in 1524.

On 6 September 1609, [[John Colman]] of his crew was killed by [[Native Americans in the United States|natives]] with an arrow to his neck.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Roberts |title=New York's Coldest Case: A Murder 400 Years Old |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 September 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/05/nyregion/05murder.html}}</ref> Hudson sailed into the [[Upper New York Bay]] on 11&nbsp;September,<ref>[http://blog.insidetheapple.net/2008/09/new-yorks-many-911-anniversaries-staten.html Nevius, Michelle and James, "New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference"], ''Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City'', 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-31.</ref> and the following day encountered a group of 28 [[Lenape canoes]], buying oysters and beans from the Native Americans, and then began a journey up what is now known as the Hudson River.{{sfn|Juet|1609}} Over the next ten days his ship ascended the river, reaching a point near Stuyvesant Landing (Old Kinderhook), and the ship's boat with five crew members ventured to the vicinity of present-day [[Albany, New York|Albany]].<ref name="Old Kinderhook">{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Edward Augustus |title=A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time |date=1914 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons |location=New York |pages=2–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIY-AAAAYAAJ |access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref>

On 23 September, Hudson decided to return to Europe.{{sfn|Hunter|2009|p=235}} He put in at [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]], England on 7&nbsp;November, and was detained by authorities who wanted access to his log. He managed to pass the log to the Dutch ambassador to England, who sent it, along with his report, to Amsterdam.{{sfn|Shorto|2004|p=31}}

While exploring the river, Hudson had traded with several native groups, mainly obtaining furs. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the [[fur trade]] that prospered there when a trading post was established at Albany in 1614. [[New Amsterdam]] on [[Manhattan#Manhattan Island|Manhattan Island]] became the capital of [[New Netherland]] in 1625.

=== Expedition of 1610–1611 ===
In 1610, Hudson obtained backing for another voyage, this time under the English flag. The funding came from the [[Virginia Company]] and the British [[East India Company]]. At the helm of his new ship, the {{ship||Discovery|1602 ship|2}}, he stayed to the north (some claim he had deliberately stayed too far south on his Dutch-funded voyage),{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} reached [[Iceland]] on 11&nbsp;May, the south of Greenland on 4&nbsp;June, and rounded the southern tip of Greenland.

On 25 June, the explorers reached what is now the [[Hudson Strait]] at the northern tip of [[Labrador]]. Following the southern coast of the strait on 2&nbsp;August, the ship entered [[Hudson Bay]]. Excitement was very high due to the expectation that the ship had finally found the [[Northwest Passage]] through the continent. Hudson spent the following months mapping and exploring its eastern shores, but he and his crew did not find a passage to Asia. In November, the ship became trapped in the ice in [[James Bay]], and the crew moved ashore for the winter.

==== Mutiny ====
When the ice cleared in the spring of 1611, Hudson planned to use his ''Discovery'' to further explore Hudson Bay with the continuing goal of discovering the Passage; however, most of the members of his crew ardently desired to return home. Matters came to a head and much of the crew mutinied in June. Descriptions of the successful mutiny are one-sided, because the only survivors who could tell their story were the mutineers and those who went along with the mutiny.

In the latter class was ship's navigator, [[Abacuk Pricket]], a survivor who kept a journal that was to become one of the sources for the narrative of the mutiny. According to Pricket, the leaders of the mutiny were Henry Greene and Robert Juet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Henry Hudson: Definition & Discoveries |url=https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/henry-hudson |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> The latter, a navigator, had accompanied Hudson on the 1609 expedition, and his account is said to be "the best contemporary record of the voyage".<ref name=norton>{{cite book |title=Norton Anthology of American Literature |edition=9th |volume=1 |pages=98–102 |isbn=978-0393935714 |publisher=Norton |location=London |year=2017 |editor1-first=Robert S.|editor1-last=Levine}}</ref> Pricket's narrative tells how the mutineers set Hudson, his teenage son John, and seven crewmen—men who were either sick and infirm or loyal to Hudson—adrift from the ''Discovery'' in a small [[shallop]], an open boat, effectively marooning them in Hudson Bay. The Pricket journal reports that the mutineers provided the castaways with clothing, powder and shot, some pikes, an iron pot, some food, and other miscellaneous items.  

==== Disappearance ====
[[File:Last Voyage Of Henry Hudson.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|''[[The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson]]'', [[John Collier (painter)|John Collier]]'s 1881 painting of Hudson, his son, and loyal crew set adrift]]
After the mutiny, Hudson's shallop broke out oars and tried to keep pace with the ''Discovery'' for some time. Pricket recalled that the mutineers finally tired of the pursuit and unfurled additional sails aboard the ''Discovery'', enabling the larger vessel to leave the tiny open boat behind. Hudson and the other seven aboard the shallop were never seen by Europeans again. Despite subsequent searches, including those conducted by [[Thomas Button]] in 1612 and by [[Zachariah Gillam]] in 1668–1670, their fate is unknown.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Button Searches for Remains of Henry Hudson|url=http://canadiancoinnews.com/thomas-button-searches-for-remains-of-henry-hudson/|publisher=Trajan Publishing Corporation|date=14 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051646/http://canadiancoinnews.com/thomas-button-searches-for-remains-of-henry-hudson/|archive-date=29 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Aftermath of Hudson's Voyages and Related Notes|url=http://www.ianchadwick.com/hudson/hudson_05.htm|publisher=Ian Chadwick|date=19 January 2007|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

====Pricket's reliability====
While Pricket's account is one of the few surviving records of the voyage, its reliability has been questioned by some historians. Pricket's journal and testimony have been severely criticized for bias, on two grounds. Firstly, prior to the mutiny the alleged leaders of the uprising, Greene and Juet, had been friends and loyal seamen of Hudson. Secondly, Greene and Juet did not survive the return voyage to England (Juet, who had been the navigator on the return journey, died of starvation a few days before the company reached Ireland<ref name=norton/>). Pricket knew he and the other survivors of the mutiny would be tried in England for [[piracy]], and it would have been in his interest, and the interest of the other survivors, to put together a narrative that would place the blame for the mutiny upon men who were no longer alive to defend themselves.

The Pricket narrative became the controlling story of the expedition's disastrous end. Only eight of the thirteen mutinous crewmen survived the return voyage to Europe. They were arrested in England, and some were put on trial, but no punishment was imposed for the mutiny. One theory holds that the survivors were considered too valuable as sources of information to execute, as they had travelled to the New World and could describe sailing routes and conditions.<ref>{{cite DCB|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html |title=Hudson, Henry |volume=1 |first=L. H. |last=Neatby}}</ref>

====Later developments====
In 1612, [[Nicolas de Vignau]] claimed he saw wreckage of an English ship on the shores of [[James Bay]], located on the southern end of Hudson Bay—while this was discounted at the time by [[Samuel de Champlain]], historians believe it may have credence.<ref name=heinrich/>

British-born Canadian author [[Dorothy Harley Eber]] (1925–2022) collected [[Inuit]] testimonies that she thought made reference to Hudson and his son after the mutiny.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} According to these, an old man with a long white beard and a young boy arrived in a small wooden boat. The Inuit had never seen a white person before, but they took them to an encampment and fed them. After the old man died, the Inuit tethered the boy to one of their houses so he would not run away. Despite the long time passed, the story might be given some credence after long-ignored Inuit testimonies proved reliable enough to lead to the discovery of the wrecks of the two ships of [[Franklin's lost expedition]] of 1845, {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} and {{HMS|Terror|1813|6}}, in the 2010s. [[Charles Francis Hall]], who searched for Franklin in the mid-19th century, also collected Inuit stories that he interpreted as references to the even earlier expedition of [[Martin Frobisher]], who explored the area and mined [[fool's gold]] in 1578.<ref name = "Roobol">Roobol, M.J. (2019) ''Franklin's Fate: An investigation into what happened to the lost 1845 expedition of Sir John Frankin.'' Conrad Press, 368 pp.</ref>

In the late 1950s, a {{convert|150|lb|kg|adj=on}} stone near [[Deep River, Ontario]], which is approximately {{convert|600|km|mi}} south of James Bay, was found to have carving on it with Hudson's initials (H. H.), the year 1612, and the word "captive".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-carving-on-rock-henry-h/134251134/ |title=Carving on Rock Henry Hudson, 1612? |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |page=21 |date=September 21, 1962 |accessdate=October 28, 2023 |via=newspaper.com}}</ref> While lettering on the stone was consistent with English maps of the 17th century, the [[Geological Survey of Canada]] was unable to determine when the carving was made.<ref name=heinrich>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ottawa-citizen-a-secret-etched-in-st/134251252/ |title=A secret etched in stony silence |first=Jeff |last=Heinrich |newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |page=C3 |date=August 13, 1989 |accessdate=October 28, 2023 |via=newspaper.com}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The bay visited by and named after Hudson is three times the size of the [[Baltic Sea]], and its [[List of Hudson Bay rivers|many large estuaries]] afford access to otherwise landlocked parts of [[Western Canada]] and the [[Arctic]]. This allowed the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] to exploit a lucrative fur trade along its shores for more than two centuries, growing powerful enough to influence the history and present international boundaries of western North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact |url=http://henryhudson11.weebly.com/impact.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Henry Hudson}}</ref>

Along with Hudson Bay and [[Hudson Strait]] in Canada, many other topographical features and landmarks are named for Hudson. The [[Hudson River]] in New York and New Jersey is named after him, as are [[Hudson County, New Jersey]], the [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]], and the city of [[Hudson, New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=Henry Hudson {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Hudson |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Age of Discovery]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910|List of people who disappeared before 1910]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last = Asher|first = G. M.|date = 1860|title = Henry Hudson, the navigator: the original document in which his career is recorded|location = London|publisher = [[Hakluyt Society]]|oclc = 1083477542}}
*{{cite book|last = Butts|first = E.|title = Henry Hudson: New World Voyager|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2009|location = Toronto |isbn = 978-1554884551}}
* {{cite book|last = Conway|first = W. M.|author-link = Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington|date = 1906|title = No Man's Land: a history of Spitsbergen from its discovery in 1596|title-link = :iarchive:nomanslandhistor00conwuoft|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]|oclc = 665157586}}
* {{cite book|contributor-last = Hacquebord|contributor-first = L.|date = 2004|contribution = The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry|title = Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus|author = Skreslet, S.|location = Dordrecht|publisher = [[Kluwer Academic]]|isbn = 978-1402029554|pages = 229–238}}
*{{cite encyclopedia| editor-last = Howgego| editor-first = Raymond John| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Exploration to 1800| title = Hudson, Henry| year = 2003| publisher = Hordern House |isbn=1875567364 |pages=523–525}}
* {{cite book|last = Hunter|first = D.|date = 2009|title = Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World|location = New York|publisher = [[Bloomsbury Press]]|isbn = 978-1596916807|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/halfmoonhenryhud00hunt}}
* {{cite book |last=Juet |first=Robert |year=1609 |title=Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage |others=From the 1625 edition of Purchas His Pilgrimes; transcribed 2006 by Brea Barthel |url=http://www.halfmoon.mus.ny.us/Juets-modified.pdf |access-date=22 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628030233/http://www.halfmoon.mus.ny.us/Juets-modified.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}
* {{cite book| last =Mancall| first =Peter| title = Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson, A Tale of Mutiny and Murder in the Arctic| url =https://archive.org/details/fataljourneyfina0000manc| url-access =registration| publisher =Basic Books| date =2009|location =New York| page =[https://archive.org/details/fataljourneyfina0000manc/page/303 303]| isbn = 978-0465005116 }}
* {{cite book |last=Purchas |first=S. |year=1625 |title=Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others}} Volumes XIII and XIV (Reprint 1906 J. Maclehose and sons).
* {{cite book|last = Sandler|first = C.|title = Henry Hudson: Dreams and Obsession|publisher = Kensington Publishing Corp.|year = 2007|location = New York|page = 26}}
* {{cite book|last = Shorto|first = R.|author-link = Russell Shorto|date = 2004|title = The Island at the Center of the World: the epic story of Dutch Manhattan|location = New York|publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|isbn = 978-0385503495|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/islandatcenterof00shor}}
* Wordie, J.M. (1922). "Jan Mayen Island", ''The Geographical Journal''. Vol 59 (3).
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Henry Hudson |volume= XII |last= |first= |author-link= | pages=332–333 |short=1}}
* {{OL subject|person:henry_hudson_(d._1611)}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Polar exploration}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hudson, Henry}}
[[Category:16th-century English explorers]]
[[Category:17th-century English explorers]]
[[Category:1560s births]]
[[Category:1610s deaths]]
[[Category:1610s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Dutch East India Company people]]
[[Category:English explorers of North America]]
[[Category:English navigators]]
[[Category:Sailors from London]]
[[Category:Explorers of Canada]]
[[Category:Explorers of Svalbard]]
[[Category:British explorers of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Explorers of the United States]]
[[Category:Lost explorers]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Muscovy Company]]