Editing Heisuke Hironaka

{{Short description|Japanese mathematician (born 1931)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Heisuke Hironaka
| image             = Heisuke_Hironaka.jpg
| image_size        = 
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1931|04|09}}
| birth_place       = Yuu-chō, Kuga-Gun, [[Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]], [[Japan]]<br />(modern-day [[Iwakuni, Yamaguchi]], [[Japan]])
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| nationality       = [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| field             = [[Mathematics]]
| work_institutions = [[Brandeis University]]<br />[[Harvard University]]<br />[[Columbia University]]<br />[[Kyoto University]]
| alma_mater        = [[Kyoto University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[PhD]])
| thesis_title      = On the Theory of Birational Blowing-up
| thesis_url        = https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/search?tab=everything&search_scope=everything&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&mode=basic&offset=0&query=lsr01,contains,990038590670203941
| thesis_year       = 1960
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Oscar Zariski]]
| doctoral_students = José Manuel Aroca Hernández-Ros<br />Charles Barton, III<br />[[Dave Bayer]]<br />Bruce Bennett<br />Max Benson<br />[[Jacob E. Goodman]]<br />[[William Haboush]]<br />Jerome Hoffman<br />Audun Holme<br />Monique Lejeune-Jalabert<br />Takehiko Miyata<br />Loren Olson<br />[[Mary Schaps]]<br />Andrew Schwartz<br />{{interlanguage link|Mark Spivakovsky|de}}<br />[[Allen Tannenbaum]]<br />[[Bernard Teissier]]<br />Philip Wagreich<br />Boris Youssin
| known_for         = 
| spouse            = [[Wakako Hironaka]] (née Kimoto)
| prizes            = [[Asahi Prize]]  {{small|(1967)}}<br />[[Fields Medal]] {{small|(1970)}}<br />[[Order of Culture]] {{small|(1975)}}<br />[[Legion of Honour]] {{small|(2004)}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Heisuke Hironaka'''|広中 平祐|Hironaka Heisuke|extra=born April 9, 1931}} is a Japanese [[mathematician]] who was awarded the [[Fields Medal]] in 1970 for his contributions to [[algebraic geometry]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Fields Medallists |url=https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/about/honors/international-awards/fields-medallists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231202165604/https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/about/honors/international-awards/fields-medallists |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=March 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Kyoto University]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hironaka was born on April 9, 1931 in [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi]], Japan. He was inspired to study mathematics after a visiting [[Hiroshima University]] mathematics professor gave a lecture at his junior high school. Hironaka applied to the undergraduate program at Hiroshima University, but was unsuccessful. However, the following year, he was accepted into [[Kyoto University]] to study physics, entering in 1949 and receiving his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science from the university in 1954 and 1956. Hironaka initially studied physics, chemistry, and biology, but his third year as an undergraduate, he chose to move to taking courses in mathematics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Heisuke Hironaka - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hironaka/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> 

The same year, Hironaka was invited to a seminar group led by [[Yasuo Akizuki]], who would have a major influence on Hironaka's mathematical development. The group, informally known as the Akizuki School, discussed cutting-edge research developments including the [[resolution of singularities]] problem for which Hironaka later received the Fields Medal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Allyn |date=October 2005 |title=Interview with Heisuke Hironaka |url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200509/fea-hironaka.pdf |journal=[[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=1010–1019}}</ref> Hironaka has described his interest in this problem as having the logic and mystery of "a boy falling in love with a girl."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Harvard Magazine |first=Harvard Magazine |date=May 25, 2011 |title=Meet the 2011 Centennial Medalists |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/05/centennial-medalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231201221551/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/05/centennial-medalists |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=December 1, 2023 |website=Harvard Magazine}}</ref> In 1956, Akizuki invited then Harvard professor [[Oscar Zariski]] to Kyoto University. Hironaka took the opportunity to present his own research to Zariski, who suggested that Hironaka move to [[Harvard University]] to continue his studies.<ref name=":1" />

In 1957, Hironaka moved to the United States to attend Harvard University as a doctoral student under the direction of Zariski.<ref>{{cite web |title=GSAS ALUMNI |url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/alumni/centennial_medal_2011.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212092957/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/alumni/centennial_medal_2011.php |archive-date=February 12, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Harvard College]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Hironaka's [[abstract algebra|algebra]] background, developed under Akizuki, allowed him to bring fresh insights into mathematics discussions in Harvard, which placed a greater emphasis on geometric perspectives. In 1958–1959, [[Alexander Grothendieck]] visited Harvard University and was another important influence on Hironaka, inviting him to the [[Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques|Institut des Hautes Études Scientifique]] (IHES) in Paris.<ref name=":2" /> 

Returning to Harvard in 1960, Hironaka received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] for his thesis ''On the Theory of Birational Blowing-up.''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1960 |title=On the theory of birational blowing-up |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990038590670203941/catalog |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=hollis.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Hironaka was an Associate Professor of Mathematics at [[Brandeis University]] from 1960–1963. He taught at [[Columbia University]] from 1964–1968 and became a professor of mathematics at [[Harvard University]] from 1968 until becoming ''[[emeritus]]'' in 1992.

Hironaka returned to Japan for a joint professorship at the [[Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences]] and [[Kyoto University]] from 1975–1983 and was the Institute Director from 1983–1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/emeritus.html|title=Professor Emeritus|publisher=[[Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences]], [[Kyoto University]]|access-date=March 10, 2014|archive-date=April 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404225904/http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/emeritus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  

Hironaka was the president of [[Yamaguchi University]] from 1996–2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former President of Yamaguchi University |url=http://www.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/english/17/66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310070409/http://www.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/english/17/66.html |archive-date=March 10, 2014 |access-date=March 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Yamaguchi University]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Research==
In 1960, Hironaka introduced [[Hironaka's example]], showing that a deformation of [[Kähler manifold]]s need not be Kähler. The example is a 1-parameter family of [[smooth manifold|smooth]] [[Compact space|compact]] [[complex manifold|complex]] [[3-manifold]]s such that most fibers are Kähler (and even projective), but one fiber is not Kähler. This can be used to show that several other plausible statements holding for smooth varieties of dimension at most 2 fail for smooth varieties of dimension at least 3.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hironaka |first=Heisuke |title=An example of a non-Kählerian complex-analytic deformation of Kählerian complex structures. |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=190–208 |year=1962 |doi=10.2307/1970426 |jstor=1970426}}</ref>

In 1964, Hironaka proved that [[singular point of an algebraic variety|singularities of algebraic varieties]] admit [[resolution of singularities|resolutions]] in [[characteristic zero]]. Hironaka was able to give a general solution to this problem, proving that any [[algebraic variety]] can be replaced by (more precisely is [[birational equivalence|birationally equivalent]] to) a similar variety that has no singularities.<ref name=":1" />

Hironaka recalled that he felt very close to approaching the solution while studying in Harvard. Then, soon after getting his first teaching position at Brandeis, he realized that if he combined his [[commutative algebra]] experience from Kyoto, geometry of polynomials from Harvard, and globalization technique from IHES, he had everything he needed to solve the problem.<ref name=":2" />

In 2017 he posted to his personal webpage a manuscript that claims to prove the existence of a resolution of singularities in positive characteristic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.harvard.edu/~hironaka/pRes.pdf|title=Resolution of singularities in positive characteristics|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=May 17, 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
Hironaka received a Fields Medal, the highest honor in mathematics, at the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] at Nice in 1970 at 39, just under the 40 year age limit. 

List of Awards: 

* [[Asahi Prize]] (1967)
* [[Fields Medal]] in 1970.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Japan Academy Prize (academics)|Japan Academy Prize]] (1970)
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathematics Archives - Page 13 of 20 |url=https://www.gf.org/field-of-study/mathematics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231202214217/https://www.gf.org/field-of-study/mathematics/page/13/ |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation... |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]] (1975)<ref>{{Cite web |title=文化勲章 |url=https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/about/history/honor/award-b/culture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231202221342/https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/about/history/honor/award-b/culture |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=京都大学 |language=ja}}</ref>
* [[Person of Cultural Merit]] (1975)<ref>{{Cite web |title=文化功労者 |url=https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/about/history/honor/award-b/cultural-merit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231202221617/https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/about/history/honor/award-b/cultural-merit |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=京都大学 |language=ja}}</ref>
* Honorary doctor of the [[Complutense University of Madrid]] (1981)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complutense University of Madrid |url=https://ucm.es/english/honorary-doctorates |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=ucm.es}}</ref>
* [[Legion of Honour]] (2004)
* [[Harvard Centennial Medal]] (2011)<ref name=":3" />

== Influence on Asian Mathematics ==
Hironaka has been active in promoting mathematical education, particularly in Japan and South Korea. Hironaka wrote or co-authored 26 books on mathematics and other topics.<ref name=":3" />

In 1980, he started a summer seminar for Japanese high school students, and later created a program for Japanese and American college students. In 1984 he established the Japanese Association for Mathematical Sciences (JAMS) to fund these seminars, serving as executive director.<ref name=":2" /> Additional funding was received from corporations and the Japanese government. Harvard emeritus math professor [[Shing-Tung Yau]] noted that "In the 1980s there were few domestic grant opportunities for foreign travel or exchange [...] today, one can see the fruits of Hironaka’s efforts in the number of former JAMS fellows who have become professors of mathematics across the United States and Japan."<ref name=":3" /> 

As visiting professor at [[Seoul National University]] in 2008–2009, Hironaka mentored undergraduate student [[June Huh]], a former high school drop-out and aspiring poet, encouraging his interest in pursuing math for graduate school. Huh won a Fields medal in 2022 for the linkages he found between [[algebraic geometry]] and [[combinatorics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cepelewicz |first=Jordana |date=July 5, 2022 |title=He Dropped Out to Become a Poet. Now He's Won a Fields Medal. |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/june-huh-high-school-dropout-wins-the-fields-medal-20220705/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220705140842/https://www.quantamagazine.org/june-huh-high-school-dropout-wins-the-fields-medal-20220705/ |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2022 |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hironaka married [[Wakako Hironaka|Wakako Kimoto]]  in 1960, a Brandeis Wien International Scholar who entered Japanese politics through her election to the House of Councillors in 1986. They have a son Jo, and daughter Eriko, who is also a mathematician.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eriko Hironaka |url=https://www.math.fsu.edu/~hironaka/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.math.fsu.edu}}</ref> 

On his love for mathematics, Hironaka said "I accumulate anything to do with numbers. For instance, I have more than 10,000 photos of flowers and leaves. I like to just count the numbers and compare them. I am so pleased to be a mathematician, because I can see the mathematical interest in things."<ref name=":2" />

== Selected Publications ==
* Hironaka, H. (1957). [https://projecteuclid.org/journals/memoirs-of-the-college-of-science-university-of-kyoto-series-a-mathematics/volume-30/issue-2/On-the-arithmetic-genera-and-the-effective-genera-of-algebraic/10.1215/kjm/1250777055.full "On the arithmetic genera and the effective genera of algebraic curves,"] ''Mem. College Sci. Univ. Kyoto Ser. A Math.'', '''30'''(2): 177-195. DOI: 10.1215/kjm/1250777055 
* Hironaka, H. (1960). [https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/search?tab=everything&search_scope=everything&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&mode=basic&offset=0&query=lsr01,contains,990038590670203941 "On the theory of birational blowing-up,"]<ref name=":4" /> 
* Hironaka, H. (1964), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1970486 "The Resolution of Singularities of an Algebraic Variety over a Field of Characteristic Zero."] ''Annals of Mathematics''., '''79'''(1):109-203. https://doi.org/10.2307/1970486
* Hironaka, H.; [[Hideyuki Matsumura|Matsumura, Hideyuki]]. (1967), [https://projecteuclid.org/journals/journal-of-the-mathematical-society-of-japan/volume-20/issue-1-2/Formal-functions-and-formal-embeddings/10.2969/jmsj/02010052.full “Formal functions and formal embeddings”] ''J. Math. Soc. Japan,'' '''20'''(1-2): 52-82. DOI: 10.2969/jmsj/02010052
* Hironaka, H. (1967), “[https://projecteuclid.org/journals/kyoto-journal-of-mathematics/volume-7/issue-1/On-the-characters-nu-and-tau-of-singularities/10.1215/kjm/1250524306.full On the characters ν \nu* and τ \tau* of singularities"] ''J. Math. Kyoto Univ.,'' '''7'''(1): 325–327. DOI: 10.1215/kjm/1250524306 
* Hironaka, H. (1974), [https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200311921892201.page “The theory of infinitely near singular points”] ''J. Korean Math. Soc.'' '''40'''(5): 901–920. https://doi.org/10.4134/JKMS.2003.40.5.901
* Aroca, J. M.; Hironaka, Heisuke; Vicente, J. L. (1977). “[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1IlAAAACAAJ Desingularization theorems]" Memorias de Matematica del Instituto.
* Hironaka, H. (1991), [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-76709-8_10 "Fame, sweet and bitter."] In P. Hilton, F. Hirzebruch, and R. Remmert (Eds.), [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-76709-8 Miscellanea mathematica](pp. 155-176)
* Hironaka, H.; Janeczko, S. (Eds.). (2004). “[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250308693_Geometric_Singularity_Theory Geometric singularity theory]" 
* Aroca, J. M.; Hironaka, H; Vicente, J. L. (2018), [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-4-431-49822-3 "Complex Analytic Desingularization"] ISBN 978-4-431-70218-4

==See also==
*[[Hironaka decomposition]]
*[[Hironaka's criterion]]
*[[René Thom]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{MathGenealogy |id=18752}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Hironaka}}
* Jackson, Allyn; [https://www.ams.org/notices/200509/fea-hironaka.pdf Interview with Heisuke Hironaka]; ''Notices of the American Mathematical Society''; vol. 52, no. 9 (October 2005).

{{Fields medalists}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hironaka, Heisuke}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese mathematicians]]
[[Category:Algebraic geometers]]
[[Category:Fields Medalists]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty]]
[[Category:Brandeis University faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Kyoto University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Culture]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:People from Iwakuni, Yamaguchi]]
[[Category:Scientists from Yamaguchi Prefecture]]