Editing Harz

{{short description|Low mountain range in northern Germany}}
{{about|the mountain range in Germany}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Harz
| map_image = Harz - Deutsche Mittelgebirge, Serie A-de.png
| map_caption = Topographic map of the Harz Mountains
| photo = Ausblick vom Grossen Knollen (Turm) - panoramio.jpg
| photo_caption = 
| state = Germany
*[[Lower Saxony]]
*[[Saxony-Anhalt]]
*[[Thuringia]]
| parent = [[Central Uplands]]
| location = 
| geology = [[Paleozoic]] sedimentary, metamorphic<br/> and magmatic rocks – mainly [[slate]], [[grauwacke]], [[granite]]
| period = oldest rock >&nbsp;560 million years (Ecker gneiss-educt), youngest pre-quaternary rocks c. 290 million years (Brocken granite)
| area_km2 = 2226
| orogeny = [[Variscan orogeny|Hercynian]]
| highest = [[Brocken]]
| elevation_m = 1141.2
| length_km = 110
| range_coordinates = {{coord|51|45|N|10|38|E|type:mountain_region:DE_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''Harz''' ({{IPA|de|haːɐ̯ts|lang|De-Harz.ogg}}), also called the '''Harz Mountains''', is a [[Mittelgebirge|highland area]] in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of [[Lower Saxony]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]], and [[Thuringia]]. The name ''Harz'' derives from the [[Middle High German]] word ''Hardt'' or ''Hart'' (hill forest). The name ''Hercynia'' derives from a Celtic name and could refer to [[Hercynian Forest|other mountain forests]], but has also been applied to the [[Rhenohercynian zone|geology of the Harz]]. The [[Brocken]] is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of {{convert|1141.1|m|ft}} above [[Normalnull|sea level]]. The [[Wurmberg (Harz)|Wurmberg]] ({{convert|971|m|ft}}) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.

==Geography==

=== Location and extent ===
[[File:Harz_map.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Map of the Harz mountains]]
[[File:BrockenTopFromWest.jpg|thumb|[[Sender Brocken]] at the summit in winter]]
The Harz has a length of {{Convert|110|km|mi}}, stretching from the town of [[Seesen]] in the northwest to [[Eisleben]] in the east, and a width of {{Convert|35|km|mi}}. It occupies an area of {{Convert|2226|sqkm|sqmi}}, and is divided into the '''[[Upper Harz]]''' (''Oberharz'') in the northwest, which is up to 800 m high, apart from the 1,100 m high Brocken massif, and the '''Lower Harz''' (''Unterharz'') in the east which is up to around 400 m high and whose plateaus are capable of supporting arable farming.

The following districts (''Kreise'') fall wholly or partly within the Harz: [[Landkreis Goslar|Goslar]] and [[Landkreis Göttingen|Göttingen]] in the west, [[Landkreis Harz|Harz]] and [[Landkreis Mansfeld-Südharz|Mansfeld-Südharz]] in the north and east, and [[Landkreis Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] in the south. The districts of the Upper Harz are Goslar and Göttingen (both in Lower Saxony), whilst the Lower Harz is on the territory of  Harz and Mansfeld-Südharz districts (both in Saxony-Anhalt). The Upper Harz is generally higher and features [[fir]] forests, whilst the Lower Harz gradually descends into the surrounding area and has deciduous forests interspersed with meadows.

The dividing line between Upper and Lower Harz follows approximately a line from [[Ilsenburg]] to [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz|Bad Lauterberg]], which roughly separates the catchment areas for the [[Weser]] (Upper Harz) and [[Elbe]] (Lower Harz). Only on the southeastern perimeter of the Upper Harz, which is also called the '''High Harz''' (''Hochharz'') (Goslar, Göttingen and Harz districts), does the mountain range exceed {{Höhe|1000|DE-NN}} on the Brocken massif. Its highest peak is the Brocken (1,141&nbsp;m), its subsidiary peaks are the [[Heinrichshöhe]] (1,044&nbsp;m) to the southeast and the [[Königsberg (Brocken)|Königsberg]] (1,023&nbsp;m) to the southwest. Other prominent hills in the Harz are the Acker-[[Bruchberg]] ridge (927&nbsp;m), the [[Achtermannshöhe]] (925&nbsp;m) and the [[Wurmberg (Harz)|Wurmberg]] (971&nbsp;m) near [[Braunlage]]. In the far east, the mountains merge into the East Harz foothills (Harz district, Saxony-Anhalt), which are dominated by the Selke Valley. Part of the south Harz lies in the Thuringian district of Nordhausen.

The [[Harz National Park]] is located in the Harz; the [[protected area]] covers the Brocken and surrounding wilderness area.
Approximately 600,000 people live in towns and villages of the Harz Mountains.

=== Rivers and lakes ===
[[File:Rappbode3.jpeg|thumb|Reservoir behind the [[Wendefurth Dam]]]]
[[File:Bodetal2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bode Gorge]]]]

Because of the heavy rainfall in the region the rivers of the Harz Mountains were dammed from an early date. Examples of such masonry dams are the two largest: the [[Oker Dam]] and the [[Rappbode Dam]]. The clear, cool water of the mountain streams was also dammed by early mountain folk to form the various mountain ponds of the Upper Harz waterways, such as the [[Oderteich]].

The 17 dams in the Harz block a total of twelve rivers. Because the Harz is one of the regions of Germany that experiences the most rainfall, its water power was used from early times. Today the dams are primarily used to [[Electricity generation|generate electricity]], to provide [[drinking water]], to [[Flood control|prevent flooding]] and to supply water in times of scarcity. Modern dam-building began in the Harz with the construction of the [[Söse Valley Dam]], which was built between 1928 and 1931. The dams of the Upper Harz lakes are some of the oldest dams in Germany that are still in operation.

→ ''See [[List of dams in the Harz]]''

The largest rivers in the Harz are the [[Innerste]], the [[Oker]] and the [[Bode (river)|Bode]] in the north; the [[Wipper (Harz)|Wipper]] in the east; and the [[Oder (Harz)|Oder]] in the south. The Innerste merges into the [[Leine]] and its tributaries are the [[Nette (Innerste)|Nette]] and the [[Grane (river)|Grane]]. The rivers [[Radau (river)|Radau]], [[Ecker]] and [[Ilse (Oker)|Ilse]] all discharge into the Oker. The [[Hassel (river)|Hassel]], the [[Selke (river)|Selke]] and the [[Holtemme]] (whose main tributary is the [[Zillierbach]]) flow into the Bode. The Wipper is fed by the [[Eine (river)|Eine]]. The Rhume is joined by the [[Söse]] and the Oder; the latter being fed by the [[Sieber (river)|Sieber]]. The [[Zorge (river)|Zorge]], the [[Wieda (river)|Wieda]] and the [[Uffe (Wieda)|Uffe]] all flow into the Helme.
{{clear}}

=== Hills===
→ ''See [[List of mountains in the Harz|List of hills in the Harz]]''
→ ''See [[Harzklippen|List of rock formations (crags, tors, etc.) in the Harz]]''
{{Wide image|AchtermannBrockenWurmbergPanorama.jpg|1800px|Panorama in the Harz Mountains. From left to right: the peaks of the Rehberg, the Achtermannshöhe, the Brocken and the Wurmberg.}}

=== Climate ===
Climatically a hill range has lower temperatures and higher levels of precipitation than the surrounding land. The Harz is characterised by regular precipitation throughout the year. Exposed to westerly winds from the Atlantic, heavy with rain, the windward side of the mountains has up to 1,600&nbsp;mm of rain annually (West Harz, Upper Harz, High Harz); in contrast, the leeward side only receives an average of 600&nbsp;mm of precipitation per annum (East Harz, Lower Harz, Eastern Harz foothills).

<gallery>
File:Klimadiagramm-Brocken (Harz)-Deutschland-metrisch-deutsch.png|Brocken (windward)
File:Klimadiagramm-Braunlage-Deutschland-metrisch-deutsch.png|Braunlage (windward)
File:Klimadiagramm-deutsch-Vatterode-Graefenstuhl (ST)-Deutschland.png|Mansfeld (leeward)
</gallery>

== Geology and pedology ==
=== Origins ===
{{See also|Harz granite}}
[[File:GabbroSteinbruchHarzburg.jpg|thumb|Gabbro Quarry near [[Bad Harzburg]]]]
The Harz is the most [[geologically]] diverse of the German ''[[Mittelgebirge]]'', although it is overwhelmingly dominated by [[base-poor]] rocks. The most common rocks lying on the surface are argillaceous [[shale]]s, slaty (''geschieferte'') [[greywacke]]s and [[granite]] intrusions in the shape of two large igneous rock masses or [[plutons]]. The Gießen-Harz surface layer of the [[Rhenohercynian zone]], which is widespread in the Harz, consists mainly of [[flysch]]. Well-known and economically important are the [[limestone]] deposits around Elbingerode and the [[Gabbro]] of [[Bad Harzburg]]. The landscapes of the Harz are characterised by steep mountain ridges, [[stone run]]s, relatively flat [[plateaus]] with many [[raised bog]]s and long, narrow [[V-shaped valley]]s, of which the [[Bode Gorge]], the [[Oker]] and [[Selke (river)|Selke]] valleys are the best known. A representative cross-section of all the Harz rocks is displayed on the Jordanshöhe near [[Sankt Andreasberg]] near the car park (see photo).

The formation and [[Orogeny|geological folding]] of the Harz hills began during a prominent phase of the [[Palaeozoic]] era, in the course of the [[Hercynian orogeny|Hercynian mountain building]] of the [[Carboniferous period]], about 350 to 250 million years ago. At that time in the [[history of the Earth]], numerous high mountains appeared in Western Europe, including the [[Fichtel Mountains]] and [[Rhenish Massif]]. They were, however, heavily eroded due to their height (up to 4&nbsp;km) and were later covered over by [[Mesozoic]] rocks. From the [[Early Cretaceous]] and into [[Late Cretaceous]] times the Harz was uplifted in a single block by [[tectonic]] movements and, particularly during the [[Tertiary]] period, the younger overlying strata were eroded and the underlying base rock left standing as low mountains. The most important uplift movements were during the sub-Hercynian phase (83&nbsp;[[mya (unit)|mya]]), when the northern edge was steeply tilted. This formed a fault zone on the northern border of the Harz (the [[Northern Harz Boundary Fault]] or ''Harznordrandverwerfung'').

The Harz is a [[fault-block]] range, that rises abruptly from the surrounding lowlands in the west and northeast and gradually dips towards the south. It is dissected by numerous deep valleys. North of the hills lie the Cretaceous layers of the sub-Hercynian depression in the rolling hills of the Harz Foreland; south of the Harz, [[Permian]] sediments lie flat on southwest-dipping Palaeozoic beds.

As a result of the northern fault zone and the vertical or, sometimes even overfolded, geological strata, the geology of the Harz sometimes changes frequently within a relatively small area of just a few square kilometres. As a consequence of this it is also referred to as the "Classic Geological Square Mile" (''Klassischen Quadratmeile der Geologie'').

There is a room devoted to geology in the Harz Museum in Wernigerode.

== Nature ==
[[File:Bodetal.jpg|thumb|Bode Gorge]]

=== Flora ===
The vegetation of the Harz mountains is divided into six [[Altitudinal zonation|altitudinal zones]]:
* [[Subalpine zone]]: Brocken summit, over {{Höhe|1000|DE-NN}}
* Altimontane zone: highest areas (except the Brocken summit) between 850 and {{Höhe|1000|DE-NN}}
* Mean montane zone: higher areas between 750 and {{Höhe|850|DE-NN}}
* [[Montane zone]]: medium height areas between 525 and {{Höhe|750|DE-NN}}
* Submontane zone: lower areas between 300 and {{Höhe|525|DE-NN}}
* Colin zone: areas around the edge of the Harz between 250 and {{Höhe|300|DE-NN}}

==== Types of woods ====
[[File:SunShiningThroughDustInWood.jpg|thumb|Spruce woods in the Harz]]

===== Beech woods =====
From the edge of the Harz to 700 m above [[Normalnull|sea level]] beech woods dominate, especially the [[wood-rush]] beech woods on locations poorly supplied with nutrients where the [[common beech]] (''Fagus sylvatica'') is often the only tree species.  In lower, drier locations the [[English oak]] (''Quercus robur'') and [[sessile oak]] (''Quercus petraea'') occur as well. [[Sycamore|Sycamore trees]] (''Acer pseudoplatanus'') may be found growing in wetter places. During times of decay and rejuvenation when there is plenty of light, light-dependent pioneers such as [[European rowan|rowan]] (''Sorbus aucuparia''), [[silver birch]] (''Betula pendula'') and [[pussy willow]] (''Salix caprea'') play a role. [[Melica|Melic grass]] beech woods are found in the few places where there is an abundance of nutrients and [[base-rich|bases]], e. g. over [[dolerite]] and [[gneiss]] formations, and they have a vegetation layer rich in variety and luxuriant growth. Here, too, the common beech dominates, mixed, for example, with sycamore, [[Common ash|ash]] (''Fraxinus excelsior''), [[Common hornbeam|hornbeam]] (''Carpinus betulus'') and [[Scots elm]] (''Ulmus glabra''). As a result of the increasingly continental climate on the eastern edge of the Harz, the common beech gives way to mixed forests of sessile oak.

===== Mixed woods =====
At intermediate heights of between 700 and 800 m above sea level, mixed woods of [[spruce]] (''Picea abies'') and common beech  would predominantly be found under natural conditions. However, apart from a few remnants, these were supplanted a long time ago by spruce stands as a result of deliberate [[forest management]]. Sycamore trees are also found in these woods.

===== Spruce woods =====
Spruce woods thrive in the highest locations from about 800 m to the tree line at around 1,000 m above sea level. These woods are also home to some deciduous trees such as rowan, [[Betula pendula|silver]] and [[downy birch]]es (''Betula pendula'' and ''Betula pubescens'') and [[willow]]s (''Salix spec.''). Conditions of high humidity foster an environment rich in [[moss]]es and [[lichen]]s. In spite of the near-natural habitat there are only a few, indigenous, genetically adapted ([[autochthon (nature)|autochthonous]]) spruce trees. Wood-reed spruce woods dominate. A well developed ground vegetation thrives on their moderately rocky and fresh, but certainly not wet, soils, characterised in appearance especially by grasses such as [[Calamagrostis|shaggy wood-reed]] (''Calamagrostis villosa'') and [[Deschampsia flexuosa|wavy hair-grass]] (''Avenella flexuosa''). The soils in the higher regions are, as in most of the Harz, comparatively poor in nutrients and bases, so that only a few herbaceous plants occur here, such as heath bedstraw (''Galium saxatile''). For that reason it is more the ferns, mosses, lichens and fungi that, in addition to spruce trees, characterise these woods. Boulders and [[stone runs]] occur in the areas of weather-resistant rock in the high (alti-)montane and montane zones – these are extreme habitats for vegetation. Due to the lack of soil material, only weak, straggly, very open spruce woods thrive here. They have an especially high variety of trees and allow more room of light-loving species such as silver birch, rowan, sycamore, willow and dwarf bushes such as the [[blueberry]] (''Vaccinium myrtillus''). Mosses and ferns are also common here. One unusual species is the Carpathian [[birch]] (''Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica''). Bog-spruce woods are found around the raised bogs on marshy and boggy soils. In these sorts of places spruce woods can, in exceptional cases, also form the natural woodland in lower down the mountains.  These wet, moorland woods have a high proportion of [[peat moss]]es (''Sphagnum spec.''). The ground vegetation may also have a rich proliferation of low bushes such as [[cowberry]] (''Vaccinium vitis-idaea''). Clumps of [[Molinia caerulea|purple moor grass]] (''Molinia caerulea'') are also typical of this type of woodland habitat. The characteristic species of fungi in natural spruce woods are ''[[Phellinus|Phellinus viticola]]'' and [[Tricholomopsis|prunes and custard]] (''Tricholomopsis decora'').
Ravine (''Schluchtwald''), [[riparian forest|riparian]] (''Auwald'') and river source (''Quellwald'') woods only occur in small areas. In these places the common beech gives way to hardier deciduous species such as sycamore, [[large-leaved lime]] (''Tilia platyphyllos''), Scots elm or ash. The [[herbaceous layer]] is similar to that of the better-nourished beech woods. Notable species amongst the plant communities here include the [[Cicerbita alpina|Alpine blue-sow-thistle]] (''Cicerbita alpina''), [[perennial honesty]] (''Lunaria rediviva''), [[Polystichum aculeatum|hard shield fern]] (''Polystichum aculeatum'') and [[Phegopteris connectilis|long beech fern]] (''Phegopteris connectilis'').

==== Raised bogs ====
[[File:Hochmoor-Torfhaus-Harz-Panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Torfhaus Moor]]
The [[raised bog]]s in the Harz are some of the best preserved in central Europe. They were formed at the end of the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]] about 10,000 years ago. A significant proportion of the vegetation on these raised bogs is made up of [[peat moss]]es (''Sphagnum spec.''). The [[flark]]s (''Schlenken'') and the [[bog hummock|hummocks]] (''Bulten'') are home to different species of flora. In the flarks, for example, ''Sphagnum cuspidatum'' is found, whereas the hummocks are preferred by ''Sphagnum magellanicum''. The blanket of peat moss is penetrated by dwarf bushes such as [[cowberry]] and [[blueberry]]. [[Bog-rosemary]] (''Andromeda polifolia'') is a relict of the ice age. Other such ice age plants include the [[dwarf birch]] (''Betula nana'') and [[few-flowered sedge]] (''Carex pauciflora''). Cranberries (''Vaccinium oxicoccus'') bloom from May to June. The [[black crowberry]] (''Empetrum nigrum'') may also be seen amongst those bearing black fruit. [[Common heather]] (Calluna vulgaris) grows on the drier hummocks and occasionally the [[cross-leaved heath]] (''Erica tetralix'') may be found. Typical grasses are the [[sheathed cottongrass]] (''Eriophorum vaginatum''), known for its bright, white clusters of fruit and [[Scirpus|deergrass]] (''Scirpus cespitosus''), which is rust-red in the autumn. One fascinating moorland plant is the [[round-leaved sundew]] (''Drosera rotundifolia''). Bog or [[northern bilberry]] (Vaccinium uliginosum) grows on the drier margins of the bog.

=== Fauna ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Lynx lynx.jpg|thumb|The [[Eurasian lynx]] – once again found living wild in the Harz]]
A multitude of wild animals live in the beech forests of the Harz Mountains. Over 5,000 species, most of them insects, have their home in these woods. They include many species that help to decompose leaves and work them into the soil and ground cover, including [[springtail]]s, oribatid [[mites]], [[woodlice]], [[roundworm]]s, [[millipede]]s, [[earthworm]]s and [[snail]]s. Characteristic breeding birds in the beech woods, with their abundance of dead wood, are the [[black woodpecker]] (''Dryocopus martius'') and [[stock dove]] (''Columba oenas''). An indication of the natural state of the beech woods in the Harz is the return of the [[black stork]] (''Ciconia nigra''). This shy and susceptible resident of richly diverse deciduous and mixed forest has become very rare in central Europe due to increasing disturbance of its habitat (caused by a lack of old trees and natural brooks). Through improvements to its habitat, including the renaturalisation of waterways and the creation of relatively undisturbed peaceful areas, the black stork population has now recovered. A typical mammal of such deciduous woods is the [[European wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris''), that has established a stable population in the Harz. It prefers the diverse wooded areas, which offer a rich variety of food.
The animal kingdom of the mixed beech and spruce woods is also diverse. Species that thrive in mixed forest are especially at home. For example, the mixed mountain forest is the natural habitat of the [[capercaillie]] (''Tetrao urogallus''). The [[Tengmalm's owl]] (''Aegolius funereus'') may also be found here. It breeds almost exclusively in [[black woodpecker]] holes in old beeches, and needs, unlike the spruce woods, more open beech forest with its higher population of small mammals in its search for food. For cover, however, it prefers the darker, denser spruce trees.

A large number of the animals that live in natural spruce forest are suited to the special conditions of life in the higher parts of the Harz. Typical residents amongst the bird population include the [[crested tit]] (''Parus cristatus''), [[goldcrest]] and [[common firecrest|firecrest]] (''Regulus regulus'' and ''Regulus ignicapillus''), [[Eurasian siskin|siskin]] (''Carduelis spinus''), 
[[Eurasian treecreeper|treecreeper]] (''Certhia familiaris''), [[coal tit]] (''Parus ater'') and [[common crossbill|crossbill]] (''Loxia curvirostra''). Special mention should be made here of the [[Eurasian pygmy owl|pygmy owl]] (''Glaucidium passerinum'') which is threatened with extinction and which lives in the submontane to subalpine zones within mixed and pine forests interspersed with open areas. They prefer spruce woods for breeding, but feed in more open stands of trees or on open moorland. Like the [[black stork]], the pygmy owl had long since disappeared from the Harz, but returned in the 1980s of its own volition, as its ancestral homeland once again became more natural, so that there was sufficient food to support it (insects, small mammals and small birds) as well as standing dead wood (spruce trees with woodpecker holes).

In addition to the many species of birds, there is a range of large butterflies in the various spruce woods that, outside of the Harz, are seriously endangered or simply non-existent. Two species will be mentioned here as examples. ''Gnophos sordarius'' occurs in old, open wood-reed spruce forest, sometimes in connection with stone runs or bog spruce forests; ''Enthephria caesiata'' is a native of the bilberry-rich bog spruce woods.

Only a few animals are able to survive the extreme conditions of the [[raised bog]]s. Examples of these are the [[List of Odonata species of Great Britain|Alpine emerald]] dragonfly (''Somatochlora alpestris''), which only occurs in Lower Saxony in the Harz, and is endangered in Germany, and the [[Aeshna|Subarctic darner]] (''Aeshna subarctica''), a [[damselfly]] which is threatened with extinction.

Rocks and [[stone run]]s are important habitat components for the [[peregrine falcon]] (''Falco peregrinus'') and [[ring ouzel]] (''Turdus torquatus''). The peregrine, which is threatened with extinction here, needs steep rock outcrops with little vegetation. After its population had died out in the Harz, a breeding pair was re-established in the region. A crucial contribution has been made by extensive efforts to promote quiet areas in the ancestral breeding grounds of this shy species. Since 1980, a breeding pair has settled in the eastern Harz as the result of a wildlife reintroduction project. The ring ouzel prefers semi-open stone runs and lightly wooded transition zones between treeless [[raised bog]]s and [[forest]]s. The Harz is home to one of its few, isolated breeding areas in central Europe. Its main distribution area extends across northwest Europe, including large parts of England and Scotland, as well as the high mountains of southern and eastern Europe.

The waterways, with their distinct mountain stream character, play an important role right across the Harz. In comparison with the other natural regions of Lower Saxony, they are still very natural and varied, and the water is very clean. As a result of the high water velocity of the Harz streams, flowers rarely gain a foothold in the water. Even the animals in these streams need to be well suited to high velocities. Only a few species, such as fish, swim actively against the stream. The most common species are [[brown trout]] (''Salmon trutta forma fario'') and [[European bullhead|bullhead]] (''Cottus gobio''). Much richer in variety, by contrast, is the range of species in the system of crevices under the streambed. In addition to the insects and fish hatchlings that thrive here, may be found [[protozoon]]s, flatworms (''[[Turbellaria]]'') and water mites (''Hygrobatoidea''). Other species of animals cling fast to the stones, e.&nbsp;g. [[caddis fly]] larvae (''Trichoptera'') and [[snails]], or can only live in the reduced water velocities on the bed of the stream or on stones by having flat body shapes, e.&nbsp;g. [[stonefly]] larvae. In the calmer parts of the stream, behind stones or in blankets of moss, there are also [[water beetle]]s (''[[Hydrophilidae]]'') and small shrimp-like [[amphipod]]s.

Occasionally the golden-ringed dragonfly (''Cordulegaster boltoni'') and [[beautiful demoiselle]] (''Calopteryx virgo''), a type of [[damselfly]], can be seen by streams in the Harz.

The [[dipper]] (''Cinclus cinclus''), which is found everywhere on Harz streams, occurs almost exclusively in the highlands. Its habitat is very fast-flowing, clear mountain streams with wooded banks. It can dive and run under water along the stream bed. It turns stones over in its search for food. The [[grey wagtail]] (''Motacilla cinerea'') also uses the rich food supplies of the mountain brooks.

In 2000, the [[Eurasian lynx|lynx]] was successfully reintroduced by the [[Harz National Park]], and it has since fitted well into the ecology of the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Luchsprojekt Harz|url=http://www.luchsprojekt-harz.de/ |access-date=22 March 2009}}</ref> Through specific conservation measures in past years, the retreat of the bat population in the Harz has been halted. Amongst the mammals that may be hunted are the [[red deer]], [[roe deer]], [[wild boar]] and [[mouflon]].

==History==
The Harz was first mentioned as ''Hartingowe'' in an 814 deed by the [[Carolingian]] King [[Louis the Pious]]. Settlement within the mountains began only 1000 years ago, as in ancient times dense forests made the region almost inaccessible. The suffix ''-rode'' (from {{langx|de|roden}}, to stub) denotes a place where woodland had been cleared to develop a settlement.

The year 968 saw the discovery of [[silver]] deposits near the town of [[Goslar]], and [[mining|mine]]s became established in the following centuries throughout the mountains. During the [[Middle Ages]], ore from this region was exported along trade routes to far-flung places, such as [[Mesopotamia]]. The wealth of the region declined after these mines became exhausted in the early 19th century. People abandoned the towns for a short time, but prosperity eventually returned with tourism. Between 1945 and 1990, the [[Inner German border]] ran through the Harz, the west belonging to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] (West Germany) and the east to the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany). Today the Harz forms a popular tourist destination for summer hiking as well as winter sports.

=== Pre-history and early history ===
About 700,000 to 350,000 years ago ''[[Homo erectus]]'' hunted in and around the Harz near [[Bilzingsleben]] (Thuringia), [[Hildesheim]] and [[Schöningen]] (Lower Saxony). The [[Neanderthal]]s entered the stage about 250,000 years ago and hunted [[aurochs]], [[bison]], [[brown bear]] and [[cave bear]], [[mammoth]]s, [[Rhinoceros|rhinos]], [[horse]]s, [[reindeer]], [[forest elephant]]s and other animals in the Harz region. Tools used by Neanderthals were discovered ''inter alia'' in the Einhorn Cave in the southern Harz (100,000 years ago) and in the Rübeland Caves. Finds of [[birch pitch]] near Aschersleben on the northern edge of the Harz point to the use of this prehistoric [[adhesive]] by Neanderthals about 50,000 years ago. The [[Upper Palaeolithic Revolution]], about 40,000 years ago, saw ''Homo sapiens'' move from Africa into Europe, including to the Harz region, where they appear to have ousted the Neanderthals and subsequently settled here.

Many discoveries in the Harz, such as the bronze club of Thale, which was found by the ''[[Roßtrappe]]'', could indicate an earlier Celtic occupation of the Harz.<ref>Vgl. {{citation|surname1=Urte Dally|editor-surname1=Harald Meller|periodical=Der Geschmiedete Himmel|title=Heilige Waffen im Harz – die Keule von Thale und der Zinken von Welbsleben |publisher=Theiss|publication-place=Stuttgart|pages=108f|isbn=3-8062-1907-9|date=  2004|language=de}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Neuruppin1852.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Harz 1852]] 
The [[Harzgau]] itself was first mentioned in a deed by the Emperor, [[Louis the Pious]], from the year 814, in which it was referred to by its [[High German]] form, ''Hartingowe''. According to the [[Fulda]] annals of 852, the Harzgau was occupied by the [[Charudes|Harudes]] and after whom the ''Harudengau'' (''Harudorum pagus'') was named. ''Harud'', from which ''Hard'', ''Hart'' and ''Harz'' are derived, means forest or forested mountains, and the Harudes were the residents or dwellers in the Harud.

Of more recent origin are settlements whose names end in ''–rode'', a suffix that is first discernable in the Harzgau from the mid-9th century. Where the founders of these villages came from is unknown.

[[Charlemagne]] declared the Harz a restricted imperial forest or ''Reichsbannwald''. The ''Saxon Mirror'' (''[[Sachsenspiegel]]''), the oldest German [[law book]] (''Rechtsbuch''), probably published around 1220/30 at Falkenstein Castle in the Selke valley, later made the imperial restriction clear: "Whoever rides through the Harz Forest, must unstring his bow and crossbow and keep dogs on a line – only crowned royalty (''gekrönte Häupter'') are allowed to hunt here". Eike von Repkow's ''Sachsenspiegel'' which, for centuries, formed the basis on which German law was administered, described the Harz as a place ''where wild animals are guaranteed protection in the king's restricted forests''. There were three restricted forests, so described, in the state of Saxony, where there was no longer unfettered access for everyone.

This ban did not last forever. Mining, ironworks, water management, increasing settlement, woodland clearances, cattle driving, agriculture, and later tourism all undermined this imperial protection over the centuries.

As early as 1224, monks who had settled in Walkenried bought extensive tracts of forest in the western Harz, to secure economically the one quarter of the Rammelsberg ore profits promised to them by [[Frederick Barbarossa]] in 1129. From that it can be deduced that there was already a shortage of wood then. From the 12th to the 14th centuries, large parts of the Harz were managed economically by the [[Walkenried Abbey|Cistercian Abbey of Walkenried]]. As well as agriculture and fishing, they also controlled the silver mining industry in the Upper Harz and in Goslar.

In the middle of the 14th century, the settlements in the Harz became heavily depopulated as a result of the [[Black Death]], and a systematic resettlement of mining villages in the Upper Harz did not take place until the first half of the 16th century.
[[File:Prospecte_des_Hartzwalds_(View_of_the_Harz_Forest).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Prospecte des Hartzwalds (view of the Harz Forest)]]

=== 16th century until 1933===
In 1588, the Nordhausen doctor, Johannes Thal, published the first book on regional flora in the world, ''Silva hercynia'', in which he described the flowers specific to the Harz.

In 1668, [[Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] granted the first conservation order for [[Baumann's Cave]]. The ducal decree stated, ''inter alia'', that the cave should be permanently preserved by all those responsible as a special, natural wonder. It also stated that nothing should be spoiled or destroyed, and that groups of ordinary strangers should not be allowed to enter without prior arrangement. A resident mine worker was entrusted to oversee the [[natural monument]]. Until the issue of this conservation order, there had only been an order for the protection of the forest, which had been issued by the ruling princes for real, practical considerations. But for the first time the 1668 cave order took ethical-aesthetic considerations into account. The year 1668 was the birth of classic nature conservation in the Harz. The order had been precipitated by the earlier, serious destruction of the cave's features by [[Vandals]]. The first Harz 'rangers' were formed.

In 1705, the last bear was killed in the Harz, on the Brocken.

The steadily increasing consumption of wood by the pits and smelting works led to [[overexploitation]] of the forests and, from about 1700, to their outright destruction. There were no less than 30,000 charcoal piles in the Harz. In 1707, an order by Count Ernst of Stolberg forbade Brocken guides to take strangers or local folk to the Brocken without special permission, and the lighting of fires was forbidden.
The first attempts at forest conservation in the Harz were centred on the Brocken, and began with a far-sighted nature conservation act over 275 years ago. In 1718, Count Christian Ernest of the [[House of Stolberg]] issued an ordinance in which destruction or damage to the forest on the Brocken would be severely punished. In 1736, Christian Ernest also built the ''Wolkenhäuschen'' ("Little House in the Clouds") on the Brocken.

As a young man, the famous German poet, [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] visited the Harz several times and had a number of important lifetime experiences. These included his walks on the Brocken and his visit to the mines in Rammelsberg. Later, his observations of the rocks on the Brocken led to his geological research. His first visit to the Harz awakened in him a keen interest in science (see Goethes: ''Wahrheit und Dichtung''). In 1777, Goethe climbed the Brocken, departing from Torfhaus.
At that time, there was still no mass tourism on the Brocken; in the year 1779 only 421 walkers were recorded. Goethe described his feelings on the summit later, as follows: ''So lonely, I say to myself, while looking down at this peak, will it feel to the person, who only wants to open his soul to the oldest, first, deepest feelings of truth.''

On 23 March 1798, the last wolf was killed in the Harz near the Plessenburg.

The count's guest house on the Heinrichshöhe had become too small and suffered from overcrowding; in 1799 it burned down. In 1800, a new guest house was built on the Brocken to replace it.

Around 1800, large swathes of the Harz were deforested. The less resistant spruce monoculture, that arose as a consequence of the mining industry in the Upper Harz, was largely destroyed by a [[bark beetle]] outbreak and a storm of hurricane proportions in November 1800. This largest known bark beetle infestation in the Harz was known as the ''Große Wurmtrocknis'', and destroyed about {{convert|30000|ha|acre}} of spruce forest and lasted about for 20 years. The woods were largely reforested with spruce. Continuous problems with bark beetle and storms were the negative side effects of mining in the Harz Mountains.

In 1818, a mounted forester, Spellerberg, from Lautenthal, killed the last lynx in the Harz on the Teufelsberg.

At the start of the 19th century, the increasing changes to the natural landscape wrought by man and the extinction of large mammals like the bear, wolf and lynx raised awareness of the threat to nature.

In 1852, the district administrator of Quedlinburg placed the ''[[Teufelsmauer (Harz)|Teufelsmauer]]'', ''"a rock outcrop famous as an object of folklore and as a rare natural curiosity"'', near Thale under protection, because the inhabitants of neighbouring districts were using the rocks as a quarry. This protection order survived in spite of all protests from the local villages. Thus, a valuable natural monument was saved from destruction, and it is of note that the authorities felt that the 'romantic' reasons for its preservation were entirely justified.

Albert Peter laid out the [[Brocken Garden]] in 1890. This was the first Alpine flower garden to be established on German soil. And, in terms of its scientific concept and scope, the Brocken Garden was the first of its type worldwide.

The [[Brocken Railway]] began service in 1899, against the already strong concerns of [[conservation movement|conservationist]]s. For example, the botanist, Bley, wanted to prevent trains from climbing the Brocken, because it he felt it would threaten the Brocken's flora.

In 1907, [[Hermann Löns]] uttered his famous cry "More Protection for the Brocken" (''Mehr Schutz für den Brocken'') in light of the mass tourism that was beginning to affect the Brocken. By 1912, he effectively pressed for the establishment of a Harz national park, without calling it such, in ''Der Harzer Heimatspark'' (Verlag E. Appelhans u. Co., Braunschweig 1912), a brochure that has remained relatively unknown. The Harz played a special role in the life of the famous regional poet, naturalist and local patriot, undoubtedly not least because his second wife, Lisa Hausmann, came from Barbis in the South Harz.

Around 1920, the [[capercaillie]] population in the Harz died out.

The Wernigerode rector, W. Voigt, wrote, in 1926, in his famous ''Brockenbuch'': ''In America it has long become the business of the people, to create a sacrosanct haven for the native flora and fauna of the regions in national parks. North and South Germany have their heath and alpine parks. May the joint efforts of the royal authorities, the local police, the Wernigerode Nature Conservation Society and individual friends of the Brocken also succeed now in central Germany, through caring nurture across the board, in establishing and preserving the Brocken too, as a small, but unique, nature reserve for the German people.''

In the 1930s, national park planning in Germany became specific again. There were concrete plans for the national parks of the [[Lüneburg Heath]], Bavarian – Bohemian Forest, [[High Tauern]], Höllengebirge, [[Lake Neusiedl|Neusiedler See]] and [[Curonian Spit|Kurische Nehrung]]. The [[Second World War]] prevented these national park plans from being taken forward; nevertheless, in 1937, an Upper Harz Nature Reserve (''Naturschutzgebietes Oberharz'') was designated.

=== Nazi Germany and Second World War===
During the [[Nazi era]], the Harz area became an important production site for the armaments industry. Many factories, important to the war effort, were located there and, as the war neared its conclusion, they were increasingly staffed with slave labour. As a result, the Harz was the location of several hundred forced labour camps and KZs at that time. KZ Dora near Nordhausen in the South Harz became particularly infamous. This camp, ''[[Mittelbau-Dora]]'' (also ''Dora-Mittelbau'' and ''Nordhausen-Dora''), was a subcamp of [[Buchenwald concentration camp]]. Its prisoners were used by the [[SS]] mainly in the tunnel excavation and nearby underground stations of the [[Mittelwerk]] Ltd., in [[Kohnstein]], situated near [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]], where the [[V-2 rocket]] and the flying bomb [[V-1 rocket]]  were produced. The slave labourers at the Dora camp were subjected to brutal conditions, which led to more than 20,000 deaths.

In February/March 1945 the SS Reichsführer, [[Heinrich Himmler]], established the Harz Fortress (''Harzfestung'') to defend [[central Germany (geography)|central Germany]] from the western allies. Its [[headquarters]] was at [[Blankenburg (Harz)|Blankenburg]]. Amongst the formations mobilised were divisions belonging to the [[11th Army (Wehrmacht)|11th Army]], divisions of the [[Waffen SS]] and the ''[[Volkssturm]]''. When the United States [[First Army (United States)|First Army]] reached [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]] in the southern Harz, and went to advance northwards, it met with resistance, especially in the hills around the towns of [[Ilfeld]] and [[Ellrich]]. Not until 7&nbsp;May 1945 did the last formations of the 11th&nbsp;Army and Waffen SS in the Harz surrender. Several units of ''Volkssturm'' troops fought on against the Americans during May.

Shortly before his death in 2003, American Second World War veteran and organized crime figure, [[Frank Sheeran]], admitted to having participated in a massacre of German POWs in the Harz area. At the time, Sheeran was serving in the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th U.S. Infantry Division]]. According to Sheeran, his unit was climbing the Harz when they came upon a mule train carrying supplies to German positions on the hillside. The Americans handed shovels to their prisoners, forced them to dig their own graves, then shot and buried them.<ref>Brandt, Charles (2004). "I Heard You Paint Houses": Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran and the Inside Story of the Mafia, the Teamsters, and the Last Ride of Jimmy Hoffa. Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press. [{{ISBN|978-1-58642-077-2}}. OCLC 54897800] Page 51.</ref>

[[Wernher von Braun]], one of the leading figures in the development of [[rocket]] technology in Germany during the Second World War and, subsequently, in the United States, reportedly ordered blueprints of his work to be hidden in an abandoned mine shaft in the Harz range.<ref name="Cadbury">{{cite book|last=Cadbury|first=Deborah|author-link=Deborah Cadbury|title=Space Race|year=2005|publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]]|isbn=0-00-721299-2}}</ref>

=== Former Inner German border ===
Until 1990, the [[Inner German border]] ran through the western third of the Harz. The Brocken plateau and other peaks near the border were part of a large military out-of-bounds area, which demonstrating walkers first entered on 3 December 1989. Tourism on the Brocken has since then become very intense – about 1.3 million people visit the summit of the Brocken annually. The former out-of-bounds area today has many habitats worth protecting and, as a result, it is being turned into a [[German Green Belt|green belt]].

== Economy ==
[[File:Clausthal-zellerfeld oberbergamt bergbauarchiv.jpg|thumb|Mining archive in [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]]]

=== Historic mining industry ===
The [[mining industry]] in the Harz has its origins about 3,000 years ago during the [[Bronze Age]]. The seven Upper Harz mining towns – [[Clausthal]], [[Zellerfeld]], [[Bad Grund (Harz)|Bad Grund]], [[Sankt Andreasberg]], [[Lautenthal]], [[Altenau]] and [[Wildemann]] – and around 30 other villages within and on the edge of the Harz can thank the [[Mining in the Upper Harz|Upper Harz mining]] and [[smelting|smelting industries]] for their boom. The former imperial town of [[Goslar]], too, whose splendour depended on the ore treasures of the [[Rammelsberg]], mined [[argentiferous]] lead ore for centuries. Mining heavily dominated the economic life of the Harz as well as its scenery. Miners created the famous engineering system for the management of water in the Upper Harz, the [[Upper Harz Water Regale]], of which 70 kilometres of [[Upper Harz Ditches|ditch]] and 68 [[Upper Harz Ponds|'ponds']] (with a volume of 8 million cubic metres) are still used today. Without using their considerable [[hydropower]] output, silver mining in the Harz would never have been able to attain its major economic significance.

In the eastern Harz Foreland ([[Mansfeld Land]] and Sangerhäuser Mulde) [[copper]] schist was mined until 1990. The early beginnings of this industry were first mentioned in 1199, and it was considered in its heyday, at the end of the 15th century, as the most important in Europe. In addition, at [[Ilfeld]] is the only [[stone coal]] mine in the Harz, the former Rabenstein Gallery Mine (''Bergwerk Rabensteiner Stollen''). In the North Thuringian mining area, there were numerous [[potash]] mines and, in the vicinity of Röblingen, geological waxes were extracted by a mining concern.

The last mine in the Upper Harz – the Wolkenhügel Pit in Bad Lauterberg – closed its operations in June 2007 for economic reasons. Having formerly had 1,000 workers, the mine employed just 14 people towards the end, using the most modern technology to extract [[barite]]. With the closure of this facility, mining operations that had begun in the [[Middle Ages]] and had continued unbroken since the 16th century, extracting [[silver]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]], came to an end. Bearing witness to the industry are cultural monuments as well as the negative consequences of mining for the environment such as e.&nbsp;g. pollution of the [[ecosystem]] with [[heavy metals]].<ref>Friedhart Knolle: ''Bergbauinduzierte Schwermetallkontaminationen und Bodenplanung in der Harzregion'' [http://www.geoberg.de/text/mining/09022401.php online]</ref>

=== Economy today ===
The booming mining industry of bygone centuries in the Harz region – especially for [[silver]], [[iron]], [[copper]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]] – has declined markedly. However, the heavy metal residues in the soils of the Upper Harz, which in some cases are significant, represent a serious environmental hazard today.

Copper workings are still important today in the area of [[Mansfeld]]. The last centres of mining were the Rammelsberg near Goslar (closed 1988) and the Hilfe Gottes Pit near [[Bad Grund]] (closed 1992). In Bad Lauterberg, [[barite]] – used today primarily for the manufacture of paint and in sound insulation – was extracted until July 2007 at the Wolkenhügel Pit, the last mine in the entire Harz. Furthermore, limestone is still mined at [[Elbingerode (Harz)|Elbingerode]] in three large open pits (''Werk [[Rübeland]]'', ''Werk Kaltes Tal'' and ''Werk Hornberg''). Another important employer is the [[Clausthal University of Technology]]. In addition to the classical disciplines of mining and metallurgy, many engineering and science subjects, as well as [[business studies]] courses, are taught and researched.

The extensive woods of the Harz mean that [[forestry]] plays an important economic role, as do the associated wood-working industries. In the first millennium AD, [[hardwood]] trees (mainly [[common beech]]) were predominant on the higher ground – typical of a natural highland forest. Hence one spoke of going ''in die Harten'' ("into the hardwood forest"), a term which gave the ''Harz'' its name. Today, however, the commercially managed areas are mainly [[monoculture]]s of [[Norway spruce]]. A cause of this development was the mining history in the Harz region, with its high demand for wood and the consequent overuse and devastation of the stands of forest. In addition, there were the [[Climate change (general concept)|climatic change]]s of the so-called [[Little Ice Age]]. The [[reforestation]] with relatively easily managed and undemanding spruce trees since the middle of the 18th century was mainly due to the proposals of the Senior Forester and Master Hunter, Johann Georg von Langen.

== Tourism ==
[[Tourism]] is very important to the Harz, although the prevalence of cheap air travel has led to a decline in recent years. There are many [[spa town]]s, and almost every village in the Harz and Harz Foreland caters to tourists. Well-known destinations are the [[Harz National Park]] and the [[Brocken]], as well as the historic towns on the edge of the Harz. Concepts like the Western town, Pullman City Harz, or the rock operas on the Brocken are intended to also be particularly attractive to foreign tourists. The ''Harzer Verkehrsverband'' (HVV) is responsible for the marketing of the Harz to tourists.

=== Winter sports ===
[[File:Wolfswarte.JPG|thumb|View of the Upper Harz]]
Although winter sport in the Harz does not have the significance of other mountain areas, such as the [[Thuringian Forest]], [[Ore Mountains]], [[Black Forest]] or even the [[Alps]], there are plenty of winter sport facilities. Of particular note are the villages and towns of Altenau (including [[Torfhaus]]), [[Benneckenstein]], Braunlage (including [[Hohegeiß]]), Goslar-[[Hahnenklee]], [[Hasselfelde]], Sankt Andreasberg (including [[Sonnenberg (Harz)|Sonnenberg]] and Oderbrück) and Schierke. Due to the high altitude and length of their runs, [[Nordic skiing]] is very popular. International winter sport competitions take place on the [[Wurmberg (Harz)|Wurmberg]] ski jump near Braunlage and the [[biathlon]] facility at Sonnenberg.

Also worth mentioning are the many [[cross-country skiing]] runs (''Loipen'') in the Harz. Their quality and features are ensured by the land owners, particularly in the Harz National Park, where snow is still relatively guaranteed during the winter months, and also by individual communities and societies. The ''Förderverein Loipenverbund Harz'', for example, is well known in this regard. It was founded in 1996 on the initiative of the Harz National Park, Harz winter sport parishes, the cable car and lift operators, hotels and transport companies, and has the aim of promoting ski tourism in the Harz and looking after the interests of nature conservation.

The [[mountain rescue service]] on the cross-country routes, the toboggan slopes, footpaths, alpine ski pistes and rough terrain is provided by the ''[[Bergwacht]] Harz''.

=== Summer sports ===
[[File:Oker im Okertal.jpg|thumb|The Oker with white water. A footpath is on the right bank.]]
<!-- [[File:Altenau_Steile_Wand.jpg|thumb|L&nbsp;504 "Steile Wand" between Altenau and Torfhaus]] not enough room yet for this image without disrupting the text-->
[[File:Im Harz.jpg|thumb|Former climbing areas on the ''Roßtrappe'']]

In summer, the main activity in the Harz, by far, is walking. In recent years [[Nordic walking]] has become increasingly popular.

On several [[reservoirs in the Harz]], a variety of [[water sports]] is permitted and, on a number of rivers originating in the Harz, there are opportunities for [[canoeing]] and other sports on [[white water]] sections. International canoe and [[kayak]] competitions take place on the Oker below the Oker Dam. The white water on this stretch of river is partly a result of the raised levels of discharge from the Oker Reservoir and so is largely independent of the weather.

Several hills provide a base for airborne activities, such as [[gliding]] and [[hang-gliding]], notably the [[Rammelsberg]] near Goslar.

The Harz offers a range of climbing areas like, the Oker valley, with its rock outcrops (''Klippen''); the ''Adlerklippen'' being especially popular.

The Harz has also developed in recent years into a popular [[mountain bike]] region, with 62 signed mountain bike routes and four bike parks with lift facilities in Braunlage, Hahnenklee, Schulenberg and Thale. The bike parks offer [[freeride (mountain biking)|freeride]], [[Downhill mountain biking|downhill]] and [[fourcross]] routes. Both the signed cycle paths and the bike parks are suitable for every level of cyclist.

Roads in the Harz are used by [[racing bike]]s and [[touring bike]]s, despite their sometimes heavy use by lorries, because in the whole of North Germany there is no other region with such long, and in places very steep, descents and ascents. In addition, there are a large number of railway connections on the edge of the Harz which allow bicycles to be taken on trains.

The Harz Mountain Rescue (''Bergwacht Harz'') service also operates in summer, rescuing people involved in accidents on difficult terrain.

=== Walking and climbing ===
The mountains of the Harz were used in former times for long walks (e.&nbsp;g. by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, [[Heinrich Heine]] and [[Hans Christian Andersen]]). An extensive network of footpaths is maintained today, especially by the [[Harz Club]]. In addition, there are several [[long-distance path]]s (the [[Harz Witches' Trail]], [[Kaiser Way]], [[Karst Trail]] and [[Selke Valley Trail]]), as well as a trans-regional project, the ''[[Harzer Wandernadel]]'', with 222 checkpoints and a range of walking badges that may be earned for various levels of achievement.

The Harz is also home to Germany's first [[Naturism|naturist]] hiking trail, the ''Harzer Naturistenstieg''.

In the Oker Valley and at ''Roßtrappe'' near Thale, there are rocks on the ''[[Hohneklippen]]'' (the ''Höllenklippe'' or the Feuerstein near Schierke, among several) that are used by climbers.

=== Running ===
The [[Harz Run]] ({{langx|de|Harzquerung}}) is a [[fun run]] and [[walking]] event in the [[Harz mountains]] of Germany organised by the Wernigerode Skiing Club (''Skiklub Wernigerode 1911'') which takes place on the last Saturday of April. The main run is an [[ultra marathon]] which is {{convert|51|km|mi}} long and crosses the Harz between [[Wernigerode]] and [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]] in a north–south direction. There is also a 25&nbsp;km route from Wernigerode to [[Benneckenstein]] and a 28&nbsp;km course from Benneckenstein to Nordhausen.

== Dialects of the Harz ==
The main dialects of the Harz region are [[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]] and [[Thuringian Dialect|Thuringian]].

A feature of the Upper Harz is, or was, the Upper Harz dialect (''Oberharzer Mundart''). Unlike the Lower Saxon, Eastphalian and Thuringian dialects of the surrounding region, this was an [[Erzgebirgisch|Ore Mountain dialect]] from Saxony and Bohemia, that went back to the settlement of mining folk from that area in the 16th century.

The Upper Harz dialect was used only in a few places. The best known are Altenau, Sankt Andreasberg, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Lautenthal and Hahnenklee. Today the dialect is heard only rarely in the Upper Harz in everyday life and it is mainly members of the older generations who still use it, so occasional articles in the local papers are printed in "Upper Harz", which helps to preserve it.

== Tourist attractions ==
=== Mines and caves ===
[[File:Rammelsberg.jpg|thumb|Rammelsberg Mining Museum]]
[[Geomorphological]] processes have led to the formation of [[caves]] in the [[gypsum]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and [[limestone]] layers of the Harz. These [[:wikt:dripstone|dripstone]] caves include [[Baumann's Cave]], the [[Unicorn Cave]], [[Hermann's Cave (Harz)|Hermann's Cave]], the [[Iberg Dripstone Cave]] and, on the southern edge of the Harz, the [[Heimkehle]].
Because the older formations contained many [[mineral deposit]]s, they were explored very early on by the mining industry. The mines have often been turned into [[show mine]]s. For example, the [[Samson Pit]] was for a long time the deepest mine in the world. Other show mines are the ''Büchenberg'', ''[[Drei Kronen & Ehrt]]'', the ''[[Röhrigschacht]]'' show mine, the ''Lange Wand'' show mine in Ilfeld and the ''Rabensteiner Stollen'' show mine in Netzkater.
Others have been turned into mining museums, like the [[Upper Harz Mining Museum]] in Clausthal-Zellerfeld, the [[Lautenthal]] Mining Museum with its pit railway or the [[Rammelsberg]] Mining Museum near Goslar, which is a [[UNESCO]] world heritage site. The [[Roter Bär Pit]] in St. Andreasberg also served as a training mine until the 20th century and is today, preserved true to the original, as a [[visitor mine]].

=== Towns and villages ===
[[File:Wernigerode (2013-06-05), by Klugschnacker in Wikipedia (26).JPG|thumb|Old town of Wernigerode]]
[[File:Stolberg Harz Postamt.JPG|thumb|Stolberg]]
[[File:Quedlinburg asv2018-10 img03 Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Quedlinburg Abbey|Castle and abbey of Quedlinburg]]]]
The following towns and villages are found in or around the Harz region:
{|
| width="280" valign="top" |
* [[Allrode]]
* [[Altenau]]
* [[Bad Grund (Harz)|Bad Grund]]
* [[Bad Harzburg]]
* [[Bad Lauterberg im Harz]]
* [[Bad Sachsa]]
* [[Bad Suderode]]
* [[Ballenstedt]]
* [[Blankenburg (Harz)|Blankenburg]]
* [[Braunlage]]
* [[Breitenstein (Harz)|Breitenstein]]
* [[Breitungen (Südharz)|Breitungen]]
* [[Clausthal-Zellerfeld]]
* [[Dietersdorf (Südharz)|Dietersdorf]]
* [[Ellrich]]
* [[Falkenstein/Harz]]
* [[Gernrode]]
* [[Gittelde]]
| width="280" valign="top" |
* [[Goslar]]
* [[Hainrode (Südharz)|Hainrode]]
* [[Harzgerode]]
* [[Hattorf am Harz]]
* [[Hayn (Harz)|Hayn]]
* [[Herrmannsacker]]
* [[Herzberg am Harz]]
* [[Ilfeld]]
* [[Ilsenburg (Harz)|Ilsenburg]]
* [[Kleinleinungen]]
* [[Langelsheim]]
* [[Mansfeld]]
* [[Neustadt/Harz]]
* [[Niedersachswerfen]]
* [[Nordharz]]
* [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]]
* [[Oberharz am Brocken]]
* [[Osterode am Harz]]
| width="280" valign="top" |
* [[Questenberg]]
* [[Rieder]]
* [[Roßla]]
* [[Sangerhausen]]
* [[Sankt Andreasberg]]
* [[Schwenda]]
* [[Seesen]]
* [[Stolberg (Harz)|Stolberg]]
* [[Thale]]
* [[Uftrungen]]
* [[Wieda]]
* [[Wildemann]]
* [[Walkenried]]
* [[Wernigerode]]
* [[Westerhausen]]
* [[Wienrode]]
* [[Wippra]]
* [[Zorge, Walkenried|Zorge]]
|}

=== Towns in the Harz Foreland ===
[[File:Karlshaus.jpg|thumb|upright|Carlshaus Tower on the [[Carlshaushöhe]] ({{Höhe|626|DE-NN}})]]
*'''Lower Saxony''': [[Alfeld]], [[Bad Gandersheim]], [[Bad Salzdetfurth]], [[Bockenem]], [[Duderstadt]], [[Einbeck]], [[Göttingen]], [[Hildesheim]], [[Northeim]], [[Salzgitter]], [[Vienenburg]] and [[Wolfenbüttel]].
*'''Saxony-Anhalt''': [[Aschersleben]], [[Derenburg]], [[Eisleben]], [[Halberstadt]], [[Hettstedt]], [[Oschersleben (Bode)|Oschersleben]], [[Osterwieck]], [[Quedlinburg]], [[Sangerhausen]] and [[Staßfurt]].
*'''Thuringia''': [[Bleicherode]], [[Heringen/Helme]], [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]] and [[Sondershausen]].

=== Abbeys and churches ===
The [[medieval]] abbeys of [[Drübeck Abbey|Drübeck]], [[Ilsenburg Abbey|Ilsenburg]], [[Michaelstein Abbey|Michaelstein]], [[Quedlinburg Abbey|Quedlinburg]] and [[Walkenried Abbey|Walkenried]] are found mainly on the edge of the Harz. In Hahnenklee there is a wooden [[stave church]], the [[Gustav Adolf Stave Church]] which was consecrated in 1908.

=== Towers, palaces and castles ===
The high elevation of many places in the Harz has been used to advantage to erect [[transmission tower|transmission]] or [[observation tower]]s. These include the [[Carlshaushöhe]] near [[Trautenstein]], the observation tower on the [[Großer Knollen]] or the [[Josephskreuz]].
In historical times, high ridges and spurs were used as sites for fortified castles (''Burgen''). In the Harz these include [[Falkenstein Castle (Harz)|Falkenstein Castle]], where Eike von Repkow probably drew up the ''[[Sachsenspiegel]]'', the most important [[legal code]] of the [[History of Germany#Middle Ages|German Middle Ages]], [[Hohnstein Castle (Harz)|Hohnstein Castle]] near Neustadt/Harz, [[Lauenburg Castle]] near Stecklenberg, [[Plessenburg]] and [[Stecklenburg]], as well as the ruined castles of [[Harzburg]], [[Anhalt Castle|Anhalt]], [[Königsburg]], [[Scharzfels Castle|Scharzfels]]. 
In addition to these defensive structures, palatial castles (''[[Schloss|Schlösser]]'') were also built, such as [[Herzberg Castle]], [[Blankenburg Castle (Harz)|Blankenburg Castle]], [[Stolberg Castle]] and [[Wernigerode Castle]].

== Transport ==
=== Rail ===
[[File:Harzquerbahn near Drei Annen Hohne - 2007-09-19.jpg|thumb|Narrow gauge railway]]
The ''Harzer Schmalspurbahnen'' ([[Harz Narrow Gauge Railways]]), colloquially known as the ''Harzquerbahn'' ([[Trans-Harz Railway]]), a narrow (metre)-gauge steam and diesel-powered railway network is a very popular mode of transport, especially with tourists. The railways link [[Wernigerode]], [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]], [[Quedlinburg]] and the Brocken. Prior to the closure of the [[Inner German border]] the present-day network was joined at [[Sorge, Saxony-Anhalt|Sorge]] to the ''Südharzbahn'' ([[South Harz Railway]]), which ran from Walkenried to [[Braunlage]] and Tanne.

Main line railways serve the major towns around the Harz including [[Halberstadt]], Wernigerode, [[Thale]], Quedlinburg and Nordhausen. The Harz used to be served by a number of branch lines, some of which are still open. Those operating regular passenger services are the [[Halberstadt–Blankenburg railway|Halberstadt–Blankenburg]], [[Magdeburg–Thale railway|Quedlinburg–Thale]], [[Klostermansfeld–Wippra railway|Klostermansfeld–Wippra]] and [[Berga-Kelbra–Stolberg (Harz) railway|Berga-Kelbra–Stolberg]] lines. All the branch lines in Lower Saxony (the [[Innerste Valley Railway]] and [[Oder Valley Railway]]) have been closed. The [[Rübeland Railway]] is only used by goods traffic at present, but there are plans to run it as a [[heritage railway]].

Around the Harz a number of railway lines form a ring. They are, clockwise from the north, the [[Heudeber-Danstedt–Bad Harzburg/Vienenburg railway|Heudeber–Danstedt–Vienenburg]], the [[Halberstadt–Vienenburg railway]], the [[Halle–Halberstadt railway]], the [[Berlin-Blankenheim Railway]], the [[Halle-Kassel Railway]], the [[South Harz Line]], the [[Herzberg–Seesen railway]], the [[Goslar–Seesen railway]] and the [[Vienenburg–Goslar railway]].

=== Road ===
[[File:Harzhochstrasse.jpg|thumb|The B&nbsp;4/B&nbsp;242 Harz high road near Braunlage]]
The Harz is grazed by the [[Bundesautobahn 7|A 7]] motorway in the west and the [[Bundesautobahn 38|A 38]] in the south. A four-lane motor road, the [[Bundesstraße 243|B&nbsp;243]] runs along the southwestern perimeter of the Harz via Osterode to Bad Lauterberg. In addition there is a good federal road (the [[Bundesstraße 6|B&nbsp;6]], [[Bundesstraße 4|B&nbsp;4]]) from Goslar to Braunlage. The North Harz Foreland benefits from the newly built [[Bundesstraße 6n|B&nbsp;6n]]. Both the  B&nbsp;4 and the B&nbsp;6n have been upgraded almost to motorway standard. The B&nbsp;4 crosses the Harz from Bad Harzburg on a north–south axis running through Torfhaus and Braunlage as far as Ilfeld on the edge of the South Harz. The rest of the Harz is also well served by federal roads. Important ones include the Harz high road (''Harzhochstraße'', the [[Bundesstraße 242|B&nbsp;242]]), which crosses the Harz in an east–west direction (from Seesen to Mansfeld) and the [[Bundesstraße 241|B&nbsp;241]], which runs from Goslar in the north over the Upper Harz (Clausthal-Zellerfeld) as far as Osterode in the south.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Hiking trails in Germany|Hiking trails in Germany]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{AmCyc Poster|Hartz}}
* {{Commons category-inline|position=|Harz}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Harz}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Harz Mountains |volume= XI |last= |first= |author-link= | pages=507-508 |short=1}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039435/Harz Harz at Encyclopædia Britannica] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.harzregion.de/ Homepage of the Harz Regional Association (''Regionalverband Harz e.V.'')] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://en.harzinfo.de/ Official tourist homepage] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.nationalpark-harz.de/en/ Harz National Park] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.hsb-wr.de/startseite/ Harzer Schmalspurbahnen (Harz Narrow Gauge Railways)] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://harz-region.de/ Blog on the Harz region] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://www.harz-abenteuer-wandern.de/en/ Adventure Harz - (tourist homepage for the Harz region)] {{in lang|en}}

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{{portalbar|Harz|Mountains|Germany}}
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{{German Central Uplands}}
{{Regions of Lower Saxony}}
{{Regions of Saxony-Anhalt}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Harz| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Germany]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Thuringia]]
[[Category:Mountains of Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[Category:Central Uplands]]
[[Category:Natural regions of Germany]]
[[Category:Regions of Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[Category:Regions of Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Regions of Thuringia]]
[[Category:Forests and woodlands of Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Forests and woodlands of Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[Category:Forests and woodlands of Thuringia]]
[[Category:Carboniferous Germany]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Germany]]
[[Category:Climbing areas of Germany]]
[[Category:Horsts (geology)]]