Editing Haumia-tiketike

{{Short description|Māori god of uncultivated vegetative food}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox deity
| type         = Polynesian
| name         = Haumia-tiketike
| god_of       = {{Lang|mi|[[Atua]]}} of all wild food plants
| other_names  = Haumia, Haumia-roa, Haumia-tikitiki<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/955|title=Haumia-tiketike |last=Moorfield|first=John C|author-link=John Moorfield|website=Māori Dictionary|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
| gender       = Male
| region       = [[New Zealand]]
| ethnic_group = [[Māori people|Māori]]
| cult_centre  = 
| symbol       = <!-- or | symbols = -->
| consort      = <!-- or | consorts = -->
| offspring    = Te Mōnehu
| parents      = {{lang|mi|[[Arawa (canoe)|Arawa]]}}: [[Rangi and Papa|Ranginui]] and [[Rangi and Papa|Papatūānuku]]<br/>
[[Kāi Tahu]]: Tamanuiaraki<br/>
Some others: [[Tāne|Tāne Mahuta]]
| siblings     = {{lang|mi|Arawa}}: [[Rongo|Rongo-mā-Tāne]], [[Tāne|Tāne Mahuta]], [[Tangaroa]], [[Tāwhirimātea]], [[Tūmatauenga]],<br/>
Kāi Tahu: Manuika, Manunuiakahoe, Huawaiwai, Tahitokuru, Kohurere, Teaohiawe, Haere, Uenukupokaia, Uenukuhorea, Rakiwhitikina, Te Pukitonga
| equivalent1_type = 
| equivalent1 =
| equivalent2_type = 
| equivalent2 =
}}
'''Haumia-tiketike''' (or simply '''Haumia'''){{efn|The name {{Lang|mi|Haumia}} also belongs to a {{Lang|mi|[[taniwha]]}} from the [[Manukau Harbour]],<ref name="Shortland">{{cite book|last=Shortland|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Shortland|date=1856|orig-year=1854|title=Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionssupers00shoruoft|location=London|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>{{rp|76–77}}<ref name="Tregear">{{cite book|last=Tregear|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Tregear|date=1891|title=The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/maoripolynesian01treggoog/page/n82/mode/2up?q=haumia|location=Wellington|publisher=Lyon and Blair|page=54|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> or the [[Waikato River]].<ref name=PolySoc1946>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=Geo.|date=1946|title=Some Taniwha And Tipua|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_55_1946/Volume_55,_No._1/Some_Taniwha_and_Tupua,_by_Geo._Graham,_p_26-39/p1|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=LV|pages=33, 35, 37–38|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> There is yet another Haumia recorded as the ancestress of [[Paikea]].<ref name="Tregear"/> A fourth Haumia is the ancestor to Ngāti Haumia, a {{Lang|mi|[[hapū]]}} of [[Ngāti Toa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/librarians/iwi-hapu-names/ng%C4%81ti-haumia-ng%C4%81ti-toa|title=Ngāti Haumia (Ngāti Toa)|website=National Library of New Zealand|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> which should not be confused with another Ngāti Haumia {{Lang|mi|hapū}} from [[Taranaki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/librarians/iwi-hapu-names/ng%C4%81ti-haumia-taranaki|title=Ngāti Haumia (Taranaki)|website=National Library of New Zealand|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> In addition, [[Mount Brewster (New Zealand)|Mount Brewster]]'s Māori name may have been inspired after Haumia-tiketike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?keywords=Mount+Brewster|title=Māori Dictionary search results for 'Mount Brewster'|last=Moorfield|first=John C|website=Māori Dictionary|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>}} is the god of all uncultivated vegetative food in [[Māori mythology]]. He is particularly associated with the starchy [[rhizome]] of the ''[[Pteridium esculentum]]'',{{efn|name=differentbracken|Elsdon Best in his book, ''Maori Religion and Mythology Part 1'', wrote that the Māori ate the rhizomes of ''Pteris aquilina'',<ref name="Elsdon">{{cite book|author=Elsdon Best|author-link=Elsdon Best|date=1924|title=Maori Religion and Mythology Part 1|location=Wellington|publisher=Dominion Museum|page=184}}</ref> which is ''[[Pteridium aquilinum]]''.}} which became a major element of the Māori diet in former times.<ref name="Elsdon"/> He contrasts with [[Rongo]], the god of {{Lang|mi|[[Sweet potato#New Zealand|kūmara]]}} and all cultivated food plants.

In different tribal and regional variations of the stories involving him, he is often portrayed as the son or grandson of [[Rangi and Papa|Ranginui]]. He is frequently associated with {{lang|mi|[[Arawa (canoe)|Arawa]]}} traditions of the world's creation, in which he agreed to and attempted the separation of [[Rangi and Papa|Rangi]] from his wife [[Rangi and Papa|Papa]].

== {{lang|mi|Arawa}} creation myth==
After Haumia agreed to Rangi and Papa's forced separation in order to allow light and space into the world between them, he was the third child to attempt to push them apart<ref name="Grey1854">{{cite book|last=Grey|first=George|author-link=Sir George Grey|date=1854|chapter=Mythology of Creation.|title=Polynesian Mythology|url=https://sacred-texts.com/pac/grey/grey03.htm|location=Christchurch|publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs|page=3}}</ref>{{rp|3}} with his arms. Despite [[Tāne]] being the one to successfully carry out the task, Haumia's involvement meant he was subjected to the fury of their brother, [[Tāwhirimātea]], god of the winds and storms, who would have killed him if their mother had not hidden him and their brother [[Rongo|Rongo-mā-Tāne]] under her bosom – that is, in the ground.<ref name="Shortland"/>{{rp|59–60}}<ref name="Grey1854"/>{{rp|6–9}}

While they had successfully escaped Tāwhirimātea's stormy wrath, they were later discovered by [[Tūmatauenga]] ([[god of war]], here representing [[humankind]]) who felt betrayed that he was left to fend against Tāwhirimātea by himself, so when he saw Rongo-mā-Tāne's and Haumia-tiketike's hair and descendants (all represented by leaves) sticking up out of the earth he harvested them with a wooden hoe and devoured them in revenge.<ref name="Shortland"/>{{rp|59–60}}<ref name="Tregear"/><ref name="Elsdon"/><ref name="Grey1854"/>{{rp|6–9}}<ref name=Orbell>{{cite book|last=Orbell|first=Margaret|date=1998|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Maori Myth and Legend|location=Christchurch|publisher=Canterbury University Press|page=29|isbn=0-908812-56-6}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
Many of these relatives may not be considered {{Lang|mi|[[atua]]}} as gods or greater spirits themselves but may instead be {{Lang|mi|atua}} as lesser spirits. The translations of their names represent abstract concepts and aspects of nature, not unlike polytheistic deities.

=== Parentage ===
* Haumia-tiketike is a son of Ranginui and [[Rangi and Papa|Papatūānuku]],<ref name="Tregear"/> according to the tribes of the {{lang|mi|Arawa}}.
* [[Elsdon Best]] noted that Haumia-tiketike was not recognised as a son of Ranginui and Papatūānuku by the tribes of the {{lang|mi|[[Tākitimu]]}}.<ref name="Elsdon"/>
* In [[Ngāi Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] (an {{lang|mi|[[iwi]]}} associated with {{lang|mi|Tākitimu}}) traditions, Haumia-tiketike is a son of Tamanuiaraki ('Great son of heaven'), who is a son of Rakinui and Hekehekeipapa<ref name="Tregear"/> ('Descend at the world').<ref name="White">{{Cite book|last=White|first=John|author-link=John White (ethnographer)|year=1887|chapter=Mythology of Creation. (Nga-I-Tahu.)|title=The Ancient History of the Maori, His Mythology and Traditions: Horo-Uta or Taki-Tumu Migration.|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Whi01Anci-t1-g1-t1-body-d1-d2.html|volume=I|location=Wellington|publisher=Government Printer|pages=19–20|language=en}}</ref>
* In the southern [[Bay of Plenty]] and parts of the east coast Haumia-tiketike is a son of Tāne Mahuta, who is the son of Ranginui and Papatūānuku.<ref name=Orbell/> This is an area of origin for most {{lang|mi|Tākitimu}} {{lang|mi|iwi}}.

=== Siblings ===
==== {{lang|mi|Arawa}} ====
* [[Rongo|Rongo-mā-Tāne]], god of cultivated foods, particularly [[Sweet potato#New Zealand|kūmara]].
* [[Tāne|Tāne Mahuta]], god of forests and birds.
* [[Tangaroa]], god of the sea and fish.
* [[Tāwhirimātea]], god of storms and violent weather.
* [[Tūmatauenga]], god of war, hunting, cooking, fishing, and food cultivation.

==== Ngāi Tahu ====
In Kāi Tahu's traditions and likely those of other {{lang|mi|iwi}} of {{lang|mi|Tākitimu}}, gods typically considered as Haumia-tiketike's brothers such as Rongo-mā-Tāne and Tāne Mahuta are instead his uncles or half-uncles.

Haumia-tiketike being listed first, Tamanuiaraki's other offspring included:<ref name="White"/>
* Manuika ('Bird fish')
* Manunuiakahoe ('Power/Shelter of the rowers')
* Huawaiwai ('Pulpy fruit')
* Tahitokuru ('Ancient blow')
* Kohurere ('Flying mist')
* Teaohiawe ('Gloom day')
* Haere ('Go/Proceed')
* Uenukupokaia ('Trembling earth, go all around/encircle')
* Uenukuhorea ('Trembling earth, bald')
* Rakiwhitikina ('Heaven encircled with a belt')
* Te Pukitonga ('The fountain/origin at the south')
* "and so on to the generation of men now living."

=== Descendants ===
* Te Mōnehu (fern spores, [[Trichomes#Plant trichomes|tomentum]]) is the child of Haumia-tiketike, its descendants are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/whakapapa/12622/whakapapa-of-haumia|title=Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world: Whakapapa of Haumia|last=Haami|first=Bradford|year=2007|website=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
**  Namu ([[Austrosimulium (subgenus)|sandflies]]) – Namuiria was the first sandfly, killed by Tūmatauenga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/12623/namu|title=Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world: Namu|last=Haami|first=Bradford|year=2007|website=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
**  Waeroa (mosquitoes)
**  Rō (stick insects)
**  Aruhe (fern root)

== God of uncultivated food plants ==
=== Bracken ===
[[Image:Fern dsc06699.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Haumia-tiketike is the deity associated with wild plants such as the [[Pteridium esculentum|bracken fern]].]]
{{Main|Pteridium esculentum}}

Food-quality rhizomes ({{lang|mi|aruhe}}) were only obtained from the ''[[Pteridium esculentum]]'' bracken ({{lang|mi|rarauwhe}}) growing in deep, moderately fertile soils. Bracken became abundant after the arrival of Māori,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/6554| title=Māori Dictionary search results for 'rarauhe'|last=Moorfield|first=John C|website=Māori Dictionary|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> "mainly a result of burning to create open landscapes for access and ease of travel".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=McGlone|first1=Matt S.|last2=Wilmshurst|first2=Janet M.|last3=Leach|first3=Helen M.|author-link3=Helen Leach|year=2005|title=An ecological and historical review of bracken (Pteridium esculentum) in New Zealand, and its cultural significance|url=https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/NZJEcol29_2_165.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809114249/http://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/NZJEcol29_2_165.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |url-status=live|pages=165–184|language=en}}</ref> Rhizomes were dug in early summer and then dried for use in the winter. Although it was not liked as much as {{Lang|mi|kūmara}}, it was appreciated for its ready availability and the ease with which it could be stored.<ref name=Orbell/>

The rhizomes were air-dried so that they could be stored and become lighter. When ready for consumption, they were briefly heated and then softened with a {{Lang|mi|[[patu]] aruhe}} (rhizome pounder); the starch could then be sucked from the fibres, or collected to be prepared for a larger feast. Several distinct styles of {{Lang|mi|patu aruhe}} were developed.

The plants of the bracken genus (''[[Bracken|Pteridium]]'') contain the known [[carcinogen]] [[ptaquiloside]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Mary T.|last2=Hayes|first2=Patricia Y.|last3=Somerville|first3=Michael J.|last4=DeVoss|last5=James J.|date=2010|title=Ptesculentoside, a novel norsesquiterpene glucoside from the Australian bracken fern Pteridium esculentum|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004040391000225X|journal=Tetrahedron Letters|volume=LI|issue=15|pages=1997–1999|doi=10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.032}}</ref> identified to be responsible for [[bleeding|haemorrhagic]] disease, as well as [[esophageal cancer]], and [[gastric cancer]] in humans.

=== Other plants ===
A handful of other native plants from across New Zealand that are recorded as traditionally being used for food by Māori include:
* ''[[Cordyline australis]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Tīkōuka}}, the shoots and roots could be cooked and eaten, or used to make a sweet beverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=507f9308-4a3b-413f-8cbd-bc3398bdb9cc|title=Uses of Cordyline australis|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Coriaria arborea]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Tutu}}, the juices were extracted from the berries and petals, and could be used to sweeten fernroot, or boiled with seaweed to make a black jelly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=7A36838B-F469-409A-881D-8F0EB53A4668|title=Uses of Coriaria arborea|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Cyathodes juniperina]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Mingimingi}}, edible berries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=2d741fc8-6628-4798-92fa-4a25631e5526|title=Uses of Cyathodes juniperina|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Dacrycarpus dacrydioides]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Kahikatea}}, edible berries, and could apparently be used to make beer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=dcd7a5b7-fdc1-4eb6-9583-014f4bfbe31b|title=Uses of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Dacrydium cupressinum]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Rimu}}, edible berries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=b5202660-5914-42c9-ac6f-a6fcee0b8258|title=Uses of Dacrydium cupressinum|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Gaultheria antipoda]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Tāwiniwini}}, edible berries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=e636c264-f92e-40aa-b628-cda40ea39feb|title=Uses of Gaultheria antipoda|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Leucopogon fasciculatus]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Mingimingi}}, edible berries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=60a6d6cb-42a5-4254-b476-1b2851e05b97&theSearchString=leucopogon~fasciculatus|title=Uses of Leucopogon fasciculatus|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Pratia|Lobelia angulata]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Pānakenake}}, the leaves were cooked and eaten as greens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=f169411c-0e76-44d6-99a7-25d885e2c8eb|title=Uses of Pratia angulata|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Metrosideros excelsa]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Pōhutukawa}}, a thin layer of honey was collected from the flowers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=9f92ed8b-2c9f-4bb2-85fe-60203014cd23|title=Uses of Metrosideros excelsa|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Muehlenbeckia australis]]'' – {{Lang|mi|Puka}}, edible berries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=de60b977-715b-410f-ab13-00307a45682a|title=Uses of Muehlenbeckia australis|website=Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Māori Plant Use|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Myths|New Zealand}}
* [[Haumea (mythology)|Haumea]], a [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]] goddess of fertility and childbirth

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://teara.govt.nz/en/zoomify/30771/te-wehenga-o-rangi-raua-ko-papa Haumia depicted in {{lang|mi|Te wehenga o Rangi rāua ko Papa}}, a work by Cliff Whiting]

[[Category:Māori gods]]
[[Category:Māori mythology]]
[[Category:Nature gods]]