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{{short description|American politician and diplomat (1902–1985)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = File:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr (R-MA).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 1960 | office = [[United States Ambassador to the Holy See|Personal Representative of the President to the Holy See]] | president = [[Richard Nixon]]<br />[[Gerald Ford]]<br />[[Jimmy Carter]] | term_start = June 5, 1970 | term_end = July 6, 1977 | predecessor = [[Harold H. Tittmann Jr.]] (acting) | successor = [[David M. Walters]] | office1 = [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany|United States Ambassador to West Germany]] | president1 = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] | term_start1 = May 27, 1968 | term_end1 = January 14, 1969 | predecessor1 = [[George C. McGhee]] | successor1 = [[Kenneth Rush]] | office2 = [[List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam|United States Ambassador to South Vietnam]] | president2 = Lyndon B. Johnson | term_start2 = August 25, 1965 | term_end2 = April 25, 1967 | predecessor2 = [[Maxwell D. Taylor]] | successor2 = [[Ellsworth Bunker]] | president3 = [[John F. Kennedy]]<br />Lyndon B. Johnson | term_start3 = August 26, 1963 | term_end3 = June 28, 1964 | predecessor3 = [[Frederick Nolting]] | successor3 = Maxwell D. Taylor | office4 = 3rd [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations|United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] | president4 = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] | term_start4 = January 26, 1953 | term_end4 = September 3, 1960 | predecessor4 = [[Warren Austin]] | successor4 = [[James Jeremiah Wadsworth|Jerry Wadsworth]] | jr/sr5 = United States Senator | state5 = [[Massachusetts]] | term_start5 = January 3, 1947 | term_end5 = January 3, 1953 | predecessor5 = [[David I. Walsh]] | successor5 = John F. Kennedy | term_start6 = January 3, 1937 | term_end6 = February 3, 1944 | predecessor6 = [[Marcus A. Coolidge]] | successor6 = [[Sinclair Weeks]] | state_house7 = Massachusetts | district7 = [[Massachusetts House of Representatives' 15th Essex district|15th Essex]] | term_start7 = 1932 | term_end7 = 1936 | predecessor7 = Herbert Wilson Porter | successor7 = [[Russell P. Brown]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1902|7|5}} | birth_place = [[Nahant, Massachusetts]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1985|2|27|1902|7|5}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Beverly, Massachusetts]], U.S.}} | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = {{marriage|Emily Sears|July 1, 1926}} | children = 2, including [[George C. Lodge|George]] | parents = [[George Cabot Lodge]]<br />Mathilda Frelinghuysen Davis | relatives = [[Lodge family]] | education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | branch = [[United States Army]] | rank = [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[World War II]] ** [[Battle of Gazala]] {{tree list/end}} }} '''Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.''' (July 5, 1902 – February 27, 1985) was an American diplomat and politician who represented [[Massachusetts]] in the United States Senate and served as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations|United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] in the administration of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. In [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], he was the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] on a ticket with [[Richard Nixon]], who had served two terms as Eisenhower's vice president. The Republican ticket narrowly lost to Democrats [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]; Lodge later served as a diplomat in the administrations of Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and [[Gerald Ford]]. Lodge was a presidential contender in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] primary campaign. Born in [[Nahant, Massachusetts]], Lodge was the grandson of Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] and the great-grandson of Secretary of State [[Frederick T. Frelinghuysen|Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]]. After graduating from [[Harvard University]], Lodge won election to the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]. He defeated Democratic governor [[James Michael Curley]] in 1936 to represent Massachusetts in the United States Senate. He resigned from the Senate in 1944 to serve in Italy and France during World War II. Lodge remained in the [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] after the war and eventually rose to the rank of major general. In 1946, Lodge defeated incumbent Democratic Senator [[David I. Walsh]] to return to the Senate. He led the [[Draft Eisenhower movement]] before the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]] and [[Campaign manager|managed]] Eisenhower's successful campaign for the Republican presidential nomination at the [[1952 Republican National Convention]]. Eisenhower defeated Democratic nominee [[Adlai Stevenson II]] in the general election, but Lodge lost his own [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|re-election campaign]] to then-Congressman Kennedy. Lodge was named as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations|ambassador to the United Nations]] in 1953 and became a member of Eisenhower's Cabinet. Vice President Nixon chose Lodge as his running mate in the 1960 presidential election, but the Republican ticket lost the close election. In 1963, the now-President Kennedy appointed Lodge to the position of [[List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam|Ambassador to South Vietnam]], where Lodge supported the [[1963 South Vietnamese coup]]. In 1964, Lodge won by a plurality a number of that year's party presidential primaries and caucuses on the strength of his name, reputation, and respect among many voters, though the nomination went to [[Barry Goldwater]]. This effort was encouraged and directed by a low-budget but high-impact grassroots campaign by academic and political amateurs. He continued to represent the United States in various countries under Presidents Johnson, Nixon, and Ford. Lodge led the U.S. delegation that signed the [[Paris Peace Accords]] with [[North Vietnam]], leading to the end of the [[Vietnam War]]. He died in [[Beverly, Massachusetts]], in 1985. ==Early life and education== Lodge was born in [[Nahant, Massachusetts]]. His father was [[George Cabot Lodge]], a poet, through whom he was a grandson of Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], great-great-grandson of Senator [[Elijah H. Mills]], and great-great-great-grandson of Senator [[George Cabot]]. Through his mother, Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen (Davis), he was a great-grandson of Senator [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3URAQAAMAAJ|title = The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: 1981-1985|isbn = 978-0-684-80492-7|last1 = Jackson|first1 = Kenneth T.|last2 = Markoe|first2 = Karen|last3 = Markoe|first3 = Arnie|year = 1998| publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons }}</ref> and a great-great-grandson of Senator [[John Davis (Massachusetts governor)|John Davis]]. He had two siblings: [[John Davis Lodge]] (1903–1985), also a politician, and Helena Lodge de Streel (1905–1998).<ref name=JohnDavisLodge>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000395|title=LODGE, John Davis, (1903–1985)|dictionary=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]|access-date=July 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Photographs II|url=http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fap039|work=The Massachusetts Historical Society|publisher=MHS|access-date=December 24, 2011|archive-date=November 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126205231/http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fap039}}</ref> Lodge attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]] and graduated from [[Middlesex School]]. In 1924, he graduated cum laude from [[Harvard College]], where he was a member of the [[Hasty Pudding Club|Hasty Pudding]] and the [[Fox Club (Harvard)|Fox Club]].<ref name=hcl>{{cite news| last =Gale| first =Mary Ellen| title =Lodge at Harvard: Loyal Conservation 'Who Knew Just What He Wanted to Do'| newspaper =The Harvard Crimson| date =November 4, 1960| url =https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1960/11/4/lodge-at-harvard-loyal-conservation-who/| access-date =February 14, 2022}}</ref> Lodge worked in the newspaper business from 1924 to 1931. He was elected in 1932, and served in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] from 1933 to 1936.<ref name=HenryCabotLodgeJr>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000394|title=LODGE, Henry Cabot, Jr.,(1902 - 1985)|dictionary=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]|access-date=January 15, 2016}}</ref> ==U.S. senator (1937–1944, 1947–1953) and World War II service (1944–1945)== In November 1936, Lodge was elected to the [[United States Senate]] as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], defeating Democrat [[James Michael Curley]]. He served from January 1937 to February 1944. ===World War II=== Lodge served with distinction during the war, rising to the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]]. During the war he saw two tours of duty. The first was in 1942 while he was also serving as a U.S. senator. The second was in 1944 and 1945 after he resigned from the Senate.{{citation needed|date = December 2014}} The first period was a continuation of Lodge's longtime service as an Army Reserve officer. Lodge was a major in the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]]. That tour ended in July 1942, when President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered congressmen serving in the military to resign one of the two positions, and Lodge, who chose to remain in the Senate, was ordered by Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]] to return to Washington. During this brief service, he led a squadron of American tankers at [[Battle of Gazala|Gazala]]; they were the first Americans to engage German troops on land in the war.<ref name="services" /> After returning to Washington and winning re-election in November 1942, Lodge went to observe allied troops serving in Egypt and Libya,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014144432/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884529,00.html "Into the Funnel"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 1942-07-42.</ref> and in that position, he was on hand for the British retreat from [[Tobruk]].<ref name="services">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014144610/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795996,00.html "For Services Rendered"], ''Time'', July 20, 1942.</ref> Lodge served the first year of his new Senate term but then resigned his Senate seat on February 3, 1944, in order to return to active duty,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214224635/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885342,00.html "Lodge in the Field"], ''Time'', February 14, 1944.</ref> the first U.S. senator to do so since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=l000394|title=Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr. - Biographical Information|website=bioguide.congress.gov|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref> He saw action in Italy and France. In the fall of 1944, Lodge single-handedly captured a four-man German patrol.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080620001210/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803309,00.html "People"], ''Time'', October 9, 1944.</ref> At the end of the war, in 1945, he used his knowledge of the [[French language]] and culture, gained from attending school in [[Paris]], to aid [[Jacob L. Devers]], the commander of the [[Sixth United States Army Group]], to coordinate activities with the [[First Army (France)#1944–1945|French First Army]] commander, [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], and then carry out surrender negotiations with German forces in western [[Austria]].{{citation needed|date = December 2014}} Lodge was decorated with the French [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] and [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] with palm.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111114173420/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797343-2,00.html "Reservations"], ''Time'', March 19, 1945.</ref> His American decorations included the [[Legion of Merit]] and the [[Bronze Star Medal]]. After the war, Lodge returned to Massachusetts and resumed his political career. He continued his status as an Army Reserve officer and rose to the rank of major general.<ref>{{cite book |date=1975 |series=The United States and the United Nations |title=Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HH7z6E2zw0C |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=1960 |title=Army, Navy, Air Force Journal |volume=97 |issue=27–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfkYAQAAMAAJ |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Army and Navy Journal Incorporated |page=785}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=1985 |title=Obituary: Henry Cabot Lodge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdEAQAAIAAJ |magazine=[[ARMY Magazine]] |volume=35 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Association of the United States Army |page=15}}</ref> ===Return to Senate and the drafting of Eisenhower=== In 1946 Lodge defeated Democratic Senator [[David I. Walsh]] and returned to the Senate. He soon emerged as a spokesman for the moderate, internationalist wing of the Republican Party. After World War II, which Lodge believed was in part caused by American isolationism, he came to advocate internationalism, saying: "The ideal of a provincial nation has given way to the realization that we have become the world's greatest power ... World War II first taught us the value of collective security."{{sfn|Richardson|1985|p=151}} In March 1950, Lodge sat on a subcommittee of the Government Operations Committee, chaired by Democratic Senator [[Millard Tydings]], which looked into Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s list of possibly communist State Department employees. Lodge argued in hearings that Tydings demonized McCarthy and whitewashed McCarthy's supposed discovery of security leaks at the State Department. Lodge told Tydings: <blockquote>Mr. Chairman, this is the most unusual procedure I have seen in all the years I have been here. Why cannot the senator from Wisconsin get the normal treatment and be allowed to make his statement in his own way, ... and not be pulled to pieces before he has had a chance to offer one single consecutive sentence. ... I do not understand what kind of game is being played here.<ref>Tydings hearing p.11</ref></blockquote> In July 1950, the record of the committee hearing was printed, and Lodge was outraged to find that 35 pages were not included.<ref>''Congressional Record'', July 24, 1950, 10813-14</ref> Lodge noted that his objections to the conduct of the hearing and his misgivings about the inadequacy of vetting suspected traitors were missing,<ref>''Congressional Record'', July 24, 1950, pp 10815-19.</ref> and that the edited version read as if all committee members agreed that McCarthy was at fault and that there was no Communist infiltration of the State Department.<ref>Tydings report, p. 167</ref> Lodge stated "I shall not attempt to characterize these methods of leaving out of the printed text parts of the testimony and proceedings ... because I think they speak for themselves." Lodge soon fell out with McCarthy and joined the effort to reduce McCarthy's influence.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Blacklisted by History|last = Evans|first = M.Stanton|publisher = Crown Forum|year = 2007|isbn = 978-1-4000-8105-9|location = USA|pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400081059/page/444 444]|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400081059/page/444}}</ref> In late 1951, Lodge [[Draft Eisenhower|helped persuade]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to run for the Republican presidential nomination. When Eisenhower finally consented, Lodge served as his campaign manager and played a key role in helping Eisenhower to [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1952|win the nomination]] over Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]], the candidate of the party's conservative faction.{{sfn|Richardson|1985|p=149}} Taft favored a quasi-isolationist foreign policy, being opposed to American membership in NATO and the United Nations, and Lodge wanted Eisenhower to run in order to pull the GOP away from Taft's ideology. Gossip talk of the day said that he reportedly declined an offer to be Ike's running mate.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} ===1952 Senate campaign=== In the fall of 1952, Lodge found himself fighting in a tight race for re-election with [[John F. Kennedy]], then a U.S. Representative. His efforts in helping Eisenhower caused Lodge to neglect his own campaign. In addition, some of Taft's supporters in Massachusetts defected from Lodge to the Kennedy campaign out of anger over Lodge's support of Eisenhower.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Whalen |first=Thomas J.|title=Kennedy versus Lodge: The 1952 Massachusetts Senate Race | year=2000 | publisher=Northeastern University Press | location=Boston, Mass. | isbn=978-1-55553-462-2}}</ref> In November 1952 [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952|Lodge was defeated by Kennedy]]; Lodge received 48.5% of the vote to Kennedy's 51.5%. This was the second of three Senate elections contested between a member of the Republican Lodge family and a member of the Democratic Fitzgerald-Kennedy clan, after [[1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|the 1916 election between Lodge's and Kennedy's grandfathers]] and before [[1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|the 1962 special election between Lodge's son and Kennedy's younger brother Ted]]. Kennedy was congratulated for his victory by his dominating father, Joseph Kennedy Sr, saying at long last an Irish Catholic had humbled a scion of the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] [[Boston Brahmin]] elite, saying that this was the most satisfying of all his son's electoral victories.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=217}} ==Ambassador to the United Nations (1953–1960)== Lodge was named [[United States Ambassadors to the United Nations|U.S. ambassador]] to the [[United Nations]] by President Eisenhower in February 1953, with his office elevated to Cabinet-level rank. In contrast to [[Henry Cabot Lodge|his grandfather]] (who had been a principal opponent of the UN's predecessor, the [[League of Nations]]), Lodge was supportive of the UN as an institution for promoting peace. As he famously said about it, "This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isn't created to take you to heaven."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bartleby.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208193018/http://bartleby.com/63/11/1111.html|title=Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby|archive-date=February 8, 2007|website=www.bartleby.com}}</ref> Since then, no one has even approached his record of seven and a half years as ambassador to the UN. During his time as UN Ambassador, Lodge supported the [[Cold War]] policies of the Eisenhower administration, and often engaged in debates with the UN representatives of the [[Soviet Union]]. Lodge often appeared on television "talking tough" to Soviet diplomats, and famously responded to the charge that the United States was responsible for aggression around the world by saying: "Membership in the United Nations gives every member the right to make a fool of himself, and that is the right of which the Soviet Union, in this case, has taken full advantage of."{{sfn|Richardson|1985|p=149-150}} During the CIA-sponsored [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état|overthrowing of the legitimate Guatemalan government]], when Britain and France became concerned about the US being involved in the aggression, Lodge (as US Ambassador to the United Nations) threatened to withdraw US support to Britain on Egypt and Cyprus, and to France on Tunisia and Morocco, unless they backed the US in their action.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Great Britain's Latin American Dilemma: The Foreign Office and the Overthrow of 'Communist' Guatemala, June 1954 |first=John W. |last=Young |journal=[[International History Review]] |volume=8 |issue=4 |year=1986 |pages=573–592 [p. 584] |doi=10.1080/07075332.1986.9640425 }}</ref> When the government was overthrown, the [[United Fruit Company]], of which Lodge was a significant stockholder,<ref name=Cohen186>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Rich |year=2012 |title=The Fish that Ate the Whale |url=https://archive.org/details/fishthatatewhale00cohe |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux |page=[https://archive.org/details/fishthatatewhale00cohe/page/186 186]|isbn=978-0-374-29927-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayala |first=Cesar J |year=1999 |title=American Sugar Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/americansugarkin00ayal |url-access=registration |location=Chapel Hill, NC |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-0-8078-4788-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Keen |first1=Benjamin |author1-link=Benjamin Keen |last2=Haynes |first2=Keith |title=A History of Latin America |date=2013 |publisher=Wadsworth |location=Boston |page=444 |edition=9th}}</ref> re-established itself in Guatemala. The episodes tainted an otherwise distinguished career and painted Lodge as a face of US imperialism and exceptionalism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schlesinger|first1=Stephen|last2=Kinzer|first2=Stephen|title=Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala|year=1983|publisher=Doubleday & Company, Inc.|isbn=0-385-18354-2}}</ref> In 1959, he escorted Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] on a [[State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States|highly publicized tour]] of the United States.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=217}} In 1960 he embarked on a reciprocal tour of the Soviet Union, including stops at the [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]] in Samarkand.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 22, 1960 |title=People |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,939606,00.html |magazine=Time |volume=LXXV |issue=8}}</ref> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Cabotlodgetimecover.jpg|thumb|left|Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. on the cover of ''Time'' magazine, September 1960]] --> == 1960 vice presidential campaign == [[File:President John F. Kennedy meets with Henry Cabot Lodge, Director General of The Atlantic Institute.jpg|thumb|right|President John F. Kennedy meets with Director General of the [[Atlantic Institute]], Henry Cabot Lodge, in the Oval Office, White House, Washington, D.C., 1961.]]{{See also|1960 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection|1960 United States presidential election}} Lodge left the UN ambassadorship, turning over his seat to Deputy Chief Jerry Wadsworth during the [[1960 U.S. presidential election|election of 1960]] to run for [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] on the Republican ticket headed by [[Richard Nixon]], against Lodge's old foe, John F. Kennedy. Before choosing Lodge, Nixon had also considered Representative [[Walter Judd (politician)|Walter Judd]] of [[Minnesota]] and Senator [[Thruston B. Morton]] of [[Kentucky]].<ref name="piet">{{cite book |last1=Pietrusza |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq4c9XDOSxQC&q=nixon+lodge+1960 |title=1960: LBJ Vs. JFK Vs. Nixon : the Epic Campaign that Forged Three Presidencies |date=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=9781402761140 |pages=225–230 |accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref> Eisenhower had supported the choice of Lodge.<ref name="donaldson2">{{cite book |last1=Donaldson |first1=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxolK9z1zh0C&q=nixon+lodge+1960 |title=The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960 |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780742548008 |pages=90–91 |accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref> Nixon finally settled on Lodge in the mistaken hope that Lodge's presence on the ticket would force Kennedy to divert time and resources to securing his Massachusetts base, but Kennedy won his home state handily. Nixon also felt that the name Lodge had made for himself in the United Nations as a foreign policy expert would prove useful against the relatively inexperienced Kennedy.<ref name="donaldson2" /> Nixon and Lodge lost the election in a razor-thin vote. The choice of Lodge proved to be questionable. He did not carry his home state for Nixon. Also, some conservative Republicans charged that Lodge had cost the ticket votes, particularly in the South, by his pledge (made without Nixon's approval) that if elected, Nixon would name at least one African American to a [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] post.{{sfn|White|2009|p=297}} He suggested appointing the diplomat [[Ralph Bunche]] as a "wonderful idea".<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', October 14, 1960</ref> Nixon was furious at Lodge for this pledge, and accused him of spending too much time campaigning with minority groups, instead of the white majority.{{sfn|White|2009|p=297}} One Republican from West Virginia said of Lodge's speech: "Whoever recommended that Harlem speech should have been thrown out of an airplane at 25,000 feet".{{sfn|White|2009|p=297}} Between 1961 and 1962, Lodge was the first director-general of the [[Atlantic Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/small.pdf |title=The Atlantic Council—The Early Years |author=[[Melvin Small]] |date=June 1, 1998 |publisher=NATO}}</ref> ==Ambassador to South Vietnam (1963–1964)== {{One source|section|date=January 2023}} [[File:Cabot Lodge (1964).jpg|thumb|Lodge in 1964]] Kennedy appointed Lodge [[List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam|ambassador to South Vietnam]], which he held from 1963 to 1964. Lodge's appointment came as Kennedy began to lose confidence in South Vietnam's President [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]], particularly after Diệm denied culpability for the [[Huế Phật Đản shootings]] and instead blamed the [[Viet Cong]].{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=280}} As the current ambassador, [[Frederick Nolting]], was a partisan of Diệm, Kennedy felt it was time for a new ambassador who would be tough on Diệm in a way that Nolting never could be. Furthermore, Nolting had considered it his duty to silence unfavourable press coverage of Diệm, causing him to feud with reporters who wrote that the Diem regime was corrupt and unpopular.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=296}} On June 27, 1963, Kennedy named Lodge as his ambassador to South Vietnam.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=280-282}} Lodge had visited Vietnam as a newsman in the 1930s, and though he spoke no Vietnamese, he was fluent in French, a language widely used by the South Vietnamese elite.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=281-282}} More importantly, Kennedy was haunted by the way that the "[[loss of China]]" had badly damaged the Truman administration, and feeling that South Vietnam might likewise now be lost, wanted a well-known Republican politician as his ambassador in South Vietnam to shield him from potential Republican attacks that he "lost" South Vietnam.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=281-282}} Kennedy had chosen Lodge because he knew he would accept.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=217}} The Cabot Lodges were one of the most distinguished Boston Brahmin families with a long history of public service, and that given his pride in his family's history, Lodge would never turn down an opportunity to serve the United States.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=217}} Lodge for his part believed that if he was successful as an ambassador to an important American ally in the middle of a crisis, that would help his presidential ambitions.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=281-282 & 345}} When Kennedy asked Lodge if he was willing to serve as an ambassador, Lodge replied: "If you need me, of course, I want to do it".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=217}} Eisenhower warned Lodge against taking the job, believing that Kennedy only offered Republicans the more difficult jobs to damage their reputations.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=218}} Despite Eisenhower's advice, Lodge told him that he felt it was his patriotic duty to accept, saying that the Cabot Lodges had always served the United States regardless if the president was a Democrat or a Republican, and he was not going to break with his family's traditions.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=218}} Lodge arrived in Saigon on August 22, 1963, finding a city gripped by protests in response to the [[Xá Lợi Pagoda raids]] that had taken place the night before.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=285-286}} Thrust into the crisis, Lodge received a cable from Kennedy demanding to know what was going on, and in his reply Lodge wrote that [[Ngô Đình Nhu]] had ordered the raids "probably" with the "full support" of Diem.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=286}} In his first press conference, Lodge gave a roistering talk about the freedom of the press, earning cheers from the reporters who resented Nolting's attempts to silence them.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=220}} Knowing that Lodge had been sent to Saigon to be tough with Diem, some of the reporters taunted South Vietnamese officials present by saying: "Our new mandarin is going to lick your old mandarin".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=220}} One of Lodge's first acts as ambassador was to visit the [[United States Agency for International Development|Agency for International Development]] (AID) office in Saigon, where two Buddhist monks had taken refuge, and to whom he agreed to grant asylum.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=221}} When Lodge learned that the two monks were vegetarians, he ordered the AID workers to bring them only vegetables and fruits.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=221}} Ever since July 1963, a group of senior South Vietnamese generals had been in contact with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), asking for American support for a [[coup d'état]]. Lodge advised caution, saying a coup would be a "shot in the dark".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=286}} On August 26, Lodge arrived at the [[Gia Long Palace]] to present his credentials to President Diem.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=288}} As Lodge spoke no Vietnamese and Diem no English, they talked in French. Lodge had a very poor working relationship with Diem, as both men were from wealthy and distinguished families and too used to having others defer to them.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=288}} Lodge gave Diem a list of reforms to carry out such as his dismissing Nhu; silencing his abrasive and bombastic wife, [[Madame Nhu]]; trying the officials responsible for the shootings in Hue; and providing greater religious tolerance, all of which were anathema to Diem.{{sfn|Jacobs|2006|p=157-158}} === Role in the 1963 coup d'état === {{Main|1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état}} Lodge quickly determined that Diem was both inept and corrupt, and that South Vietnam was headed for disaster unless Diem reformed his administration or was replaced.<ref> {{cite video | people = Lodge, Henry Cabot | title = Interview with Henry Cabot Lodge | url = http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-b93dd4-interview-with-henry-cabot-lodge-1979-part-1-of-5 | medium = Video interview (part 1 of 5) | publisher = Open Vault, WGBH Media Library and Archives | date = 1979 }} </ref> On August 29 Lodge wrote in a cable: "We are launched on a course from where there is no respectable turning back: the overthrow of the Diem government. There is no turning back because U.S. prestige is already publicly committed to this end in large measure, and will become more so as the facts leak out. In a more fundamental sense, there is no turning back because there is no possibility, in my view, that the war can be won under a Diem administration".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=289}} Lodge, noting that the [[South Vietnamese Army]] was completely reliant upon American military aid, demanded that Kennedy halt all such aid as long as Diem was president, and to make an "all-out effort" to have the mutinous generals "move promptly", as the outcome of the coup would depend "at least as much on us as them".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=289-290}} Lodge warned that to allow Diem to continue would lead to a popular revolt that would bring in a "pro-Communist or at best neutralist set of politicians".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=290}} At the same time, French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] had launched a major diplomatic initiative to end the [[Vietnam War|war in Vietnam]] that called for a federation of North and South Vietnam, and for both Vietnams to be neutral in the Cold War.{{sfn|Jacobs|2006|p=165}} Lodge was opposed to the peace plan, as he saw the proposed neutralization of South Vietnam as no different from Communist control of South Vietnam.{{sfn|Jacobs|2006|p=165}} Kennedy accepted Lodge's recommendations and gave him ''carte blanche'' to manage the affairs in Vietnam as he best saw fit, and gave him the power to cut off American aid if necessary.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=290}} Just why Kennedy delegated such to Lodge has remained a matter of debate. Historian [[Arthur Schlesinger, Jr]]. later wrote Lodge was "a strong man with the bit between his teeth" whom Kennedy could not manage.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=290}} In contrast, journalist [[Stanley Karnow]] speculated that Kennedy having embraced and praised Diem preferred that the "messy job" of overthrowing him be contracted out to Lodge, all the more so as there was always the possibility that the coup might fail, in which case the president would blame a "rogue ambassador".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=290}} On October 5, Lodge cabled back to Kennedy that he learned that the generals were finally ready to proceed.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=294}} The CIA officer, [[Lucien Conein]] met with General [[Dương Văn Minh]], who asked that the United States "not thwart" a coup and promise to continue to provide the aid worth about $500 million per year after Diem was overthrown.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=294}} Lodge seized upon Minh's remark to argue to Kennedy that the United States should promise that it "will not attempt to thwart" a coup, a formula that Kennedy embraced.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=295}} Lodge himself later used this line as a defence against criticism, saying he did not promise to support a coup, only "not thwart" it.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=295}} Kennedy had his National Security Adviser, [[McGeorge Bundy]], send Lodge a cable on October 25 saying that the United States should abandon the coup if there were "poor prospects of success".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=298}} Lodge in reply maintained "it seems at least an even bet that the next government would not bungle and fumble as the present one has".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=298}} Lodge also argued to stop a coup would be to take on "an undue responsibility for keeping the incumbents in office", which was a "judgment over the affairs of Vietnam".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=298}} In the next sentence, he ignored his principle of noninterference in South Vietnamese internal affairs by suggesting that in a post-Diem cabinet should include Tran Quoc Buu, a trade union leader who had long been funded by the CIA, and the Buddhist leader [[Trí Quang|Tri Quang]], who had impressed Lodge with his [[anticommunism]].{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=298}} On October 28, Lodge sent a dispatch to Kennedy saying a coup was "imminent", and that he would have only four hours notice before the coup started, which "rules out my checking with you".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=299}} On October 29, Kennedy called a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC) to discuss what to do.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=299}} Persuaded by [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert Kennedy]] — his younger brother, Attorney General and right-hand man — President Kennedy changed his mind and decided against the coup.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Writing on behalf of Kennedy, Bundy sent a message to Lodge warning the possibility of a civil war between pro-Diem and anti-Diem forces "could be serious or even disastrous for U.S. interests".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Lodge was ordered to have Conein tell General [[Trần Văn Đôn]] that "we do not find that the presently revealed plans give a clear prospect of quick results" and to put General [[Paul D. Harkins]] in charge of the embassy in Saigon when the ambassador was due to leave shortly for a meeting in Washington.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Lodge ignored this order from Bundy, stating in his reply that to have Harkins in charge of the embassy during an event "so profoundly political as a change of government" would violate the principle that the serving officers of the U.S. armed forces must always be non-political.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} He further argued that the only way of stopping the coup would be to inform Diem which officers had been plotting against him which would "make traitors out of us" and destroy the "civilian and military leadership needed to carry the war ... to its successful conclusion" as Diem would have the rebel officers all shot.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Lodge told Kennedy that when the coup started, he would grant asylum to Diem and the rest of the Ngo family should they ask for it, but felt that to stop the coup would be interference in South Vietnam's internal affairs.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Lodge also argued that the money should be "discreetly" provided to the plotters to "buy off potential opposition" and for the United States to immediately recognize a post-Diem government.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Finally, he argued that was needed for South Vietnam was "nation-building".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=300}} Lodge wrote: "My general view is that the United States is trying bring this medieval country into the twentieth century ... We have made considerable progress in military and economic ways, but to gain victory we must also bring them into the twentieth century politically, and that can only be done by either a thoroughgoing change in the behaviour of the present government or another government".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=300-301}} Faced with stark warnings from Lodge that the majority of the South Vietnamese people hated the Ngo family and there no possibility of a victory over the Viet Cong as long as Diem continued in power, Kennedy changed his mind yet again.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=301}} In his final message to Lodge, Kennedy wrote: "If you should conclude that there is not clearly a high prospect of success, you should communicate this doubt to the generals in a way calculated to persuade them to desist at least until chances are better ... But once a coup under responsible leadership has begun ... it is in the interest of the U.S. government that it should succeed".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=301}} Kennedy had essentially abdicated responsibility by leaving the final decision about whatever to back a coup to Lodge, who had no doubts in his mind that a coup was the best course of action.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=301}} On November 1, 1963, at about 10 am, Lodge visited the Gia Long Palace to meet Diem who gave him a two-hour-long lecture about American ingratitude towards his regime.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=304}} At about noon, Lodge returned to the embassy for lunch.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=304}} At about 1 pm, the coup began.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=305}} Later that day, the Ngo brothers secretly fled into [[Chợ Lớn, Ho Chi Minh City|Cholon]], the Chinese district of Saigon.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=308}} Lodge attempted to get into touch with Diem with the aim of arranging for him to go into exile, but it was unclear just where he was, as Diem kept claiming that he was still at the Gia Long Palace. Finally, Diem revealed in a phone call to Đôn that he and his brother were at Saint Francis Xavier, and was willing to go into exile provided he, his brother and their families were promised safe conduct.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=309}} Despite the promise of safe conduct, the Ngo brothers were shot in the armored personnel carrier that was supposed to take them to the airport.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=310}} Lodge invited the generals to the embassy to congratulate them for what he saw as a job well done.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=311}} In a cable to Kennedy, he wrote: "The prospects now are for a shorter war".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=311}} === After the coup === On November 24, 1963, two days after Kennedy's assassination, Lodge arrived in Washington to meet the new president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]].{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=323}} Johnson told Lodge he would not "lose" Vietnam, saying "tell those generals in Saigon that Lyndon Johnson intends to stand by our word".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=323}} After Diem's assassination, Lodge seems to have lost interest in Vietnam as he became increasingly lethargic in performing his duties as ambassador.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=324}} After his high hopes that Diem's removal would spark improvements, he reported that the new leader, General Dương Văn Minh, was a "good, well intentioned man", but asked "Will he be strong enough to get on top of things?"{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=324}} In December 1963, the Secretary of Defense, [[Robert McNamara]], visited South Vietnam where he reported the American team in Saigon "lacks leadership, has been poorly informed and is not working to a common plan".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=325}} McNamara described a dysfunctional atmosphere at the embassy as Lodge was still feuding with Harkins and had blocked him from using the embassy's cable room to communicate with Washington.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=325}} Lodge distrusted the diplomats at the embassy, and was noted for his secretive ways.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=346}} The coup sparked a rapid succession of leaders in South Vietnam, each unable to rally and unify their people and in turn overthrown by someone new. These frequent changes in leadership caused political instability in the South, since no strong, centralized and permanent government was in place to govern the nation, while the [[Viet Minh]] stepped up their infiltration of the Southern populace and their pace of attacks in the South. Having supported the coup against President Diem, Lodge then realized it had caused the situation in the region to deteriorate, and he suggested to the State Department that South Vietnam should be made to relinquish its independence and become a [[protectorate]] of the United States (like the former status of the [[Philippines]]) so as to bring governmental stability. The alternatives, he warned, were either increased military involvement by the U.S. or total abandonment of South Vietnam by America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moyar |title=Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-86911-0 |page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phJrZ87RwuAC&pg=PA273 }}</ref> In June 1964, Lodge resigned as ambassador to run to seek the Republican nomination to be the presidential candidate for the election of that year.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=345}} Lodge had been unpopular with his embassy staff, and most were happy to see him go.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=346}} == 1964 presidential candidacy == {{Main|1964 Republican Party presidential primaries}} [[File:1964RepublicanPresidentialPrimaries.svg|thumb|300px|Republican primaries results by state {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} {{legend|#c1c1c1|No primary held}} {{legend|#423121|[[John W. Byrnes]]}} {{legend|#a59400|[[Barry Goldwater]]}} {{legend|#73638c|Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.}} {{Col-2}} {{legend|#668c63|[[James A. Rhodes]]}} {{legend|#5d73e5|[[Nelson Rockefeller]]}} {{legend|#c67742|[[William W. Scranton]]}} {{Col-end}} Lodge won three primaries as a "write-in" candidate without making any public appearances.]] Despite their defeat in 1960, neither Nixon's nor Lodge's national profiles were damaged, with both being speculated candidates for the 1964 presidential election. Lodge made the [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|"Most Admired Men" list]] for 1962 and led major candidates such as [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] and [[Nelson Rockefeller]] in Republican presidential polling.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31361706/lodge_1/ |title=Poll Shows Kennedy Again Most Admired |date=January 1, 1963 |work=The Boston Globe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514025726/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31361706/lodge_1/ |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |url-status=live |page=36 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31392250/lodge_2/ |title=Rockefeller Leads GOP Voter Survey |date=January 13, 1963 |work=The Tampa Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514030726/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31392250/lodge_2/ |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |url-status=live |page=58 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31392644/lodge_5/ |title=Curtis and Graham Lead GOP Poll For Governor's Seat |date=June 22, 1963 |work=The North Adams Transcript |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514031458/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31392644/lodge_5/ |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |url-status=live |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1962 after helping campaign for his son [[George C. Lodge]] in the [[1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|Senate race]] Paul Grindle, the nephew of Senator [[Leverett Saltonstall]] who had filled Lodge's seat after his resignation to join World War II, along with Sally Saltonstall, Caroline Williams, and David Goldberg opened a Lodge for President office in Boston, but in 1964 was forced to shut down after failing to prove any affiliation with Lodge. However, Grindle relocated to Concord, New Hampshire. The organization acquired a mailing list of 96,000 Republican voters which successfully established a base for Lodge in New Hampshire. Footage of former President Eisenhower endorsing Lodge for vice president in 1960 was used in TV commercials and portrayed as Eisenhower endorsing Lodge for president. Three days before the March 10 New Hampshire primary Goldwater chose to stop campaigning in the state as he predicted a victory for himself with a substantial number of votes for Lodge.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Won the 1964 New Hampshire Primary Without Lifting a Finger |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/02/henry-cabot-lodge-jr-won-the-1964-new-hampshire-primary-as-a-write-in-candidate.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517020332/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/02/henry-cabot-lodge-jr-won-the-1964-new-hampshire-primary-as-a-write-in-candidate.html|archive-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> In 1964, Lodge, while still Ambassador to South Vietnam, was the surprise [[write-in candidate|write-in]] victor in the Republican [[New Hampshire primary]], defeating declared presidential candidates [[Barry Goldwater]] and [[Nelson Rockefeller]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?articleId=8aaaf95a-7a23-495b-8054-755ab7cdfa1f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802202137/http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?articleId=8aaaf95a-7a23-495b-8054-755ab7cdfa1f|title=Union-Leader: Lodge's write-in victory|archive-date=August 2, 2007}}</ref> His entire campaign was organized by a small band of political amateurs working independently of the ambassador, who, believing they had little hope of winning him any delegates, did nothing to aid their efforts. However, when they scored the New Hampshire upset, Lodge, along with the press and Republican party leaders, suddenly began to seriously consider his candidacy. Many observers remarked on the situation's similarity to 1952, when Eisenhower had unexpectedly defeated Senator [[Robert A. Taft]], then leader of the Republican Party's conservative faction. However, Lodge (who refused to become an open candidate) did not fare as well in later primaries, and Goldwater ultimately won the presidential nomination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacyamericana.com/Draft-Lodge_p_2031.html|title=Draft Lodge|website=Legacy Americana|access-date=October 1, 2018|archive-date=September 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926001626/http://www.legacyamericana.com/Draft-Lodge_p_2031.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Like most liberal Republicans, Lodge opposed Goldwater, particularly his proposal to realign the Democratic and Republican parties into Liberal and Conservative parties, calling it "abhorrent", and felt that nobody should oppose the aid of the federal government in helping Americans. At one point during the convention, Lodge was confronted by a staunch Goldwater supporter who called him terrible for opposing Goldwater. In reply, Lodge said: "You're terrible, too."<ref>"Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus", Rick Perlstein, 2009</ref><ref>"Lodge Denounces Party Realigning; 'Totally abhorrent', he says of Goldwater's proposal", ''The New York Times'', November 16, 1964.</ref> ==Later diplomatic career (1965–1977)== [[File:The Wise Men Luncheon meeting.jpg|thumb|Lodge, [[Dean Acheson]], and [[The Wise Men (book)|others]] meeting with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] in 1968.]] He was re-appointed ambassador to South Vietnam by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1965, and served thereafter as [[Ambassador-at-large]] (1967–1968) and [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany|Ambassador to West Germany]] (1968–1969). In 1969, when his former running mate Richard M. Nixon finally became president, Nixon having decided not to reselect him as his running mate, he was appointed by President Nixon to serve as head of the American delegation at the Paris peace negotiations, and he served occasionally as [[Holy See-United States relations|personal representative of the President]] to the [[Holy See]] from 1970 to 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/lodge-henry-cabot |title=Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1902–1985)|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> ==Personal life== [[File:LODGE, HENRY CABOT, JR., SENATOR AND FAMILY LCCN2016862488.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Cabot Lodge and family]] In 1926, Lodge married Emily Esther Sears. They had two children: [[George C. Lodge|George Cabot Lodge II]] (born 1927) and Henry Sears Lodge (1930–2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fap039|title=Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Photographs II, ca. 1880-1979|website=www.masshist.org}}</ref> George worked in the [[United States federal civil service|federal civil service]] and is now professor emeritus at [[Harvard Business School]]. Henry Sears married Elenita Ziegler of [[New York City]] and was a former sales executive.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Milestones, Aug. 8, 1960|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869775,00.html|magazine=Time |date=August 8, 1960}}</ref> Henry's son, Henry Sears Lodge Jr., MD, (1958–2017) was a physician at [[NewYork-Presbyterian]] Hospital and became well known as the author of the 'Younger Next Year' series of books.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=2017-03-14 |title=Henry S. Lodge, Author of 'Younger Next Year' Books, Dies at 58 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/books/henry-lodge-dead-co-author-younger-next-year.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1966 he was elected an honorary member of the Massachusetts [[Society of the Cincinnati]].<ref>Roster of the Society of the Cincinnati. 1974 edition. pg. 17.</ref> Lodge died in 1985 after a long illness and was interred in the [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in [[Watertown, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mountauburn.org/henry-cabot-lodge-jr-1902-1985/|title=Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (1902-1985) | Mount Auburn Cemetery|website=mountauburn.org}}</ref> Two years after Lodge's death, Sears married Forrester A. Clark. She died in 1992 of [[lung cancer]] and is interred near her first husband in the Cabot Lodge family [[columbarium]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Emily Lodge Clark, 86; Was Senator's Widow|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/10/obituaries/emily-lodge-clark-86-was-senator-s-widow.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 10, 1992}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Politics}} * [[List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines]] {{clear}} ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Seth |title=Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963 |year=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-7425-4448-2}} * {{cite book |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |title=Vietnam: A History |year=1983 |publisher=Viking Press |location=New York |isbn=0-6707-4604-5}} * {{cite book |last=Langguth |first=A. J. |title=Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975 |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-684-81202-9}} * {{cite book |last=Nichter |first=Luke A. |title=The Last Brahmin: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and the Making of the Cold War |year=2020 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21780-3}} [https://hdiplo.org/to/RT22-30 online reviews] * {{cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Elliot |title=Henry Cabot Lodge |journal=Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society |year=1985 |volume=97 |pages=149–152}} * {{cite book |last=White |first=Theodore H. |title=The Making of the President, 1960 |year=2009 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=Pymble, NSW |isbn=978-0-061-98601-7}} * {{cite book |last=Young |first=Marilyn |title=The Vietnam Wars |location=New York |publisher=Harper |date=1990}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Henry Cabot Lodge junior}} {{CongBio|L000394}} * [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/L.html The Papers of Henry Cabot Lodge, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library] * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1692910|name=U.S. Warns Russia to Keep Hands off in Guatemala Crisis (1955)}} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.26979|name=STAFF FILM REPORT 66-27A (1966)}} * {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95753|description="Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (May 2, 1952)"}} {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-ma-hs}} {{s-bef|before= Herbert Wilson Porter}} {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]<br />from the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives' 15th Essex district|15th Essex]] district|years=1932–1936}} {{s-aft|after=[[Russell P. Brown]]}} |- {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[William M. Butler]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|U.S. Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]]<br />([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 2]])|years=[[1936 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1936]], [[1942 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1942]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Leverett Saltonstall]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Henry Parkman Jr.]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|U.S. Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]]<br />([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[1946 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1946]], [[1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1952]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Vincent J. Celeste]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Nixon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for [[Vice President of the United States]]|years=[[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[William E. Miller]]}} |- {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[Marcus A. Coolidge]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|United States Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts]]|years=1937–1944|alongside=[[David I. Walsh]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sinclair Weeks]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[David I. Walsh]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts]]|years=1947–1953|alongside=[[Leverett Saltonstall]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[John F. Kennedy]]}} |- {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Berkeley L. Bunker]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of youngest members of the United States Congress|Baby of the Senate]]|years=1942–1943}} {{s-aft|after=[[Joseph H. Ball]]}} |- {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Warren Austin]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]]|years=1953–1960}} {{s-aft|after=[[James Jeremiah Wadsworth|Jerry Wadsworth]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Frederick Nolting]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to South Vietnam]]|years=1963–1964}} {{s-aft|after=[[Maxwell D. Taylor|Max Taylor]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Maxwell D. Taylor|Max Taylor]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to South Vietnam]]|years=1965–1967}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ellsworth Bunker]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[George C. McGhee]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Germany|United States Ambassador to West Germany]]|years=1968–1969}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kenneth Rush]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Harold Tittmann]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to the Holy See|Personal Representative of the President to the Holy See]]|years=1970–1977}} {{s-aft|after=[[David M. Walters]]}} |- {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Foster Dulles]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Recipient of the [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]]|years=1960}} {{s-aft|after=[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]}} {{s-end}} {{USSenMA}} {{Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates}} {{USUNambassadors}} {{US Ambassadors to Vietnam}} {{US Ambassadors to Germany}} {{USRepVicePresNominees}} {{United States presidential election, 1960}} {{United States presidential election, 1964}} {{Buddhist crisis}} {{Eisenhower cabinet}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lodge, Henry Cabot II}} [[Category:1902 births]] [[Category:1985 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American writers]] [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Germany]] [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam]] [[Category:American male journalists]] [[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:Boston Evening Transcript people]] [[Category:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery]] [[Category:Cabot family]] [[Category:Cold War diplomats]] [[Category:Eisenhower administration cabinet members]] [[Category:Frelinghuysen family]] [[Category:Gardiner family]] [[Category:Hasty Pudding alumni]] [[Category:Journalists from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Lodge family]] [[Category:Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]] [[Category:Middlesex School alumni]] [[Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts]] [[Category:People from Beverly, Massachusetts]] [[Category:People from Nahant, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Permanent representatives of the United States to the United Nations]] [[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]] [[Category:Republican Party United States senators from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]] [[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]] [[Category:United States Army officers]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1964 United States presidential election]] [[Category:1960 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American journalists]] [[Category:20th-century American diplomats]] [[Category:20th-century members of the Massachusetts General Court]] [[Category:20th-century United States senators]]
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Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
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