Editing Henri Farman

{{short description|British-French racing driver, aviator and aircraft designer (1874–1958)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox person
|name          = Henri Farman
|image         = Henri Farman (1907) - Agence Rol btv1b53225152f.jpg

|alt           =
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|birth_name    =
|birth_date    = {{Birth date|df=yes|1874|05|26}}
|birth_place   = Paris, France
|death_date    = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1958|07|17|1874|05|26}}
|death_place   = Paris, France
|body_discovered =
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|resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
|nationality   =
|citizenship   = {{hlist|[[France]]|[[United Kingdom]]}}
|other_names   = Henry Farman
|known_for     =
|education     =
|alma_mater    =
|spouse        =
|partner       =
|children      =
|parents       =
|relations     = [[Maurice Farman]], [[Richard Farman]]
|callsign      =
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}}
'''Henri Farman''' (26 May 1874<ref name=con /> – 17 July 1958)<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001578/19580726/060/0010 "A Pioneer of Aviation Dies: M. Henry Farman."] ''Illustrated London News'', 26 July 1958, p. 10. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref name="FlightObit"/> was a British-French [[aviator]] and aircraft designer and manufacturer with his brother [[Maurice Farman]]. Before dedicating himself to aviation he gained fame as a sportsman, specifically in cycling<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cyclingranking.com/rider/28/henri-farman|title=Henri Farman palmares on CyclingRanking.com|publisher=CyclingRanking.com}}</ref> and motor racing. Henri acquired French nationality in 1937.<ref name="FlightObit">Obituary: ''Flight''</ref>

==Family and early life==
Henri Farman was born in Paris, France, and was baptised as Harry Edgar Mudford Farman. He was a son of Thomas Frederick Farman, the Paris correspondent of the ''[[London Standard]].''<ref name=FarN1>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/19090824/228/0008 "Aviators at Rheims. Personal Sketches: M. Henri Farman."] ''London Evening Standard'', 24 August 1909, p. 8. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref name=con>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tDmR7DhM_uEC&pg=PA40 "Chapter Three: Awakening in France."] ''Contact! The Story Of The Early Aviators.'' p. 38. Unabridged republication of the revised edition of ''Contact! The Story Of The Early Birds,'' The Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1987,  Dover Publications 2002, New York. Accessed via Google books. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</ref> His father was born in 1845 at [[Layer Marney]], Essex, England.<ref name=1871cen>"England and Wales Census, 1871", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VF8G-DFL : 27 September 2019), Thomas Farman in entry for Frederick Mudford, 1871. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</ref> His mother, Sophia Ann Louisa Mudford, was born in [[Canterbury]], Kent, on 9 September 1841. She was baptised on 16 July 1844 at St Pancras Old Church in London, and was a daughter of the author [[William Mudford]], who by the time of Sophia's baptism was living at Harrington Square.<ref>[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1558/images/31280_194997-00100?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=3fc587862cf625476bcef4880079fb88&usePUB=true&_phsrc=cgo7034&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.124349130.1901559738.1603212954-1910680500.1578225970&pId=1552636"London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1917 for Sophia Ann Louisa Mudford."] St Pancras: Baptisms 1844, No. 1267, p. 183.Ancestry image p. 92. London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; Reference Number: p90/pan1/024. Ancestry.com. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref name=farmar1 /><ref name=1871cen /><ref>"England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975", database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NYY9-XZQ : 24 March 2020), Sophia Ann Louisa Mudford, 1844. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</ref> Sophia and Thomas were married at [[St George's Hanover Square Church]] London, on 31 August 1868.<ref name=farmar1>[https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=61867&h=90974288&tid=&pid=&queryId=e84937215f064e68f7153966bf462511&usePUB=true&_phsrc=cgo2245&_phstart=successSource"City of Westminster Archives Centre; London, England; Westminster Church of England Parish Registers; Reference: STC/PR/1/2."] Ancestry.com. ''Westminster, London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000225/18680911/070/0008 "Marriages: Farman – Mudford."] ''Chelmsford Chronicle'', 11 September 1868, p. 8. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref>

Henri trained as a painter at the [[École des Beaux Arts]], but soon became interested in the new mechanical inventions that were appearing at the end of the 19th century. He was able to pursue this interest as an amateur sportsman.<ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Henry_Farman"Henry Farman"] Grace's Guide To British Industrial History. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</ref><ref name=FarN1 />

==Cycling==
He took part in cycle races from the age of fourteen, and started winning some races. Brother Maurice Farman also began cycle racing at the same age and started winning prizes.<ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Henry_Farman"Farman: 1904."] From ''Motoring Annual and Motorist’s Year Book 1904,'' via Grace's Guide To British Industrial History. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</ref> Henri became a championship cyclist, and won the Paris - Clermont-Ferrand race on 6 June 1892.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18920607/033/0007 "Sporting and Cricket Notes."] ''St James's Gazette'', 7 June 1892, p. 7. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cyclingranking.com/races/1892/paris-clermont-ferrand?highlight=28"Paris - Clermont-Ferrand 1892."] Accessed via CyclingRanking.com. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</ref> On 6 October 1892 he won the French Championship, at the Vélodrome Buffalo in Paris, over a distance of 100 kilometres.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18921008/020/0003 "Cycling in France."] ''London Evening Standard'', 8 October 1892, p. 3. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref>

On 25 June 1893, Henri went by bicycle from Paris to Madrid with the journalist, author, and French cyclist Edouard de Perrodil. Edouard had written an account of this journey, and a book was published by MM. C. Marpon and Flammarion, titled  ''Vélo ! Toro! Paris-Madrid bicyclette en 1893,'' which included drawings by Farman. They were received by the French Ambassador, among others upon reaching Madrid.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002093/18930622/076/0003?browse=False "Cycling - A Ride from France to Spain."] ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'', 22 June 1893, p. 3. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 24 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001112/18931104/015/0003?browse=False "Paris by Day."] ''Daily Telegraph & Courier (London)'', 4 November 1893, p. 3. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 24 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref>

He then took part in tandem races with his brother [[Maurice Farman]], forming a successful partnership.<ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1902_Who's_Who_in_Light_Cars"1902 Who's Who in Light Cars: Farman"] Grace's Guide To British Industrial History. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</ref><ref name=FarN1 />
On 31 January 1895, at the [[Vélodrome d'Hiver]], the Farman brothers broke the tandem bicycle record, covering 44.906 kilometres in an hour.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000329/18950201/124/0007?browse=False "Cycling. Bicycle Record."] ''Western Morning News'', 1 February 1895, p. 7. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 26 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref>
They announced their retirement from cycling in November 1896.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000893/18961111/089/0007?browse=False "A Retiring Franco-AngloRider."] ''Sporting Life'', 11 November 1896, p. 7.The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 26 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref>

==Motor racing==
At around the same time as his brother Maurice, Henri discovered [[motor racing]]. On 17 February 1901, he won the light car class (400 – 650&nbsp;kg) ''Grand Prix du Palais d'Hiver,'' of the ''Circuit du sud-ouest.'' Maurice Farman won the heavy car class of the race.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000893/19010220/142/0008 "The Brothers Farman Take Two Firsts."] ''Sporting Life'', 20 February 1901, p. 8. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref> On 29 May 1901, Henri took part in the Paris-Bordeaux race and finished in seventh place. This was an open-entry race held concurrently with the [[1901 Gordon Bennett Cup]], and over the same course.<ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1901_Paris-Bordeaux_Race"1901 Paris-Bordeaux Race."] Grace's Guide To British Industrial History. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</ref> Fifth place was taken in the 1901 Paris to Berlin Race.<ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1901_Paris-Berlin_Race"1901 Paris-Berlin Race."] Grace's Guide To British Industrial History. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</ref>  Henri won the heavy class section of the 1902 Paris - Vienna race. [[Marcel Renault]] came first in the general classification of this race.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/motormiscellany/motor-racing/city-to-city-races/1902-06-26-29-paris-vienna/a-view-of-the-race-paris-vienna"A View of the Race.By Charles Jarrott, competitor in the 1902 Paris to Vienna race."] From ''Ten Years of Motors and Motor Racing,''E.P.Dutton and Company, New York, Charles Jarrott, 1906, pp. 131-154. Accessed via The Motor Miscellany. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</ref> He took third place in the 1903 Gordon Bennett Cup.

He had an accident during the elimination trials for the 1905 Gordon Bennett Cup, on 16 June, over the hilly Auvergne circuit. While on the last round of this circuit, descending the Clermont Ferrand hill, on one of the turns in that descent, his car skidded. Henri and his chauffeur were lifted from the car, and ended up on top of a tree. Many onlookers believed he had been killed. But Henri was unharmed, came down from the tree and smoked a cigarette. He believed his car had ended up at the bottom of a ravine after this accident, but was not certain about the final destination of it.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/19050617/165/0007?browse=False "Gordon Bennett Race: Accidents on French Course. Mr. Farman's Missing Car."] ''London Daily News'', 17 June 1905. p. 7. The British Newspaper Archive: Findmypast Newspaper Archive Limited in partnership with the British Library. Retrieved 24 October 2020.{{subscription required|s}}</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/motormiscellany/motorists/the-farman-brothers"The Farman Brothers: Maurice and Henry."] From ''Ten Years of Motors and Motor Racing,''E.P.Dutton and Company, New York, Charles Jarrott, 1906, pp214-215. Accessed via The Motor Miscellany. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</ref>

[[File:Henry Farman first cross-country flight with aeroplane Scientific American 1908-11-21.jpg|thumb|right|Farman making the first cross-country flight accomplished with an aeroplane]]

==Aviation==
Farman started practicing in 1907 with a homemade biplane glider on the sandhills of [[Le Touquet]], after first experimenting with model aeroplanes of different sizes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tDmR7DhM_uEC&pg=PA40 "Chapter Three: Awakening in France."] ''Contact! The Story Of The Early Aviators.''p. 39. Unabridged republication of the revised edition of ''Contact! The Story Of The Early Birds,'' copyright the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1987,  Dover Publications 2002, New York. Accessed via Google books. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</ref> He then decided he wanted a powered plane, and ordered a [[Voisin 1907 biplane]] on 1 June 1907.<ref name=vf1 /> He used this aircraft to set many official records for both distance and duration.

On 26 October 1907, at [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]], France, he made flights, among others,<ref name=chron /> of 363, 403, and 771 metres in the plane. He also started to turn the plane in the air on this date.<ref name=2km /> The distance of 771 metres was completed in 52 seconds. It was the longest flight in the world that year, and won Farman the Ernest Archdeacon Cup.<ref>[https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/ernest-archdeacon/ "This Day in Aviation. Important Dates in Aviation History: Tag Archives: Ernest Archdeacon: 26 October 1907."] Bryan R. Swopes, 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</ref> He made a complete circular flight of 1,030 metres, in 1 minute 14 seconds on 10 November 1907 at Issy. This was the first time that a European aeroplane had completed a full circle. And the first time that an aeroplane, other than a Wright brothers one, had stayed in the air for longer than a minute.<ref name=vf1 /><ref name=chron />

The ''Voisin-Farman I'' was also the first biplane in Europe to fly a circular circuit of 1 kilometre, over a predetermined course, on 13 January 1908.<ref name=vf1>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Voisin-Farman-I"Voisin-Farman I."] ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., Tom D. Crouch, 27 January 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-flight/Other-aviation-pioneers"History Of Flight: Other Aviation Pioneers."] ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 3 December 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</ref> This again occurred at [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]], France, and won Farman the 50,000 franc Grand Prix d'Aviation offered by [[Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe]].<ref name=wright>{{Cite web |url=http://www.first-to-fly.com/History/Wright%20Story/prizepatrol.htm |title="Prize Patrol", from Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company, a virtual museum of pioneer aviation |access-date=31 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312041739/http://www.first-to-fly.com/History/Wright%20Story/prizepatrol.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>* {{cite journal |last=Johnstone |first=Rupert |date=April 1908 |title=The Derby of the Air: How Mr. Farman Won The Blue Ribbon of Aeronautics |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XV |pages=10127–10132  |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hKPvxXgBN1oC&pg=PA10127}}</ref> And on 21 March 1908, at the same place, he made a flight of 2.004 kilometres.<ref name=2km>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005957/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1909/1909%20-%200010.html"Progress of Mechanical Flight"] ''Flight'', 2 January 1909, p. 12. Accessed via the Internet Archive, Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</ref>

On 30 October 1908, Farman went on to make the first cross-country flight in Europe. Farman flew from his hangars at [[Camp de Châlons]], [[Bouy]],<ref name=FarN1 /><ref name=chron>[https://www.earlyaviators.com/efarman.htm "Henri Farman, 1874–1958: Farman Chronology"] Early Aviators.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1910FL-Records51.jpg "Grace's Guide To British Industrial History: Early Flight Records."] From ''Flight'' magazine, 1910. Retrieved 12 August 2020.'</ref> to [[Reims]], landing at the cavalry ground. It was a distance of 27 kilometres.<ref name=FarN1 /><ref name=2km /><ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k568866g.langFR"Le premier Voyage en Aéroplane."] ''Le Matin,'' 31 October 1908: Gallica bnf.fr.National Library of France. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</ref><ref name=hfmm>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030908020718/http://www.thosemagnificentmen.co.uk/grandprix/index2.html "Henry Farman.The First Passengers and the First Cross-Country."] Retrieved 12 August 2020.</ref>

[[File:Farman Shorthorn MF11.jpg|thumb|MF.11 "Shorthorn"]]
[[File:Farman-goliath.jpg|thumb|The passenger transport ''Goliath'']]
[[File:Louis Paulhan flying with a passenger (Mrs. Dick Ferris?) in his Henry Farman biplane, at the Dominguez Field Air Meet, Los Angeles, January 1910 (CHS-5602).jpg|thumb|''Farman III'' at the [[1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field|Dominguez Field, Los Angeles 1910]]]]

By early 1909, Farman fell out with [[Gabriel Voisin]] because Voisin had sold an aircraft that had been built to Farman's specifications to [[J.T.C. Moore-Brabazon]]. This aircraft was named the ''Bird of Passage'' by Brabazon. Farman then started manufacturing aircraft to his own design. The first of these, the [[Farman III]], first flew in April 1909. It was an immediate success and widely imitated.<ref name=fiii>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Farman-III"Farman III."] ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., Tom D. Crouch, 4 April 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</ref>

In 1909, he opened a flying school at [[Châlons-sur-Marne]] at which [[George Bertram Cockburn]] was the first pupil.<ref>Villard, Henry (1987) ''Contact! The Story of the Early Aviators'', Smithsonian Institution Press, {{ISBN|0-486-42327-1}}</ref> In this same year he made further record breaking flights. One of 180 kilometres in just over 3 hours, at [[Reims]] on 27 August. And one of 232 kilometres in 4 hours 17 minutes and 53 seconds,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150316002106/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1910/1910%20-%200009.html" ''One Year of Flying and Flight. A 1909 Retrospect: The Unbroken Chain Of Events''"] ''Flight,'' No. 53, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 3. Accessed via the Internet Archive, Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</ref> at [[Mourmelon-le-Grand]] on 3 November. In October 1909 he appeared at the [[Blackpool Aviation Week 1909|Blackpool Aviation Week]], Britain's first [[air show]], at which he won over £2000 in prizes.<ref>{{cite news |work=Flight magazine |date=30 October 1909 |title=Blackpool Aviation Week Report}}</ref>

In partnership with his two brothers [[Maurice Farman|Maurice]] and [[Richard Farman|Richard (Dick)]], he built a highly successful and innovative aircraft manufacturing plant. Their 1914 model was used extensively for artillery observation and reconnaissance during World War I. The [[Farman Aircraft]] company's [[Farman F.60 Goliath|''Goliath'']] was the first long-distance passenger [[airliner]], beginning regular Paris-London ([[Croydon Airport]]) flights on 8 February 1919.

He was made a [[knight|chevalier]] of the French [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]] in 1919. Along with Maurice, he retired in 1937 when the [[Popular Front (France)#May 1936 elections and the formation of the Blum government|French Popular Front government]] nationalised the aircraft industry; Farman's company becoming part of the ''[[Societe Nationale de Constructions Aeronautiques du Centre]]''.<ref name="FlightObit" />

Farman took French nationality in 1937. He died in Paris on 17 July 1958 and is buried in the [[Cimetière de Passy]] in Paris.

In 1988, Farman was inducted into the [[International Air & Space Hall of Fame]] at the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]].<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-57864-397-4}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Farman Aviation Works]]
*[[Farman III]] (1909)
*[[F.60 Goliath|Farman F.60 Goliath]]
*[[Farman F.121 Jabiru]]
*[[Farman F.170 Jabiru]]
*[[Farman F.222]]
*[[Farman F 402]]
*[[Léon Lemartin]] – Farman's support engineer for the ''[[Gnome Omega]]'' rotary engine.

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

;References
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Squier |first=George Owen |author-link=George Owen Squier |year=1908 |title=The Present Status of Military Aeronautics. II. Aviation. Representative Aeroplanes of Various Types. The Farman Aeroplane.  |journal=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution |pages=134–135  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134}}
*{{cite journal|title=From All Quarters – Obituary of Henry Farman |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200094.html|journal=Flight |date=25 July 1958 |page=96 |number=2583 |volume=74}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958-1-%20-%200156.html |title=Henry Farman – an Appreciation |last=Bradley |first=W F |date=1 August 1958 |page=158 |journal=Flight |number=2584 |volume=74  }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Farman, Henri}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:British aviation pioneers]]
[[Category:French people of English descent]]
[[Category:French aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Burials at Passy Cemetery]]
[[Category:French aviation record holders]]
[[Category:British expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of France]]