Editing Haute-Savoie

{{Short description|Department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox department for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Haute-Savoie
| native_name_lang   = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| native_name        = {{native name|frp|Savouè d'Amont}}
| type               = [[Departments of France|Department]]
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| photo3a = Port Rives Thonon Bains 4.jpg
| photo1b = Lac vert de passy (2).JPG
| photo1a = Aiguille du Midi 5.JPG
| photo3b = Grand Balcon Nord 7.jpg
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| image_caption      = From top down, left to right: [[Aiguille du Midi]], [[Lac Vert (Passy)|Lac Vert]] in [[Passy, Haute-Savoie|Passy]], [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] building in [[Annecy]], a view of [[Les Houches]], [[Thonon-les-Bains]], landscape near [[Chamonix]]
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| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]
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| seat_type          = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat               = [[Annecy]]
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| p1                 = [[Bonneville, Haute-Savoie|Bonneville]]<br/>[[Saint-Julien-en-Genevois]]<br/>[[Thonon-les-Bains]]
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| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name        = [[Martial Saddier]] ([[The Republicans (France)|LR]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
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| area_total_km2     = 4388
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| elevation_m        = 1160
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| population_rank    = [[List of French departments by population|27th]]
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| blank_info_sec1    = 74
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| blank_info_sec2    = [[Arrondissements of the Haute-Savoie department|4]]
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| footnotes          = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup><br/>{{note|area|2}} ''{{lang|fr|Inventaire forestier départemental, III<sup>e</sup> inventaire 1998}}''
| image_blank_emblem = Logo Haute Savoie 2015.svg
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'''Haute-Savoie''' ({{IPA|fr|ot savwa|pron|Fr-Paris--Haute-Savoie.ogg}}){{efn|[[Franco-Provençal|Arpitan]]: ''Savouè d'Amont'' or ''Hiôta-Savouè''; 'Upper Savoy'; {{langx|de|Obersavoyen}} or ''{{lang|de|Hochsavoyen}}''; {{langx|it|Alta Savoia}}.}} is a [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]] [[Regions of France|region]] of Southeastern [[France]], bordering both [[Switzerland]] and [[Italy]]. Its [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] is [[Annecy]]. To the north is [[Lake Geneva]]; to the south and southeast are [[Mont Blanc]] and the [[Aravis Range|Aravis mountain range]].

It holds its name from the [[Savoy]] historical region, as does the department of [[Savoie]], located south of Haute-Savoie. In 2019, it had a population of 826,094.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep74.pdf Populations légales 2019: 74 Haute-Savoie], INSEE</ref> Its [[Subprefectures in France|subprefectures]] are [[Bonneville, Haute-Savoie|Bonneville]], [[Saint-Julien-en-Genevois]] and [[Thonon-les-Bains]]. The French entrance to the [[Mont Blanc Tunnel]] into Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the first [[Winter Olympic Games]] were held at [[Chamonix]] in [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]].

== History ==
{{See also|Savoy}}
The historical region of [[Savoy]] was governed by the [[House of Savoy]], the ruling dynasty of Savoy from 1032 to 1860. The [[Dukes of Savoy]] were rulers of the Savoy region from 1416 to 1720.

The territory occupied by modern Haute-Savoie and the adjoining department of [[Savoie]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] after the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] in 1713. Annexation of the region by [[France]] was formalised in the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]] on March 24, 1860. Most of it was the [[Neutralized Zone of Savoy]].
<!--[[File:Monument.maquis.entremont1193.JPG|thumb|right|A monument to the Maquis des Glières in Entremont]]-->

From November 1942 to September 1943, Haute-Savoie was subjected to military occupation by [[Fascist Italy (1922-1943)|Fascist Italy]]. The [[Maquis des Glières]] (a band of [[Maquis (World War II)|Free French Resistance]] fighters who opposed the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]], [[Vichy France|Vichy]] and [[Milice]] regimes during [[World War II]]) operated from Haute-Savoie. In the winter of 1943–1944, German troops burned down around 500 farms in response to French Resistance activities.

==Politics==
===Departmental Council of Haute-Savoie===
{{Main|Departmental Council of Haute-Savoie}}
{{see also|2021 French departmental elections}}
The [[Departmental council (France)|Departmental Council]] of Haute-Savoie has 34 seats. As of 2020, fifteen councillors are part of the Haute-Savoie Union group ([[miscellaneous right]]), fourteen are part of the Avenir Haute-Savoie group ([[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]) and five are part of the Union du Centre group ([[The Centrists]]). [[Martial Saddier]] had been [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President of the Departmental Council]] since 2021.

===Representation in Paris===
====National Assembly====
Haute-Savoie elected the following members of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] in the [[2022 French legislative election|2022 legislative election]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Ensemble Citoyens}}" |
| [[Haute-Savoie's 1st constituency]]
| [[Véronique Riotton]]
| [[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Ensemble Citoyens}}" |
| [[Haute-Savoie's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Antoine Armand]]
| [[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union of the Right and Centre}}" |
| [[Haute-Savoie's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Christelle Petex-Levet]]
| [[Union of the Right and Centre|UDC]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union of the Right and Centre}}" |
| [[Haute-Savoie's 4th constituency]]
| [[Virginie Duby-Muller]]
| [[Union of the Right and Centre|UDC]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Ensemble Citoyens}}" |
| [[Haute-Savoie's 5th constituency]]
| [[Anne-Cécile Violland]]
| [[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Ensemble Citoyens}}" |
| [[Haute-Savoie's 6th constituency]]
| [[Xavier Roseren]]
| [[Ensemble Citoyens|Ensemble]]
|}

====Senate====
{{see also|List of senators of Haute-Savoie}}
Haute-Savoie sends three [[Senate (France)|Senators]] to [[French Parliament|Parliament]]. [[Loïc Hervé]] and [[Cyril Pellevat]] were both elected in 2014; [[Sylviane Noël]] took office in 2018.

== Geography ==
[[Image:Département de la Haute-Savoie.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Haute-Savoie highlighted in brown in the former Rhône-Alpes region, with arrondissements outlined|alt=Gray map of former [[Rhône-Alpes]] region, with Haute-Savoie in brown]]
Haute-Savoie comprises [[Arrondissements of the Haute-Savoie department|four arrondissements]], divided into [[Communes of the Haute-Savoie department|279 communes]] and [[Cantons of the Haute-Savoie department|17 cantons]].<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/departement/74-haute-savoie Département de la Haute-Savoie (74)], INSEE, retrieved 18 November 2024.</ref> To the north, it borders the Swiss [[canton of Geneva]] and [[Lake Geneva]]; to the east the Swiss [[Valais|canton of Valais]] and Italy's [[Aosta Valley]]; to the west the French department of [[Ain]]; and to the south the department of [[Savoie]].

Haute-Savoie has the largest range of elevations of all the departments in France; the lowest point is {{convert|250|m|ft}} in the [[Rhône|Rhône Valley]], and the highest [[Mont Blanc]] at {{convert|4810.40|m|ft}}.<ref name="IFN">{{Cite web | title = Haute-Savoie: III<sup>e</sup> inventaire 1998 | work = Inventaire forestier départemental | publisher = Inventaire Forestier National | year = 2005 | url = http://www.ifn.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/IFN_74_3_HAUTE_SAVOIE.pdf | access-date = 2010-09-03 }}</ref>{{rp|9}} Some of the world's best-known ski resorts are in Haute-Savoie.

The terrain of the department includes the Alpine [[Mont Blanc massif|Mont Blanc range]]; the [[French Prealps]] of the [[Aravis Range]], the [[Chablais Alps|Chablais]], Bornes and Bauges Alps; and the [[peneplain]]s of Genevois haut-savoyard and [[Albanais]] (known collectively as ''L'Avant-pays savoyard'').<ref name="IFN"/>{{rp|9}} Its mountainous terrain makes [[mountain pass]]es important to trade and economic life. Some of the most important are the [[Col de la Forclaz]] (which connects Chamonix to the canton of Valais) and the [[Mont Blanc Tunnel]], linking Chamonix to [[Courmayeur]] in the [[Aosta Valley]].<ref name="IFN"/>{{rp|10}}

===Forests===
As of 1996, {{convert|178624|ha|acre}} of Haute-Savoie is [[forest]]ed (38.8 percent of the total land area), compared to 34.4 percent for the [[Rhone-Alpes]] region and 27.1 percent for France as a whole. Of the forested area {{convert|141063|ha|acre}} (79 percent) is [[forest management|managed]] for [[timber]] and other [[forest product]]s, with the remaining {{convert|37561|ha|acre}} having no commercial value or used for [[outdoor recreation]].<ref name="IFN"/>{{rp|12}}

[[File:Haute-Savoie-OSM.png|thumb|300px|Map of Haute-Savoie|alt=Map of Haute-Savoie, showing parks and roads]]
National nature reserves are designated by the [[Cabinet of France|French government]] as areas where an outstanding [[natural heritage]] is present in both rare and typical areas in terms of species and geology. Management is charged to local organizations, with direction and evaluation focusing on long-term protection for future generations and [[environmental education]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a nature reserve? |publisher=Réserves naturelles de France |url=http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/english/ |access-date=2010-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030824115214/http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/english/ |archive-date=August 24, 2003 }}</ref> Of the {{convert|37561|ha|acre}} of land not managed for timber, Haute-Savoie has nine national nature reserves totaling {{convert|24542|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhône-Alpes |work=Les réserves naturelles de France - les réserves - par region |publisher=Réserves naturelles de France |url=http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/reserves/region.asp?arbo=1.0&id=27 |access-date=2010-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504051224/http://www.reserves-naturelles.org/reserves/region.asp?arbo=1.0&id=27 |archive-date=May 4, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Aiguilles Rouges National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|3276|ha|acre}}
* [[Bout du Lac d'Annecy National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|84|ha|acre}}
* [[Carlaveyron National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|599|ha|acre}}
* [[Contamines-Montjoie National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|5500|ha|acre}}
* [[Delta de la Dranse National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|539.7|ha|acre}}
* [[Passy National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|2000|ha|acre}}
* [[Roc de Chère National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|68.24|ha|acre}}
* [[Sixt-Passy National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|9200|ha|acre}}
* [[Vallon de Bérard National Nature Reserve]] &ndash; {{convert|3276|ha|acre}}

===Lakes===
{{See also|List of lakes in France#Haute-Savoie|l1=Lakes in Haute-Savoie}}
[[File:LacAnnecy.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Lake Annecy from the southeast|alt=Aerial view of narrow lake between mountains]]
Haute-Savoie has significant freshwater resources. [[Lake Annecy]] is a major attraction, along with the town of [[Évian-les-Bains]], perhaps the best-known town on the French shore of [[Lake Geneva]], and known worldwide for its [[Evian]] [[mineral water]]. Haute-Savoie is entirely within the [[drainage divide|watershed]] of the [[Rhone]].

== Demographics ==
Population development since 1861:{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/74his.html|title=Historique de la Haute-Savoie|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-74|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|25=1861|26=267,496|27=1872|28=273,027|29=1881|30=274,087|31=1891|32=268,471|33=1901|34=263,803|35=1911|36=255,137|37=1921|38=235,668|39=1931|40=252,794|41=1936|42=259,961|43=1946|44=270,565|45=1954|46=293,852|47=1962|48=329,230|49=1968|50=378,550|51=1975|52=447,795|53=1982|54=494,505|55=1990|56=568,286|57=1999|58=631,679|59=2006|60=696,254|61=2011|62=746,994|63=2016|64=801,416}}

===Principal towns===

The most populous commune is [[Annecy]], the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Annecy]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 130,721
|-
| [[Annemasse]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 36,582
|-
| [[Thonon-les-Bains]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 35,826
|-
| [[Cluses]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 16,918
|-
| [[Sallanches]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 16,831
|-
| [[Saint-Julien-en-Genevois]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 15,873
|-
| [[Rumilly, Haute-Savoie|Rumilly]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 15,768
|}

=== Education and research ===
{{expand section|date=April 2021}}
The research sector in Haute-Savoie filed 201 patents in 2000. It is represented by:
* Laboratory for Particle Physics in Annecy-le-Vieux
* Technology Center Engineering Industries (CETIM)
* Research laboratories related to Polytech Savoie, ESIA and Savoy University
* Technical center for screw-machining industry (CTDEC) in Cluses
* The Thésame - mechatronics and management

=={{anchor|Activities}}Economy==
{{update section|date=July 2022}}

=== Agriculture ===
{{See also|Abondance (cattle)|Savoy wine}}
In 2006 approximately {{convert|142000|ha|acre}} of land was suitable for [[agriculture]], of which {{convert|33600|ha|acre}} (24 percent) was [[arable land]] suitable for [[market gardening]], [[Tillage|cultivation]] or [[pasture]]; {{convert|600|ha|acre}} was [[orchards]]; {{convert|300|ha|acre}} was [[vineyards]], and {{convert|108300|ha|acre}} was [[alpine tundra]] or [[grass]]es.<ref name="DDAF">{{Cite web | title = Mémento agricole et rural Haute-Savoie | publisher = Direction Départementale de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt | date = April 2008 | url = http://www.haute-savoie.equipement-agriculture.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=151151 | format = pdf | access-date = 2010-09-03 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231800/http://www.haute-savoie.equipement-agriculture.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=151151 | archive-date = 2011-07-20 }}</ref>
There were 4,450 farmers in 1999, 4,800 farmers and over 1,700 full-time farm employees at the end of 2006. In 1999, crop production was valued at €71.5&nbsp;million  and animal production at €165.4&nbsp;million.

[[File:Reblochon AOC.jpg|thumb|right|Reblochon cheese|alt=Half-circle of soft tan cheese, cut side forward, on white table]]
[[Dairy]] production is a large part of the Haute-Savoie economy, earning €117.2&nbsp;million in 2006 and representing 74 percent of the net animal-product worth. [[Cattle]] earned €29.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="DDAF"/>{{rp|8}} [[Cheese]] production (by variety) in 1999 (except as noted) was:
* [[Reblochon]] &ndash; 16,950 tons
* [[Tomme de Savoie]] &ndash; 5,500 tons
* [[Emmental cheese|Emmental]] &ndash; 3,000 tons (2006); 4,050 tons in 1999
* [[Raclette]] raw milk &ndash; 2,000 tons
* [[Abondance (cheese)|Abondance]] &ndash; 700 tons
* [[Tome des Bauges]] &ndash; 650 tons

=== Crafts ===
In late 2000 crafts occupied 15 percent of the workforce, or 28,443 employees and 1,922 apprentices. The 11,951 companies represented on the ''Répertoire des Métiers'' (Trade Index) were divided into:
* Food: 955 companies
* Construction: 4,924
* Production: 2,834
* Services: 3,238

=== Construction and public works ===
In late December 2000, building construction and public works included 13,867 employees in 4,838 companies as follows:
* Construction: 20 percent
* Decoration, electricity, plastering, painting: 70 percent
* Public works: 10 percent

=== Trade ===
In late December 2000, the trade sector accounted for 33,994 employees in 9,351 companies as follows:
* Tourism, culture and recreation: 23.7 percent
* Food and restaurants: 22.5 percent
* Hygiene and health: 15.2 percent
* Service: 14.3 percent
* Cars, motorcycles, bicycles: 13.1 percent
* Household equipment, home appliances: 11.2 percent

==={{anchor|Shops}}Retail===
In late 2006, the département had 600 commercial establishments in over {{convert|300|m2|ft2}} (for a total area of {{convert|705419|m2|ft2}}), including:
* 13 [[hypermarket]]s ({{convert|78105|m2|ft2}})
* 92 supermarkets ({{convert|112844|m2|ft2}})
* 24 maxidiscounts ({{convert|17600|m2|ft2}})
* 6 department and variety stores ({{convert|14640|m2|ft2}})
* 465 other stores ({{convert|482230|m2|ft2}})

From 1998 to 2005, 65 new supermarkets were built for an area totaling {{convert|50000|m2|ft2}}.
The average expenditure per capita in 2006 was €21,706. With the 2004–2007 rise of the euro, Swiss customer traffic decreased five or six percent (Swiss shoppers make up half the shoppers in the Genève–Savoyard district).
At the end of 2006, traditional small businesses (less than {{convert|300|m2|ft2}}) represented 84 percent of businesses and 40 percent of retail space.

===Companies===
4,301 companies were established in 2004 in Haute-Savoie: nearly 80 percent in the service sector, with a high percentage offering service to individuals (hotels, restaurants, recreational, cultural, sports, personal and household services). This accounted for 21.6 percent of new businesses.
The most active sectors were real estate (up 24 percent), construction (up 15.4 percent), business services (up 12.4 percent) and the food industry (up 10 percent).

In 1999, Haute-Savoie had 2,779 industrial companies producing 13.60 percent of all business income.

==== {{anchor|List of industrial companies in Haute-Savoie|Screw cutting|Competitiveness Cluster Arve Industries Haute-Savoie Mont-Blanc}}Companies in Haute-Savoie ====
* '' Food'': Entremont, [[Evian]] (mineral water), Cereal Partners France, La Gerbe Savoyarde, France, Decoration, Besnier, Fruity
* '' Chemistry-Pharmacy-Medical'': Labcatal, Nicholas Roche, Pierre Fabre Galderma, [https://ivoclar.com/fr%20fr Ivoclar], Corneal, SNCI, Anthogyr
* '' Commerce'': Provencia, Botanic
* '' Electrical and electronic'': Chauvin-Arnoux, DAV, Label, Amphenol Socapex, Cartier, Varilac CEB
* '' Mechanical equipment'': [[Dassault]], [[adixen Vacuum Products]], [[Bosch Rexroth]], [[Union Pump-Guinard Pumps]] (Group Textron)
* '' Home, household equipment'': [[Tefal]], [[Scaime Bourgeois]], [[Mobalpa]], [[Somfy]]
* '' Personal items'': S.T. Dupont, Rexam Reboul, Gay, Maped, Pilot
* '' Data'': Sopra, Cross Systems
* '' Machine tools and special machines'': [[Stäubli]], Prosys, Mach 1, Techmeta (Bodycote), Wirth and Gruffat, Mecasonic, Almo
* '' Mechanics'': SNR Bearings, Parker Hannifin, Glacier Vandervell, Invensys, Eurodec, Frank and Pignard, Bouverat, Nicomatic, ZF, Sandvik, Rossignol Technology
* '' Metals and materials'': PSB Industries, Pechiney Rhenalu, Fonlem Lachenal
* '' Plastics'': Veka, SMPI, Decoplast
* '' Sport and leisure goods'': Salomon (skiing), Mavic, Dynastar, Millet, Fusalp, Eider
* '' Other'': Velsol France, Mecalac, ABMT (Bodycote)

Screw-cutting is a precision parts-machining industry, and Haute-Savoie generates the bulk of French screws. Firms engaged in screw-cutting are major employers in the department. While the automotive industry is the principal client, firms also service the electronics, household-appliance and medical sectors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haute-Savoie sub-contracting|url=http://www.france-industry-supply.com/sub-contracting/sub-contracting-know-how/haute-savoie-sub-contracting-.html|publisher=Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de la Haute-Savoie|access-date=6 August 2011|year=2009|quote=Industry at the heart of dynamism in Haute-Savoie. 30% of GDP in Haute-Savoie comes from industry (compared with 20% in France) A concentration of several professions/skills on one region: screw-cutting, pre-cutting, assembly of sub-assemblies, innovative materials, surface treatment, grinding, tool manufacture. Three key activities: - Sub-contracting and manufacture of sub-assemblies - Capital goods (specialist machinery, robotics) - Consumer goods: agri-food, sports and leisure, household equipment  Some 2,500 production organisations  52,000 industrial employees (of which 26,000 in metallurgy and metal-working) Industrial fabric made up primarily of SMEs (79.2% of businesses with fewer than 10 employees). The Arve valley: the global benchmark for screw-cutting The capital of screw-cutting, Haute-Savoie represents 65% of screw-cutting in France, and 20% of industrial enterprises within the administrative area + 800 sub-contracting SMEs and almost 500 SMEs specialising in screw-cutting More than 8,000 employees work in screw-cutting in the Arve valley. Main client screw-cutting client sectors in decreasing order of size: automotive (60% of screw-cutting organisations work for this sector), electronics, household appliances, medical.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809082425/http://www.france-industry-supply.com/sub-contracting/Sub-contracting-know-how/Haute-Savoie-sub-contracting-.html|archive-date=9 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Arve Industries is part of 67 "competitiveness clusters" created in 2005.
The cluster is dedicated to [[mechatronics]] and includes 60,000 industrial jobs in over 280 companies (primarily small), 1,200 researchers and 250 patents in 2002.
Among the projects supported by the cluster is [[Engineering tolerance#An alternative view of tolerances|inertial tolerancing]], a new approach in evaluating the quality of machined parts. Based on the [[Taguchi loss function]], inertia is defined by its deviation from its target. Inertial tolerancing is a research-and-development program supported by the cluster for its member companies. It is led by a research team from the Symme Laboratory of the University of Savoie and the CTDEC (''Centre Technique du Decolletage''). The publication of the French standard NFX 04-008 demonstrates the relevance of topics covered by the cluster.

Other programs involve the production of clean parts (4P project), developing new models of customer-supplier relationships to improve the effectiveness of simultaneous engineering tasks, and development of the international visibility of the cluster and its members.
The companies concerned are involved with industrial mechanics, precision engineering, precision turning and sub-assemblies and mechanical assemblies, often associated with integrating technologies such as plastics, electronics and hydraulics.
Markets served by member companies of the cluster include transport (cars, trucks, rail and air), production and distribution of electricity, hydraulics (gas or liquid, high-pressure vacuum), medical and health-related.

=== Services ===
In late December 2000, the service sector employed 75,768 people in 11,129 companies in:
* Hotels and restaurants &ndash; 26.5 percent
* Real estate activities &ndash; 24.6 percent
* Consulting and assistance &ndash; 14.0 percent
* Transportation &ndash; 6.1 percent
* Financial activities &ndash; 6.2 percent

=== Tourism ===
As of late December 2000, the tourism sector had a total of 635,000 beds divided as follows:
* 1,250 &ndash; Rural lodgings
* 803 &ndash; Hotels
* 453 &ndash; Guest rooms
* 191 &ndash; Campsites
* 70 &ndash; Bed-and-breakfasts
* 40 &ndash; [[Mountain hut]]s

In 1999 there were 37.9 million overnight stays: 56 percent in winter and 44 percent during the rest of the year.
<gallery>
File:YvoireWiki 09.jpg|[[Yvoire]] and [[Lake Geneva]]
File:Cluses.JPG|Arve Valley and the town of [[Cluses]]
File:Fr-duingt-chateau-Ruphy-2-ulrichprinz.jpg|Chateau de Ruphy in [[Duingt]]
File:Seyssel rive Haute-Savoie.JPG|[[Seyssel, Haute-Savoie|Seyssel]]
File:200505-Lac de Montriond 03.JPG|[[Lac de Montriond|Montriond Lake]]
File:Aiguille-du-Midi-summer.jpg|[[Aiguille du Midi]]
</gallery>

==={{anchor|Cross-border labour}}Cross-border workers===
Many people who live in Haute-Savoie (more than 52,200 in November 2006) work in [[Switzerland]] (in the cantons of [[Geneva]], [[Vaud]] and [[Valais]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} The phenomenon has accelerated since bilateral agreements concluded between Switzerland and the [[European Union]],{{when|date=April 2021}} of which a significant part concerned free movement of people. In 2007, commuting increased over 12%.<!--from when?-->

Effective June 1, 2007, residents of Haute-Savoie may freely work in Switzerland. The department and municipalities receive compensation ("frontier funds") allocated to municipalities in proportion to the number of border residents there. Following an agreement signed in Geneva in 1973, the Canton of Geneva transferred to Haute-Savoie 3.5 percent of total worker compensation, equivalent in December 2006 to €77.687&nbsp;million.

===Export===
Exports are an important part of the economy; forty percent of Haute-Savoie employees work for exporting firms. Exports are primarily to Germany, the United States, Switzerland, Italy and the United Kingdom. Imports come mainly from Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States.

=== Taxation ===
Haute-Savoie has property and income taxes. In 2006, 312,823 households were subject to property taxes and 27,747 were exempt.
The average income tax per household was €25,621 in 2007 (compared with the national average of €21,930).

=== {{anchor|Transports}}Transport ===
Haute Savoie is served by the A41 and A43 highways. Annecy is accessible from Lyon, with an estimated travel time between two and three hours in normal traffic. Since it is closer to Geneva, the new highway connects the two cities in about an hour.
Meythet Airport in Annecy  has Air France Regional round-trip service to Paris Orly.
Saint-Gervais is the only railroad station directly serving a ski resort. The main rail line serves Annecy-Annemasse-Geneva. The Annecy railway station has TGV (high speed trains) departures and arrivals to and from Paris via the high-speed line from Lyon Part-Dieu. Intercity Public transport is run by Lihsa.

=== Sources ===
* Assedic (January 2000)
* Construction 74 (January 2000)
* ERC / DDAF 1999
* Chamber of Agriculture
* Chamber of Trade (December 2000)
* Customs
* SIRENE of [[INSEE]] (July 2003)
* CTDEC
* Chamber of Commerce
* Thésame

==See also==

===Language===
* [[Arpitan language]]

===Places===
* [[Lake Annecy]] - The third largest lake in France.
* [[Lake Geneva]] - Lake which joins Upper Savoy and Switzerland.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.hautesavoie.fr/ Departmental Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.haute-savoie.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.haute-savoie.cci.fr Haute-Savoie Chamber of Commerce and Industry]
* [http://www.rhone-alpes.travail.gouv.fr/include/viewFile.php? Employment statistics]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} access to regional statistics (Department of Labor Region Rhone-Alpes)
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Haute-Savoie | volume= 13 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge|  page = 74 |short= 1}}

{{Departments of France}}
{{UNPO}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Haute-Savoie| ]]
[[Category:Allobroges]]
[[Category:Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]
[[Category:1860 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Departments of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]
[[Category:Border tripoints]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1860]]