Editing Henry Benedict Stuart

{{Short description|Roman Catholic cardinal (1725–1807)}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type             = cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name             = Henry Benedict Stuart
| honorific-suffix =
| title            = [[Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri]] <br>and [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]]
| image            = Circle of Anton Raphael Mengs, Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York (ca 1750) -001.jpg
| image_size       =
| alt              =
| caption          = Portrait by [[Anton Raphael Mengs]], {{circa|1750}}
| church           =
| province         = [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]]
| diocese          = [[Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Ostia and Velletri]]
| appointed        = 26 September 1803
| term_end         = 13 July 1807
| predecessor      = [[Gian Francesco Albani]]
| successor        = [[Leonardo Antonelli]]
| other_post       = {{Plainlist|
* Archpriest of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] (1751–1807)
* Cardinal-Priest of [[San Lorenzo in Damaso]] (1763–1807)
|succession       = [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Pretender]]
| reign           = 31 January 1788 – 13 July 1807
| reign-type      = Pretendence
| predecessor     = [[Charles Edward Stuart|"Charles III"]]}}
<!---------- Orders ---------->
| ordination       = 1 September 1748
| ordained_by      = [[Pope Benedict XIV]]
| consecration     = 19 November 1758
| consecrated_by   = [[Pope Clement XIII]]
| cardinal         = 3 July 1747
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Benedict XIV]]
| rank             = [[Cardinal-Bishop]]
<!---------- Personal details ---------->
| birth_name       = Henry Benedict Mary Clement Thomas Francis Xavier Stuart
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1725|3|6|df=yes}}{{sfn |Marshall |2010}}
| birth_place      = [[Palazzo Muti]], Rome, [[Papal States]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1807|7|13|1725|3|6|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[Frascati]], Rome, Papal States
| buried           = [[St. Peter's Basilica]], [[Vatican City]]
| nationality      =
| religion         =
| parents          = {{plainlist|
*[[James Francis Edward Stuart]]
*[[Maria Clementina Sobieska]]}}
| previous_post    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]] (1761–1803)
* Cardinal-Priest of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] (1759–1761)
* [[Latin Archbishopric of Corinth|Titular Archbishop of Corinthus]] (1758–1761)
* [[Santi Apostoli, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Apostoli]] (1752–1761)
* [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santa Maria in Campitelli|Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)]] (1748–1759)
* [[Cardinal-Deacon]] of [[Santa Maria in Campitelli|Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)]] (1747–1748)
}}
| signature        = Signature of Henry Benedict Stuart.svg
| signature_alt    =
| coat_of_arms     = Coat Cardinal Henry Stuart.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt = Henry Benedict Stuart coat of arms
}}
'''Henry Benedict Thomas Edward Maria Clement Francis Xavier Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York''' (6 March 1725&nbsp;– 13 July 1807) was a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]], and was the third and final [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] heir to publicly claim the thrones of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], as the younger grandson of King [[James II of England]]. One of the longest-serving cardinals in history, Henry spent his whole life in the [[Papal States]] and became the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] and [[Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri]]. Unlike his father [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] (''The Old Pretender'') and elder brother [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (''The Young Pretender'' or ''Bonnie Prince Charlie''), Henry made no effort to seize the thrones. After Charles's death in  1788, Henry became known by Jacobites as '''Henry IX and I''', but the Papacy did not recognise Henry as the lawful ruler of Great Britain and Ireland and instead referred to him as the "Cardinal Duke of York".{{sfn |Macleod |2000 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/dynastystuarts150000macl_t9s9/page/370/mode/2up 371–373]}} He was most widely known as the ''[[Duke of York]]'', a title in the [[Jacobite peerage]] granted to him by his father.

==Early life==
[[File:Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York by Louis Gabriel Blanchet.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Henry Benedict Stuart, age 13, by Louis Gabriel Blanchet (1738)]]

Henry was born in exile at the [[Palazzo Muti]] in Rome on 6 March 1725 and baptised on the same day by [[Pope Benedict XIII]],<ref name=Tribe>{{Cite web|title=Vestments of the Cardinal Duke of York: Henry Benedict Stuart |website=Liturgical Arts Journal |date=2018-06-22 |url=http://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2018/06/vestments-of-cardinal-duke-of-york.html |access-date=2022-07-01|first=Shawn|last=Tribe}}</ref> 37 years after his grandfather [[James II of England|James II and VII]] lost the thrones, and ten years after his father's [[Jacobite rising of 1715|failed attempt]] to regain it. His father was [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], known to his opponents as "the Old Pretender". His mother was the Princess [[Maria Klementyna Sobieska]], granddaughter of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish]] King and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuanian]] Grand-Duke, [[John III Sobieski]]. Henry was apparently an intelligent child who could spell and write better than his older brother Charles. More introverted than Charles and more cautious in his approach to problems, Henry was described as pious and mild-mannered.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 2022">{{cite web | title=Henry Stuart, cardinal duke of York | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=2022-03-02 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Stuart-cardinal-duke-of-York | access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>
{{stack|[[File:Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York by Antonio David.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A young Henry Benedict Stuart (painted ca. 1729–1732), bearing a striking resemblance to his elder brother [[Charles Edward Stuart]]]]}}

Henry went to France in 1745 to help his brother, Prince [[Charles Edward Stuart]] ("Bonnie Prince Charlie", or "the Young Pretender") prepare the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. Attached to the [[French Royal Army]], he was in nominal command of a cross-channel invasion force of some 10,000 men that never made it out of [[Dunkirk]], and subsequently served under [[Maurice de Saxe]] at the siege of Antwerp. After the defeat at the [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746), Henry Stuart returned to Italy, aged 21.

==Ecclesiastical career==
On 30 June 1747 [[Pope Benedict XIV]] conferred the [[tonsure]] on him and created him [[Cardinal-Deacon]] of [[Santa Maria in Campitelli]] in a special [[papal consistory|consistory]] held on 3 July 1747. On 27 August 1747 he was promoted through the four minor orders by Benedict. He received the subdiaconate on 18 August 1748 and diaconate on 25 August 1748. His elder brother Charles, who was in France at the time, was not in favor of the ecclesiastical honors as he believed they would only serve to further religious prejudice against the Stuarts.{{sfn |Kelly |1899 |p={{page needed |date=June 2022}}}}

As the cardinalate was a rank rather than one of the priestly orders, Charles hoped that Henry might yet make a politically advantageous marriage, and was dismayed to discover that his brother had been ordained a priest on 1 September 1748.<ref name=Tribe/> Later that month, Henry was made Cardinal-Priest, retaining his diaconal church. In 1751, he was made Arch-Priest of [[St. Peter's Basilica]].<ref name=Tribe/>

{{blockquote|text=His revenues from the many ecclesiastical preferments he enjoyed were enormous. His income from abbeys and other pluralities in Flanders, Spain, Naples and France amounted to 40,000 Pounds in British money at the time. He also held sinecure benefices yielding revenues in Spanish America. He owned territory in Mexico, which contributed largely to his income.{{sfn |Lees-Milne |1984 |p=[https://archive.org/details/laststuartsbriti0000lees/page/75/mode/1up?q=ecclesiastical+preferments 75]}}}} [[Louis XV of France]] bestowed on the Cardinal the abbeys of Auchin and St. Amand as compensation for having had to evict his brother pursuant to the terms of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]].{{sfn |Kelly |1899 |p={{page needed |date=June 2022}}}}

In December 1752 his titular seat was changed to [[Santi Apostoli, Rome|Santi Apostoli]]; and in 1758 the Pope named him [[List of Camerlengos of the Sacred College of Cardinals|Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals]]. The responsibilities of this office included administering all property, fees, funds and revenue belonging to the College of Cardinals, celebrating the requiem Mass for a deceased cardinal, and charge of the registry of the ''Acta Consistoralia''. He participated in the [[1758 papal conclave]], which elected [[Pope Clement XIII]]. In October of that year, Henry was made titular [[Archbishop of Corinth]]. The following year, he resigned the title of Santa Maria in Campitelli to assume that of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]]; however, he retained the Church of Santi Apostoli ''[[in commendam]]''.

He was made [[Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]] on 13 July 1761.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardinals Created by Benedict XIV (1743-7)|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/cardB14-1.htm#1578|access-date=2020-06-16|website=www.gcatholic.org}}</ref> He was appointed [[Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals]] on 26 September 1803, then also succeeding to the See of [[Ostia and Velletri]]. He lived and worked in Frascati for many years, descending each afternoon in his carriage to Rome, where his position as vice-chancellor entitled him to the [[Palazzo della Cancelleria]].

Henry was the last claimant to the British throne to [[Royal touch|touch]] the sick to cure them from the [[scrofula|King's Evil]].

Henry is described as a beatific, abstemious, wealthy, celibate aesthete who lived to a great age, 'inoffensive and respectable' to the end.{{sfn |Haggard |1840 |p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42681835?seq=3 151]}}

==French Revolution and later life==
[[File:Maurice Quentin de La Tour Prince Henry Benedict Clement Stuart.jpg|thumb|150px|Henry Benedict Stuart by [[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]] (1746/47), [[Lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart|long thought]] to be of Charles Edward Stuart]]
At the time of the [[French Revolution]], he lost his French Royal benefices and sacrificed many other resources to assist [[Pope Pius VI]]. This, in addition to the seizure of his [[Frascati]] property by the French, caused him to descend into poverty,{{sfn |Burton |1913}} which resulted in the sale of the [[Stuart Sapphire]]. The British Minister in [[Venice]] arranged for Henry to receive an [[Annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]] of £4,000 from [[George III of Great Britain]]. Although the British government represented this as an act of charity, Henry and the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] considered it to be a first instalment on the money which was legally owed to him. (For many years the British government had promised to return the English [[dowry]] of his grandmother, [[Mary of Modena]], but never did so.)

The Vatican had recognised James Francis Edward Stuart as James III and VIII as the King of Great Britain and Ireland. After his death in 1766, the Vatican did not recognise his son (Henry's brother) Charles, who had converted to [[Anglicanism]] in 1750. The Vatican had not, however, overtly recognised the Hanoverian monarchs. However, in November 1792 the Vatican first referred to George III as the King of Great Britain and Ireland instead of the [[Elector of Hanover]]. This resulted in a protest by Henry, who suggested the insult would result in him not visiting Rome again.{{sfn |Fothergill |1958 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/cardinalking0000foth/page/204/mode/2up 205–206]}}

Despite their general [[anti-clericalism]] and hostility to the Bourbon monarchy, the [[French Directory]] suggested to the [[United Irishmen]] in 1798 to elevate Henry as [[Monarchy of Ireland|King of the Irish]] (Henry IX).{{sfn|Pittock|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/poetryjacobitepo0000pitt/page/210/mode/1up 210]}}<ref name="Aston 2202 p. 220">{{harvnb|Aston |2002 |p=[https://archive.org/details/christianityrevo0000asto/page/222/mode/1up 220]}}</ref> This was in the course of General [[Jean Joseph Amable Humbert]] landing a force in [[County Mayo]] for the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], and trying to rally the Catholic population: a significant number of Irish priests supported the Rising, even though Humbert's army had been veterans of the anti-clerical campaign in Italy.<ref name="Aston 2202 p. 220"/> The French hoped Henry could lead a French client state in Ireland; however, [[Wolfe Tone]], the Protestant republican leader, vetoed the scheme.<ref name="Aston 2202 p. 220"/>
Henry returned to Frascati in 1803. In September of that year he became the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] and hence [[Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri]],{{sfn |Burton |1913}} though he still lived in the episcopal palace at Frascati. He died there on 13 July 1807, aged 82, simultaneously the 60th anniversary of his appointment as the Cardinal Deacon of his titular church, and the 46th anniversary of his elevation to the rank of Cardinal Bishop.

==Personal life==
[[File:Ritratto di Henry Benedict Marie Clement Edward Stuart, cardinale York.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Henry Benedict Stuart by [[Anton Raphael Mengs]] (1756)]]
Some modern historians have speculated whether Henry was [[Homosexuality|homosexual]].{{sfn |Marshall |2010}} Contemporary accounts include the writings of [[Hester Thrale|Hester Lynch Thrale]]{{sfn |Piozzi |1942 |p=[https://archive.org/details/thraliana0002unse/page/874/mode/2up 874–875] (dated 29 March 1794)}} (1741–1821), and the diplomat and writer {{ill|Giuseppe Gorani|it||fr}}{{sfn |Gorani |1793 |pp=[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k107246c/f102.item 100–103]}} (1740–1819). Gorani admitted to having gathered evidence insufficient to confirm his suspicions either way, but drew attention to the number of handsome clerics that were to be found in Henry's palace. The historian [[Andrew Lang]] alluded to James's comment that his younger son would never marry although many marriages had been planned for him.{{sfn |Marshall |2010}}

The writer [[Gaetano Moroni]]{{sfn |Angeli |1931 |pp=98–108}} provides the lengthiest account of Henry's close attachment with his [[majordomo]] {{ill|Giovanni Lercari|it||nl}} (1722–1802), whom Henry was said to have "loved beyond measure". This led to serious tensions between the cardinal and his father James, who in 1752 tried to have Lercari dismissed from Rome. Henry reacted by attempting to secure his financial independence, and refused to return to Rome from Bologna without Lercari by his side. A public scandal was narrowly avoided by the intervention of [[Pope Benedict XIV]].{{sfn |McLynn |1991 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/charlesedwardstu0000mcly/page/468/mode/2up?q=Lercari 468–469]}} It was agreed that Lercari would leave the household, and he was later made [[Archbishop of Genoa]].

Things became easier after the death of James in 1766. From 1769 onwards Henry remained close to [[Angelo Cesarini]], a nobleman from [[Perugia]], who under Henry's protection won various honours, was made canon of the cathedral in [[Frascati]], and in 1801 became [[Milevum#Bishopric|Bishop of Milevi]]. Henry died with Cesarini at his side, as for the past 32 years. Cesarini was later buried in the church of [[Santa Maria in Vallicella]].

These relationships may have had a romantic element.{{sfn |Schofield |2002 |p=98}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Jacobite kings in St Peters Cathedral.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Monument to the Royal Stuarts]], left aisle of Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome]]
Under his will, which he signed as "Henry R" (i.e. Rex or king), he was succeeded in all his claimed British rights by his nearest blood-relative and friend, King [[Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia]]. Like his successors, Charles Emmanuel neither asserted nor renounced his Jacobite claims.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In his will he left the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom]] to the [[Prince of Wales]], the future [[George IV]].<ref>[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]], https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04973/henry-benedict-maria-clement-stuart-cardinal-york: "He bequeathed the Stuart crown jewels to the future George IV in an act which symbolically brought the Jacobite cause to a close."</ref><ref>''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'', fifth edition, 1993, published by [[Columbia University]] Press & distributed by Houghton Mifflin, p. 2638: "'''Stuart''' or '''Stewart, Henry Benedict Maria Clemont''', known as '''Cardinal York''', 1725-1807... Cardinal York bequeathed to George IV (then Prince of Wales) the crown jewels of the Stuarts."</ref>

Henry, his brother, his father and his mother are buried in the crypt of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. There is a [[monument to the Royal Stuarts]] on one of the columns in the basilica proper, designed by [[Antonio Canova]]. The monument was originally commissioned by Angelo Cesarini, executor of Henry Benedict's estate. Among the subscribers was George IV.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The monument was restored at the expense of [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] in the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/nigelbaker/2016/01/08/history-and-healing-remembering-the-stuarts/ |title=Remembering the Stuarts |publisher=Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office |date=2016-01-08 |accessdate=2023-04-25}}</ref>

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==

===Titles as cardinal===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
During his life, Cardinal Stuart was assigned the following ''[[Diaconia]]'' and ''[[Titulus (Roman Catholic)|Tituli]]'':
* 13 July 1747 [[Cardinal Deacon]] of [[Santa Maria in Campitelli|Santa Maria in Portico]]
* 16 September 1748 [[Cardinal Priest]] of Santa Maria in Portico
* 18 December 1752 Cardinal Priest of [[Santi XII Apostoli]]
* 12 February 1759 Cardinal Priest of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]]
* 13 July 1761 [[Cardinal Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Frascati]]
* 14 January 1763 ''Comendatario'' of [[San Lorenzo in Damaso]] (proper of the cardinal vice-chancellor, held in addition to the suburbicarian sees)
* 26 September 1803 Cardinal Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Ostia e Velletri]] (proper of the dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals)

In March 1774 he became Sub-dean, and on 15 September 1803&nbsp;– [[Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals]].

He was a cardinal elector in the [[papal conclave]]s of [[papal conclave, 1758|1758]], [[papal conclave, 1769|1769]], [[papal conclave, 1774–1775|1774–75]] and [[papal conclave, 1799–1800|1799–1800]].

===Arms===
During the pretence of his father and brother, Henry claimed a [[coat of arms]] consisting of those of the kingdom, [[cadency|differenced]] by a ''crescent [[argent]]''<ref name="Velde">{{cite web |last=Velde |first=Francois R. |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |website=Heraldica |url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> or white crescent.

==Ancestors==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2020}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Henry Benedict Stuart'''
|2= 2. [[James Francis Edward Stuart]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]]
|4= 4. [[James II of England]]
|5= 5. [[Mary of Modena]]
|6= 6. [[James Louis Henry Sobieski]]
|7= 7. [[Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg]]
|8= 8. [[Charles I of England]]<ref name="Louda">{{cite book|last1=Louda|first1=Jiří|author-link=Jiří Louda|last2=Maclagan|first2=Michael|author-link2=Michael Maclagan|year=1999|orig-year=1981|title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-84820-6|pages=27, 50}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Henrietta Maria of France]]<ref name="Louda"/>
|10= 10. [[Alfonso IV d'Este|Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena]]<ref>{{Britannica|367570|Mary of Modena}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Laura Martinozzi]]<ref name="Saint-Évremond">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=de Saint-Évremond |author-link=Charles de Saint-Évremond |translator=des Maizeaux|title=The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond|year=1728|publisher=J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth|location=London|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkAwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106}}</ref> 
|12= 12. [[John III Sobieski]]
|13= 13. [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]]
|14= 14. [[Philip William, Elector Palatine]]
|15= 15. [[Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Jacobite succession]]
* [[Touch pieces]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |last=Angeli |first=Diego |title=Storia romana di trent'anni: 1770-1800 |publication-place=Milano |publisher=[[Fratelli Treves]] |year=1931 |oclc=912018210 |language=it}}
*{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Nigel |title=Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, c. 1750-1830 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, UK |date=2002 |isbn=0-521-46027-1 |oclc=1255749297 |url=https://archive.org/details/christianityrevo0000asto |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart |volume= 14 |last= Burton |first= Edwin Hubert |author-link=  |year=1913 |short=1}}
*{{cite book |last=Fothergill |first=Brian |title=The Cardinal King |publication-place=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1958 |oclc=1148219736 |url=https://archive.org/details/cardinalking0000foth |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite book |last=Gorani |first=Giuseppe |title=Mémoires Secrets Et Critiques Des Cours, Des Gouvernemens Et Des Moeurs Des Principaux États De L'Italie |volume=2 |publication-place=Paris |publisher=Buisson |year=1793 |id={{OCLC|163297791|763789321}} |language=fr |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k107246c |via=Bibliothèque nationale de France}}
*{{cite journal |last=Haggard |first=W. D. |title=MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. [Third Series.] (Continued) |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |publisher=Royal Numismatic Society |volume=3 |year=1840 |issn=2054-9164 |oclc=900903202 |jstor=42681835 |pages=149–152 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42681835 |access-date=2022-06-28}}
*{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Bernard William |title=Life of Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York with a notice of Rome in his time |publication-place=London |publisher=R. & T. Washbourne |year=1899 |id={{OCLC|697979433|1321067823}} |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofhenrybened00kelluoft |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite book |last=Lees-Milne |first=James |author-link=James Lees-Milne |title=The Last Stuarts: British Royalty in Exile |publication-place=New York|publisher=Scribner |year=1984 |orig-year=1983 |isbn=0-684-18147-9 |oclc=747325009 |url=https://archive.org/details/laststuartsbriti0000lees/ |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite book |last=Macleod |first=John |title=Dynasty: the Stuarts, 1560-1807 |publisher=Sceptre |publication-place=London |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-340-70767-8 |oclc=1285562111 |url=https://archive.org/details/dynastystuarts150000macl_t9s9 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Marshall |first=Rosalind K. |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |chapter=Henry Benedict [Henry Benedict Stuart; styled Henry; known as Cardinal York] (1725–1807), cardinal and Jacobite claimant to the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones |date=27 May 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12964}}
*{{cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |author-link=Frank McLynn |title=Charles Edward Stuart: a tragedy in many acts |publication-place=Oxford; New York|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |orig-year=1988 |isbn=0-19-282856-8 |oclc=1319189191 |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesedwardstu0000mcly |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
*{{cite book |last=Piozzi |first=Hester Lynch |author-link=Hester Thrale |editor-last=Balderston |editor-first=Katharine Canby |title=Thraliana: the Diary of Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale (later Mrs. Piozzi) |publication-place=Oxford |volume=2 |publisher=ClarendonPress |year=1942 |oclc=1153479174 |url=https://archive.org/details/thraliana0002unse |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} Reprinted: {{ISBN|978-0-19-873902-9}} {{doi|10.1093/actrade/9780198739029.book.1/actrade-9780198739029-book-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Pittock |first=Murray G. H. |author-link=Murray Pittock |title=Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland |publication-place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |orig-year=1994 |id={{OCLC|713114018|1311055558}} |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511519093 |url=https://archive.org/details/poetryjacobitepo0000pitt |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-41092-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Schofield |first=Nicholas |title=A Roman Miscellany: the English in Rome, 1550-2000 |publication-place=Leominster |publisher=Gracewing |year=2002 |isbn=0-85244-575-X |oclc=50054353}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Bindelli |first=Pietro |title=Enrico Stuart, Cardinale, Duca di York |trans-title=Enrico Stuart, Cardinal, Duke of York|publication-place=Frascati |publisher=Associazione Tuscolana "Amici di Frascati" |year=1982 |oclc=320050913 |language=it |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Henry Benedict Stuart}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart|volume=13|page=295}} 
* {{Catholic Encyclopedia|prescript=|wstitle=Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart|ref=none}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14316b.htm Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart] [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] article
* {{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bstua|Henry Benedict Stuart}}
* [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1747-ii.htm#Stuart Stuart of York, Henry Benedict Mary Clement (1725–1807)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143255/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1747-ii.htm#Stuart |date=27 January 2018 }}. Salvador Miranda.
* {{NPG name|name=Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Stuart]] |11 March|1725|13 July|1807}}
{{S-rel|ca}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Giacomo Lanfredini]]}}
{{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Cardinal-Deacon]] of [[Santa Maria in Campitelli|Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)]]}}|years=31 July 1747&nbsp;– 16 September 1748}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Flavio Chigi (1711–1771)|Flavio Chigi]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santa Maria in Campitelli|{{nowrap|Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)}}]]|years=16 September 1748&nbsp;– 12 February 1759}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Annibale Albani]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica]]|years=8 November 1751&nbsp;– 13 July 1807}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before={{ill|Domenico Riviera|it}}}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Santi Apostoli, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Apostoli]]|years=18 December 1752&nbsp;– 13 July 1761}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Pope Clement XIV|Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before={{ill|Francesco Mattei (Roman Catholic patriarch)|it|lt=Francesco Mattei}}}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Latin Archbishopric of Corinth|Titular Archbishop of Corinthus]]|years=2 October 1758&nbsp;– 13 July 1761}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Marco Antonio Colonna]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Giacomo Oddi]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]]|years=12 February 1759&nbsp;– 13 July 1761}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Fabrizio Serbelloni]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before={{ill|Camillo Paolucci|it}}}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]]|years=13 July 1761&nbsp;– 26 September 1803}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Giuseppe Doria Pamphili]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Carlo Rezzonico (cardinal)|Carlo Rezzonico]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[San Lorenzo in Damaso|Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso]]|years=24 January 1763&nbsp;– 13 July 1807}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Francesco Carafa di Trajetto]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Gian Francesco Albani]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri]] <br />and [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]]||years=26 September 1803&nbsp;– 13 July 1807}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Leonardo Antonelli]]
}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Edward Stuart]] |as=Charles III }}
{{s-tul |title=[[King of England]], [[King of Scotland|Scotland]], [[English claims to the French throne|France]] and [[King of Ireland|Ireland]] |line=[[Gallery of Jacobite pretenders|Jacobite succession]] |reason=[[Glorious Revolution|Grandfather deposed in 1688]] |years=1788–1807}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia]] |as=Charles IV }}
{{s-end}}

{{Dean of Cardinals}}
{{Jacobitism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, Henry Benedict}}
[[Category:Henry Benedict Stuart| ]]
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1807 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:18th-century Jacobite pretenders]]
[[Category:19th-century Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia]]
[[Category:Clergy from Rome]]
[[Category:Deans of the College of Cardinals]]
[[Category:Dukes in the Jacobite peerage|York, Henry Benedict, Duke of]]
[[Category:House of Stuart|Henry Benedict]]
[[Category:Latin archbishops of Corinth]]
[[Category:Peers created by James Francis Edward Stuart]]
[[Category:English princes|Henry Benedict Stuart]]
[[Category:Scottish princes|Henry Benedict Stuart]]
[[Category:Scottish cardinals]]
[[Category:Exiled royalty]]
[[Category:People from the Papal States]]
[[Category:Dukes of York]]
[[Category:English people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Scottish people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Jacobite pretenders]]
[[Category:Jacobite military personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:18th-century British cardinals]]
[[Category:19th-century British cardinals]]
[[Category:Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed sexuality]]