Editing Harwich

{{Short description|Town in Essex, England}}
{{Other places}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{infobox UK place 
|country                  = England
|static_image_name        = Harwich England.jpg
|static_image_caption     =
|official_name            = Harwich
|coordinates              = {{coord|51.934|1.266|display=inline,title}}
|label_position           = left
| population              = 17,684
| population_ref          = (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124293&c=Harwich&d=16&e=62&g=6425946&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1443176304162&enc=1|title=Town population 2011|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104940/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124293&c=Harwich&d=16&e=62&g=6425946&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1443176304162&enc=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 |shire_district          = [[Tendring District|Tendring]]
| shire_county            = [[Essex]]
|region                   = East of England
|constituency_westminster = [[Harwich and North Essex (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich and North Essex]]
|post_town                = HARWICH
|postcode_area            = CO
|postcode_district        = CO12
|dial_code                = 01255
|os_grid_reference        = TM243313 
}}

'''Harwich''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ær|ᵻ|tʃ}} is a town in [[Essex]], [[England]], and one of the [[Haven ports]] on the [[North Sea]] coast. It is in the [[Tendring District|Tendring district]]. Nearby places include [[Felixstowe]] to the north-east, [[Ipswich]] to the north-west, [[Colchester]] to the south-west and [[Clacton-on-Sea]] to the south. It is the northernmost coastal town in Essex.

Its position on the estuaries of the [[River Stour, Suffolk|Stour]] and [[River Orwell|Orwell]] rivers, with its usefulness to mariners as the only safe anchorage between the [[River Thames|Thames]] and the [[Humber]], led to a long period of civil and military maritime significance. The town became a naval base in 1657 and was heavily fortified,<ref>Trollope, C., "The Defences of Harwich", ''Fort'' ([[Fortress Study Group]]), 1982, ('''10'''), pp5-31</ref> with [[Harwich Redoubt]], [[Beacon Hill Battery]], and [[Bath Side Battery]].

Harwich is the likely launch point of the ''[[Mayflower]]'', which carried English [[Puritans]] to [[North America]], and is the presumed birthplace of ''Mayflower'' captain [[Christopher Jones (Mayflower captain)|Christopher Jones]].

Harwich today is contiguous with [[Dovercourt]] and the two, along with [[Parkeston, Essex|Parkeston]], are often referred to collectively as ''Harwich''.

==History==
[[File:Harwich Harbour 1804.png|upright|thumb|left|An 1804 chart of Harwich from a survey by Graeme Spence]]
The town's name means "military settlement", from Old English ''here-wic''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&dq=harwich+military+settlement&pg=PA152 Adrian Room, ''Placenames of the World'' (2003), "Harwich"]. Retrieved 20 December 2010</ref>

In 885 the [[River Stour Suffolk]] north of the town was the location for the two [[Battles of the River Stour]].

The town received its charter in 1238, although there is evidence of earlier settlement&nbsp;– for example, a record of a chapel in 1177, and some indications of a possible [[Roman Empire|Roman]] presence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=sarcophagus {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1939-0327-4 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref>

The town was the target of an abortive raid by French forces under [[Antonio Doria]] on 24 March 1339 during the [[Hundred Years' War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sumption |first1=Jonathan |title=Trial by Battle: The Hundred Years War, Vol. 1 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0571200955}}</ref>

Because of its strategic position, Harwich was the target for the [[Glorious Revolution#Crossing and landing|invasion]] of Britain by [[William III of England|William of Orange]] on 11 November 1688. However, unfavourable winds forced his fleet to sail into the [[English Channel]] instead and eventually land at [[Torbay]]. Due to the involvement of the [[Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg|Schomberg]] family in the invasion, Charles Louis Schomberg was made Marquess of Harwich.

Writer [[Daniel Defoe]] devotes a few pages to the town in ''[[A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain]]''. Visiting in 1722, he noted its formidable [[fort]] and [[harbour]] "of a vast extent".<ref name=Defoe>Daniel Defoe, ''A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain'' (1724–1726) [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Defoe&c_id=3&p_id=44 Available online here]</ref> The town, he recounts, was also known for an unusual [[chalybeate spring]] rising on Beacon Hill (a [[promontory]] to the north-east of the town), which "petrified" [[clay]], allowing it to be used to pave Harwich's streets and build its walls. The locals also claimed that "the same spring is said to turn wood into iron", but Defoe put this down to the presence of "[[copperas]]" in the water. Regarding the atmosphere of the town, he states: "Harwich is a town of hurry and business, not much of gaiety and pleasure; yet the inhabitants seem warm in their nests and some of them are very wealthy".<ref name=Defoe/>

Harwich played an important part in the Napoleonic and more especially the two world wars. Of particular note:

[[File:Napoleonic fort or spaceship? (17154789929).jpg|thumb|[[Harwich Redoubt]]]]
1793–1815: Post Office Station for communication with Europe, one of embarkation and evacuation bases for expeditions to Holland in 1799, 1809, and 1813/14; base for capturing enemy privateers. The dockyard built many ships for the Navy, including [[HMS Conqueror (1801)|HMS ''Conqueror'']] which captured the French [[Pierre-Charles Villeneuve|Admiral Villeneuve]] at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]. The Redoubt and the now-demolished Ordnance Building date from that era.

1914–1918: Base for the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Harwich Force]] light cruisers and destroyers under Commodore Tyrwhitt, and for British submarines. In November 1918, the German [[U-boat]] fleet surrendered to the Royal Navy in the harbour.

1939–1945: One of main East Coast minesweeping and destroyer bases, at one period base for British and French submarines; assembled fleets for Dutch and [[Dunkirk evacuation]]s and follow-up to [[D-Day]]; unusually, a target for [[Corpo Aereo Italiano|Italian bombers]] during the [[Battle of Britain]].

===Royal Naval Dockyard===
{{main|Harwich Dockyard}}
Harwich Dockyard was established as a [[Royal Navy Dockyard|Naval Dockyard]] in 1652. It ceased to operate as a Royal Dockyard in 1713 (though a Royal Navy presence was maintained until 1829). During the various wars with France and Holland, through to 1815, the dockyard was responsible for both building and repairing numerous warships. [[HMS Conqueror (1801)|HMS ''Conqueror'']], a 74-gun ship completed in 1801, captured the French admiral Villeneuve at Trafalgar. The yard was then a semi-private concern, with the actual shipbuilding contracted to Joseph Graham, who was sometimes mayor of the town.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foynes|first=Julian|title=East Anglia Against the Tricolor|publisher= Poppyland Press|date=2016}}</ref> During [[World War II]] parts of Harwich were again requisitioned for naval use and ships were based at [[HMS Badger (shore establishment)|HMS ''Badger'']]; ''Badger'' was decommissioned in 1946, but the [[Royal Naval Auxiliary Service]] maintained a headquarters on the site until 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harwichanddovercourt.co.uk/the-war-years/|title=The War Years &#124; Harwich & Dovercourt &#124; History, Facts & Photos of Harwich}}</ref>

===Lighthouses===
{{main|Harwich High and Low Lighthouses}}
[[File:Constable - Harwich Lighthouse, exhibited 1820, N01276.jpg|thumb|''[[Harwich Lighthouse (painting)|Harwich Lighthouse]]'' by [[John Constable]], 1820]]
In 1665, not long after the establishment of the Dockyard, a pair of lighthouses were set up on the Town Green to serve as [[leading lights]] for ships entering the harbour. Completely rebuilt in 1818, both towers are still standing (though they ceased functioning as lighthouses in 1863, when they were replaced by a new pair of lights at [[Dovercourt]]).

==Transport==
[[File:HarwichDocks.jpg|thumbnail|left|Harwich 'Navyard' and Harwich seen from the river]]
The Royal Navy no longer has a presence in Harwich but [[Harwich International Port]] at nearby [[Parkeston, Essex|Parkeston]] continues to offer regular [[ferry]] services to the [[Hook of Holland]] (Hoek van Holland) in the [[Netherlands]].
Many operations of the [[Port of Felixstowe]] and of [[Trinity House]], the lighthouse authority, are managed from Harwich.

The [[Mayflower line|Mayflower railway line]] serves Harwich and there are three operational passenger stations: {{rws|Harwich International}}, {{rws|Dovercourt}} and {{rws|Harwich Town}}. The line also allows freight trains to access the Port.

The port is famous for the phrase "Harwich for the Continent", seen on road signs and in [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER) advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssplprints.com/image/80928/mason-frank-henry-harwich-for-the-continent-lner-poster-1940|title='Harwich for the Continent', LNER poster, 1940., Mason, Frank Henry|website=SSPL Prints|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614033627/https://www.ssplprints.com/image/80928/mason-frank-henry-harwich-for-the-continent-lner-poster-1940|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssplprints.com/image/80868/mason-frank-henry-harwich-for-the-continent-lner-poster-1934|title='Harwich for the Continent ', LNER poster, 1934., Mason, Frank Henry|website=SSPL Prints|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508193046/https://www.ssplprints.com/image/80868/mason-frank-henry-harwich-for-the-continent-lner-poster-1934|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From 1924 to 1987 (with a break during the Second World War), a [[train ferry]] service operated between Harwich and [[Zeebrugge]]. The train ferry [[linkspan]] still exists today and the rails leading from the former goods yard of Harwich Town railway station are still in position across the road, although the line is blocked by the Trinity House buoy store.

== Architecture ==
[[File:The Halfpenny Pier at Harwich - geograph.org.uk - 40531.jpg|thumbnail|The Halfpenny Pier]]
Despite, or perhaps because of, its small size Harwich is highly regarded in terms of architectural heritage, and the whole of the older part of the town, excluding Navyard Wharf, is a [[conservation area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harwich-society.co.uk/old/info_navyard.htm|title=Harwich Society, 2008.|access-date=12 November 2006|archive-date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907062719/http://www.harwich-society.co.uk/old/info_navyard.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The regular street plan with principal thoroughfares connected by numerous small alleys indicates the town's [[medieval]] origins, although many buildings of this period are hidden behind 18th century facades.

[[File:King's Head Street, Harwich, quay end.jpg|upright|thumb|left|King's Head Street]]
[[File:Harwich Guildhall.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Harwich Guildhall]]]]
The extant medieval structures are largely private homes.  The house featured in the image of Kings Head St to the left is unique in the town and is an example of a sailmaker's house, thought to have been built circa 1600.  Notable public buildings include the [[parish church]] of St. Nicholas <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukattraction.com/east-of-england/st-nicholas-church.htm |title=UK Attraction: St. Nicholas Church. |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-date=19 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519001414/http://www.ukattraction.com/east-of-england/st-nicholas-church.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> of 1820–1822 (architect: M G Thompson of Dedham<ref>Bettley, J. and Pevsner, N., ''The Buildings of England: Essex'', Yale UP (2007, rev ed. 2010) p.472</ref>), in a restrained [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style, with many original furnishings, including a somewhat altered [[pipe organ|organ]] in the west end gallery. There is also the [[Harwich Guildhall]] of 1769, the only Grade I [[listed building]] in Harwich.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harwich-society.co.uk/the-guildhall/|title=The Guildhall|publisher=Harwich Society|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Pier Hotel, Harwich, Essex - geograph.org.uk - 118960.jpg|upright|thumb|Pier Hotel]]
The Pier Hotel of 1860 and the building that was the Great Eastern Hotel of 1864 can both been seen on the quayside, both reflecting the town's new importance to travellers following the arrival of the [[Great Eastern Main Line]] from [[Colchester railway station|Colchester]] in 1854. In 1923, The Great Eastern Hotel was closed<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Geoffrey |year=1986 |title=LNER |location=Shepperton |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd |page=[https://archive.org/details/lner0000hugh/page/157 157] |isbn=0-7110-1428-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/lner0000hugh/page/157}}</ref> by the newly formed LNER, as the [[Great Eastern Railway]] had opened a new hotel with the same name at the new passenger port at Parkeston Quay, causing a decline in numbers. The hotel became the Harwich Town Hall, which included the Magistrates Court and, following changes in local government, was sold and divided into apartments.
[[File:Trinity House, Harwich.jpg|upright|thumb|The Trinity House offices]]
Also of interest are the High Lighthouse (1818), the unusual Treadwheel Crane (late 17th century), the Old Custom Houses on West Street, a number of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] shopfronts and the [[Electric Palace Cinema]] (1911), one of the oldest purpose-built cinemas to survive complete with its ornamental frontage and original projection room still intact and operational.

There is little notable building from the later parts of the 20th century, but major recent additions include the [[lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]] station and two new structures for [[Trinity House]]. The Trinity House office building, next door to the Old Custom Houses, was completed in 2005. All three additions are influenced by the [[High-tech architecture|high-tech]] style.

==International Shanty Festival ==

A Harwich International Shanty Festival was set up in 2006 to organise and co-ordinate an annual sea shanty festival in October. Through concerts, 'singarounds', pub sessions, talks and workshops, the seafaring history and heritage of Harwich is celebrated by local people and international groups. This unique event for Essex attracts audiences countrywide and beyond.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://harwichshantyfestival.co.uk/about-us/|website= harwichshantyfestival.co.uk|accessdate= 8 October 2022|title= About us}}</ref> The festival is one of the biggest shanty festivals in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/homes-and-gardens/places-to-live/harwich-shanty-festival-preview-7044390|website= greatbritishlife.co.uk|title= Harwich Shanty Festival|date= 17 September 2019|accessdate= 8 October 2022}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
Harwich has also historically hosted a number of notable inhabitants, linked with Harwich's maritime past.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vision of Britain|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=771040|publisher=visionofbritain.org|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>

* [[Christopher Newport]] (1561–1617), seaman and privateer,<ref>[http://www.captainchristophernewport.com/ Captain Christopher Newport website, Biography] retrieved January 2018</ref> captain of the expedition that founded [[Jamestown Virginia|Jamestown, Virginia]]
* [[Christopher Jones (sailor)|Christopher Jones]] (c.1570–1622) Captain<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105711/http://www.harwich.net/histjones.htm The Harwich Society, archive, Christopher Jones and the Mayflower Expedition 1620–1621] retrieved January 2018</ref> of the 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship ''[[Mayflower]]''
* [[Thomas Cobbold (1708–1767)]], brewer and owner of [[Three Cups, Harwich|Three Cups]]
* [[William Shearman]] (1767–1861), physician<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle=Shearman, William |volume=52 |last=Webb |first=William Wilfrid |author-link=William Wilfrid Webb |page=1 |short=1}}</ref> and medical writer
* [[James Francillon]] (1802–1866), barrister<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle=Francillon, James |volume=20 |last=Watt |first=Francis |author-link= |page=164 |short=1}}</ref> and legal writer
* Captain [[Charles Fryatt]] (1872–1916), mariner<ref>[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/fryatt_balfour.htm Arthur Balfour's comments on Fryatt's execution, firstworldwar.com] retrieved January 2018</ref> executed by the Germans, brought back from [[Belgium]] and buried at [[Dovercourt]]
* [[Peter Firmin]] (1928–2018), artist<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0278696/ IMDb Database] retrieved January 2018</ref> and puppet maker
* [[Randolph Stow]] (1935–2010), reclusive<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110224154217/http://www.cgg.wa.gov.au/notable-people/randolph-stow Geraldton Regional Library, archive, Randolph Stow – Writer] retrieved January 2018</ref> but award-winning Australian-born writer made his home in Harwich
* [[Myles de Vries]] (born 1940), first-class cricketer
* [[Liana Bridges]] (born 1969) actress,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0108770/ IMDb Database] retrieved January 2018</ref> best known for co-presenting ''[[Sooty & Co]]''
* [[Kate Hall (singer)|Kate Hall]] (born 1983), British-Danish<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2520288/ IMDb Database] retrieved January 2018</ref> singer
* [[Dan Rowe]], singer

===Politicians===
* [[Sir John Jacob, 1st Baronet]] of Bromley (c.1597–1666), politician<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/jacob-john-1597-1666 The History of Parliament Trust, JACOB, John (1597–1666)] retrieved January 2018</ref> who sat in the House of Commons in 1640 and 1641
* [[Capel Luckyn|Sir Capel Luckyn, 2nd Baronet]] (1622–1680), politician<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/luckyn-capel-1622-80 The History of Parliament Trust, LUCKYN, Capel (1622–80)] retrieved January 2018</ref> who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1647 and 1679
* [[Samuel Pepys]] (1633–1703), diarist<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/pepys-samuel-1633-1703 The History of Parliament Trust, PEPYS, Samuel (1633–1703)] retrieved January 2018</ref> and [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member of parliament]] (MP) for Harwich
* [[Anthony Deane (mayor)|Sir Anthony Deane]] (1638–1721), mayor of Harwich,<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/deane-sir-anthony-1633-1721 The History of Parliament Trust, DEANE, Sir Anthony (1633–1721)] retrieved January 2018</ref> naval architect, Master Shipwright, commercial shipbuilder and MP
* [[Edward Harvey (British Army officer)|Lieutenant-General Edward Harvey]] (1718–1788) [[Adjutant-General to the Forces]] and MP for Harwich 1768 to 1778
* [[Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree]] (1937–2012), Conservative politician<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17510001 BBC News, 26 March 2012] retrieved January 2018</ref> and former Cabinet member
* [[Nick Alston]] (born 1952), Conservative<ref>[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/former-essex-police-and-crime-commissioner-among-list-of-five-new-deputy-lieutenants-1-5116012 East Anglian Daily Times, 20 July 2017, .....five new Deputy Lieutenants] retrieved January 2018</ref> [[Essex Police and Crime Commissioner]]
* [[Bernard Jenkin]] (born 1959), Conservative politician,<ref>[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/10312/bernard_jenkin/harwich_and_north_essex#profile TheyWorkForYou website, Bernard Jenkin, MP, Harwich and North Essex] retrieved January 2018</ref> MP for [[Harwich and North Essex (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich and North Essex]] since 2010
* [[Andrew Murrison]] (born 1961), doctor<ref>[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/11132/andrew_murrison/south_west_wiltshire#profile TheyWorkForYou website, Andrew Murrison, MP, South West Wiltshire] retrieved January 2018</ref> and Conservative Party politician, MP since 2001

==Sport==

Harwich is home to [[Harwich & Parkeston F.C.]]; Harwich and Dovercourt RFC; Harwich Rangers FC; Sunday Shrimpers; Harwich & Dovercourt Sailing Club; Harwich, Dovercourt & Parkeston Swimming Club; Harwich & Dovercourt Rugby Union Football Club; Harwich & Dovercourt Cricket Club; and Harwich Runners who with support from Harwich Swimming Club host the annual Harwich Triathlons.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==Media==
Local news and television programmes are provided by [[BBC East]] and [[ITV Anglia]]. Television signals are received from the [[Sudbury transmitting station|Sudbury]] TV transmitter and the local relay transmitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Woodbridge|title=Freeview Light on the Woodbridge (Suffolk, England) transmitter|date=1 May 2004|website=UK Free TV|accessdate=4 January 2024}}</ref>

The town is served by both [[BBC Essex]] and [[BBC Radio Suffolk]]. Other radio stations including [[Heart East]], [[Dream 100|Greatest Hits Radio Essex]], [[Actual Radio]], [[Nation Radio Suffolk]] and ''Radio Mi Amigo'', a community based station which broadcast from The Harwich Quay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lv18radio.uk/ |title=Radio Mi Amigo|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

The town is served by the local newspaper, ''Harwich and Manningtree Standard'' which publishes on Fridays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-eang/harwich-standard/|title=Harwich and Manningtree Standard|date=3 May 2014|website=British Papers|accessdate=4 January 2024}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Coat of arms of Harwich.svg
|escutcheon = Gules a portcullis chained Or studded and spiked Azure.
|crest = On a wreath of the colours upon waves of the sea Proper an ancient ship with one mast Or at the bow and stern turrets and affixed below the top of the mast a tower Argent the sail furled of the last and flying to the dexter a pennon Gules.
|motto = Omnia Bona Bonis (To The Good All Things Are Good).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/east_of_england.html |title=East of England Region |publisher=Civic Heraldry of England |accessdate=10 March 2021}}</ref>
|notes = Granted to Harwich Borough Council on 15 December 1943.}}

== See also ==
* [[Harwich Force]]
* [[Harwich Redoubt]]
* [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Harwich and Dovercourt High School]]
* [[Harwich Lifeboat Station]]
* [[Harwich Mayflower Heritage Centre]]
* [[Harwich refinery]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book
|last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |author-link1=Nikolaus Pevsner
|last2=Radcliffe |first2=Enid
|isbn             = 0-300-09601-1
|publisher      = Yale University Press
|title          = The Buildings of England: Essex
|year           = 2002
}}

* {{cite book
 |author          = Smith Stuart Reynolds (consultants)
 |publisher       = Tendring District Council
 |title           = Tendring District Council Conservation Area Review: Harwich Conservation Area
 |url             = http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6F032F83-3E6A-4D07-BAC5-D3AACF60B27E/1899/Harwich.pdf
 |year            = 2006
 |display-authors = etal
 |url-status         = dead
 |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20070628130446/http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6F032F83-3E6A-4D07-BAC5-D3AACF60B27E/1899/Harwich.pdf
 |archive-date     = 28 June 2007
}}

== External links ==
* {{wikivoyage-inline}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Harwich |volume= XI |last= |first= |author-link= | page=507 |short=1}}
* [http://www.harwichtowncouncil.co.uk/ Harwich Town Council]
* [http://www.harwich-society.co.uk/ The Harwich Society]
{{Essex}}
{{Lighthouses in England}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Harwich| ]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in the East of England]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Essex]]
[[Category:Towns in Essex]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Essex]]
[[Category:Tendring]]