Editing Harold Abrahams

{{Short description|English track and field athlete}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor    = lightblue
| name           = Harold Abrahams
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CBE}}
| image          = Harold Abrahams 1921.jpg
| image_size     = 
| caption        = Abrahams in June 1921
| fullname       = Harold Maurice Abrahams
| birth_date     = {{birth date|1899|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place    = [[Bedford]], [[Bedfordshire]], England
| death_date     = {{death date and age|1978|1|14|1899|12|15|df=y}}
| death_place    = [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], [[London]], England
| resting_place  = St John the Baptist, [[Great Amwell]]
| height         = 6 ft 0 in<ref name=r1/>
| weight         = 165 lb<ref name=r1/>
| alma_mater     = University of Cambridge
| occupation     = Lawyer, journalist
| spouse         = {{marriage|[[Sybil Evers]]|December 1936|24 June 1963|end=d}}
| country        = Great Britain
| sport          = Track and field
| event          = 100–400 m, [[long jump]]
| universityteam = Cambridge University Athletics Club
| club           = [[Achilles Club]]
| coach          = [[Sam Mussabini]]
| highestranking = 
| pb             = 100 yd – 9.9 (1924)<br>100 m – 10.6 (1924)<br>200 m – 21.9 (1924)<br>440 yd – 50.8 (1923)<br>LJ – 7.38 m (1924)<ref name=r1/><ref name=r4/>
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{GBR2}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100 metres]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]]}}
| show-medals    = yes
| updated        = 
}}
[[File:Harold Abrahams 1924.jpg|thumb|Abrahams at the 1924 Olympics]]

'''Harold Maurice Abrahams''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} (15 December 1899 – 14 January 1978)<ref name="greatath">{{cite book |last1=Kebric |first1=Robert B. |editor1-first=Dawn P. |editor1-last=Dawson |title=Great Athletes |edition=Revised |volume=1 |year=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=Salem Press |isbn=1-58765-008-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatathletes0000unse/page/11 11–13] |url=https://archive.org/details/greatathletes0000unse/page/11 }}</ref> was an English [[track and field]] athlete. He was [[1924 Summer Olympics|Olympic champion in 1924]] in the [[100 metres|100 metres sprint]], a feat depicted in the 1981 film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68824 |title=Harold Abrahams |work=Olympedia |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abrahams's father, Isaac, was a [[Jewish]] immigrant from Polish Lithuania, then part of the [[Russian Empire]] since the [[Partitions of Poland]]. He worked as a financier, and settled in [[Bedford]] with his Welsh Jewish wife, Esther Isaacs.<ref name="greatath"/> Harold was born in Bedford in 1899. His eldest brother was the physician Sir [[Adolphe Abrahams]] (1883–1967), the founder of British [[sport medicine]]. His middle brother was another British Olympic athlete, [[long jump]]er Sir [[Sidney Abrahams]] (1885–1957).

Abrahams was educated at [[Bedford School]] and [[Repton School]], then both all-boys [[independent school (UK)|independent schools]].<ref name="greatath"/> Before attending university, Abrahams served the [[British Army]].<ref name="greatath"/> Having been a cadet, he was commissioned in the [[Bedfordshire Regiment]] as a [[Temporary rank|temporary]] [[second lieutenant]] on 5 March 1919;<ref name="LG 28 March 1919">{{London Gazette |issue= 31258 |date= 28 March 1919 |page= 4147 |supp= y |city= |title= |quote=}}</ref> he relinquished his commission on 1 September 1921 having completed his period of service.<ref name="LG 14 February 1922">{{London Gazette |issue= 32610 |date= 14 February 1922 |page= 1365 |supp= y |city= |title= |quote=}}</ref> 

He studied at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], from 1919 to 1923. At Cambridge, he was a member of the Cambridge University Athletics Club (of which he was president 1922–1923),<ref name="ReferenceA">''Who Was Who – Volume VII – 1971–1980''.</ref> [[Cambridge University Liberal Club]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/2009/08/14/harold-abrahams-1899-1978/ |title=Harold Abrahams, 1899–1978 " Keynes Society |publisher=Keynessociety.wordpress.com |date=14 August 2009 |access-date=31 January 2011}}</ref> the [[University Pitt Club]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] Society.<ref>Hugh Hudson's commentary to the 2005 ''Chariots of Fire'' DVD.</ref> After university he trained as a lawyer. 

Abrahams was also a member of the [[Achilles Club]], a track and field club formed in 1920 by and for past and present representatives of Oxford and Cambridge universities. One of the club's founding members was [[Evelyn Montague]], who like Abrahams is also portrayed in the 1981 film ''[[Chariots of Fire]].''

==Athletics==
Abrahams had been a [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] and [[long jump]]er since his youth. He continued to compete in running while at Cambridge. Abrahams earned a place in the [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Olympic]] team,<ref name="greatath"/> but was eliminated in the quarter-finals of both the [[Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100 m]] and the [[Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 m]], and finished 20th in the [[Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|long jump]].<ref name="greatath"/> He was also part of the British [[Relay race|relay]] team that took fourth place in the [[Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m]].<ref name=r1/>

The following year, Abrahams finished second behind [[Harry Edward]] in the 100 yards and 220 yards events at the [[1921 AAA Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001542/19210702/056/0003 |title=Athletics |work=Northern Whig |date=2 July 1921 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000669/19210704/131/0006 |title=Where Britain leads |work=Birmingham Daily Gazette |date=4 July 1921  |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2024 }}</ref> He became the [[List of British champions in long jump|national long jump champion]] after winning the [[AAA Championships]] title at the [[1923 AAA Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nuts.org.uk/Champs/AAA/index.htm |title=AAA, WAAA and National Championships Medallists |website=National Union of Track Statisticians |access-date=30 November 2024 }}</ref>

After graduating from Cambridge, he employed [[Sam Mussabini]], a professional coach, who improved his style and training techniques in preparation for the [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Olympics]] in Paris, France.<ref name=r1/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/olympics/best_of_british/story_get.dor?STORY_NAME=others/00/08/22/OLYMPICS_Abrahams.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001210140200/http://www.sportinglife.com/olympics/best_of_british/story_get.dor?STORY_NAME=others%2F00%2F08%2F22%2FOLYMPICS_Abrahams.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2000 |title=Olympics 2000 |publisher=Sporting Life |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

For six months, Mussabini emphasised the 100 metres at Abrahams's direction, with the 200 metres as secondary. Through vigorous training, Abrahams perfected his start, stride and form. Abrahams won both the 100 yards and long jump titles at the [[1924 AAA Championships]] and one month before the 1924 Games, Abrahams set the English record in the long jump {{convert|24|ft|2+1/2|in|m|2}}, a record which stood for the next 32 years.<ref name="greatath"/> The same day he ran the [[100-yard dash]] in 9.6 seconds, but the time was not submitted as a record because the track was on a slight downhill.<ref name="JewsInSports">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewsinsports.org/olympics.asp?ID=511 |title=Uc_Hilal : Jews in Sports @ Virtual Museum |publisher=Jewsinsports.org |date=14 January 1978 |access-date=31 January 2011}}</ref>

At the 1924 Summer Games, Abrahams won the [[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100 m]] in a time of 10.6 seconds, beating all the American favourites, including the 1920 gold-medal winner [[Charley Paddock]].<ref name="greatath"/> In third place was [[Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt|Arthur Porritt]], later [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] and Queen's Surgeon. The Paris Olympics 100 m dash took place at 7 p.m. on 7 July 1924, and Abrahams and Porritt dined together at 7 p.m. on 7 July every year thereafter, until Abrahams's death in 1978. Teammate [[Eric Liddell]], the British 100-yard dash record holder at that time, declined to compete in the Paris 100 m because one of the heats for the event was held on a Sunday. Both Liddell and Abrahams competed in the final of the [[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 m race]], with Liddell finishing third and Abrahams sixth.<ref name="greatath"/> Liddell went on to win the gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|400 metres]]. Abrahams was the opening runner for the British [[Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m team]], which won the [[silver medal]]. He did not compete in the long jump.<ref name=r1/>

==Later life==
In May 1925, Abrahams broke his leg while long-jumping, ending his athletic career.<ref name="greatath"/> He returned to his legal career as a barrister. In 1928, he was team captain of the British Olympic team at [[1928 Summer Olympics|Amsterdam]] and editor of the Official British Olympic Report for the same games.<ref name="greatath"/> Subsequently, he worked as an athletics journalist for forty years, becoming a commentator on the sports for BBC radio.

Later in his life, he also became president of the Jewish Athletic Association, and served as chairman for the [[Amateur Athletic Association]] (AAA).

In 1936, when the Amateur Athletic Union considered a boycott of Hitler's Olympics, Abrahams successfully led the fight against doing so. While the influential [[Avery Brundage]] minimized the scope of the Third Reich's persecution of Jews, Abrahams instead argued on pragmatic grounds: “I do not believe that any real good will come if this resolution is adopted; on the contrary, I believe that it will do harm."<ref>{{cite web |title=Sport and Moral Cowardice |website=thejc.com |date=18 May 2017 |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/all/sport-and-moral-cowardice-1.438728 |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Beckman |first=Jonathan |title=Observer review: Berlin Games by Guy Walters |website=the Guardian |date=2006-07-15 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jul/16/historybooks.sportandleisure |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Should we send a Jew to cover the Berlin Olympics? |website=Sports Journalists' Association |date=2012-07-17 |url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/olympics/should-we-send-a-jew-to-cover-the-berlin-olympics/ |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref> He went on to report from the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin Olympics]] for the BBC, exuberantly covering [[Jack Lovelock]]'s win in the 1500 metres: “A hundred yards to go! Come on, Jack!! My God, he’s done it. Jack, come on! Lovelock wins. Five yards, six yards, he wins. He’s won. Hooray!” His daughter reported that Abrahams had sat close to Hitler, and had said afterwards: "I wish I'd shot him."<ref>{{cite web |title=Chariots of Fire and the Real Harold Abrahams Story |website=thejc.com |date=6 July 2012 | url=https://www.thejc.com/culture/features/television-chariots-of-fire-and-the-real-harold-abrahams-story-1.34257 |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref>

Abrahams wrote a number of books, including ''Oxford Versus Cambridge. A Record Of Inter-University Contests From 1827-1930'' (co-written with John Bruce-Kerr), ''The Olympic Games, 1896–1952'' and ''The Rome Olympiad, 1960''.<ref name="greatath"/>

Although not an official timer, Abrahams was present when [[Roger Bannister]] broke the four-minute mile in 1954.<ref>[http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2011/06/new-book-places-question-mark-over.html "Harold Abrahams book places question mark over Bannister's mile record"]. ''The Sports Bookshelf''.</ref>

Abrahams died in [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] on 14 January 1978, aged 78. He was buried in the same grave as his wife [[Sybil Evers]], in St John the Baptist churchyard in [[Great Amwell]], Hertfordshire.

==Personal life==
While at Cambridge, Abrahams was romantically involved with academic Christina McLeod Innes, and they became informally engaged, but their relationship waned and ended as Abrahams began focusing exclusively on his athletics and the Olympics.<ref>Ryan, pp. 53–73.</ref> In early 1934, he met [[D'Oyly Carte Opera Company]] singer [[Sybil Evers]], and they began a passionate on-and-off romance.<ref>Ryan, pp. 188–197, 207–220, 234–235.</ref> According to his biographer Mark Ryan, Abrahams had a fear of commitment and old-fashioned ideas about the role of women in marriage, but he was able to overcome these,<ref>Ryan, pp. 191–215, 234–235.</ref> and the couple wed in December 1936.<ref>Ryan, pp. 235–236.</ref> In the film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'', Abrahams is instead depicted as dating D'Oyly Carte soprano [[Sybil Gordon]] (portrayed by [[Alice Krige]]), and the film portrays the couple as meeting a decade earlier than he and Evers actually did.

Abrahams cut a strip of gold off his Olympic medal to make the bridal wedding ring. Both the medal and the ring (following Sybil's death) were later stolen, on separate occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Area part of a legendary time |work=Shropshire Star |date=3 November 2014 |page=8}} Report by Shirley Tart, based on interview with Sue Pottle.</ref>

Sybil Evers could not have children, so they adopted an eight-week-old boy, Alan, in 1942,<ref>Ryan, p. 245.</ref> and a nearly three-year-old girl, Susan, in 1946;<ref>Ryan, p. 249.</ref> Susan ("Sue") later married the formerly imprisoned anti-nuclear activist [[Pat Pottle]], with whom she had two sons.<ref name="Oxbury">Oxbury, Harold (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yfi0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22they+had+one+adopted+son+and+one+adopted%22&dq=%22they+had+one+adopted+son+and+one+adopted%22 ''Great Britons: Twentieth-Century Lives''], Oxford University Press, p. 2. {{ISBN|0192115995}}.</ref>

During the Nazi regime and war, the couple also fostered two Jewish refugees: a German boy called "Ken Gardner" (born Kurt Katzenstein),<ref>Ryan, p. 238.</ref> and an Austrian girl named Minka.<ref>Ryan, p. 241.</ref>

Sybil Evers died in 1963 at the age of 59. Abrahams set up two awards in her name: the Sybil Evers Memorial Prize for Singing (1965–1995), an annual cash prize awarded to the best female singer in her last year at the [[Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art|Webber Douglas School of Singing and Dramatic Art]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030312/http://www.charities-database.co.uk/312837.html Sybil Evers Memorial Prize for Singing]</ref><ref>Ryan, pp. 323–324.</ref> and the Sybil Abrahams Memorial Trophy, presented each year from 1964 onward at [[Buckingham Palace]] by the [[Duke of Edinburgh]], President of the [[British Amateur Athletics Association]], to the best British woman athlete.<ref>Ryan, p. 323.</ref>

Abrahams was active in [[freemasonry]].<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://freemasonry.london.museum/it/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Sportsmen-in-English-Lodges-Jan-2015.pdf
|title= Sportsmen in English Lodges
|date= January 2015
|work= The Library and Museum of Freemasonry
}}</ref> He was a fan of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]], which was portrayed in ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/20/movies/a-study-of-ambition-and-morality-to-open-the-film-festival-1924.html
|title= A Study of Ambition and Morality to open the film festival 1924
|date= 20 September 1981
|author= Malcolm Moran
|work= The New York Times
|page= 1, Arts and Leisure
}}</ref>

==Honours==
[[Image:Harold Abrahams plaque unveiling.jpg|thumb|right|Abrahams' daughter Sue Pottle unveiling the [[English Heritage]] [[Blue plaque]] commemorating Abrahams in Golders Green]]

Abrahams was appointed a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in 1957.<ref name="Oxbury"/> Abrahams has been recognised with an [[English Heritage]] [[Blue plaque]] at his former home in [[Golders Green]] in northwest London, which was unveiled by his daughter Sue Pottle and nephew Tony Abrahams. Abrahams lived at Hodford Lodge, 2 Hodford Road, from 1923 to 1930, years during which he achieved his greatest successes.

A plaque from the Heritage Foundation was unveiled at his birthplace, Rutland Road in Bedford, on 8 July 2012. This coincided with the Olympic torch relay passing through the town.

Abrahams was immortalised in the 1981 film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'', in which he was played by British actor [[Ben Cross]]. The film won four [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]. His memorial service serves as the framing device for the movie, which tells his story and that of Liddell.

Abrahams was inducted into the [[International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame]] in 1981 and into the [[England Athletics Hall of Fame]] in 2009.<ref>[http://www.englandathletics.org/page.asp?section=847&sectionTitle=HOF+2009+inductees "Hall of Fame – Inductees 2009: Harold Abrahams"]. England Athletics. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</ref>

In July 2012, plans were announced to erect a memorial to Abrahams in [[Telford]], Shropshire, to recognise that before the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 100-yard sprint at the Midlands Area AAA championships at St George's Recreation Club ground.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memorial planned for runner |work=Shropshire Star |date=11 July 2012 |page=6}}The report only mentions the event taking place "Weeks before the Paris Olympics".</ref> The memorial, in the form of a plaque, was unveiled by Sue Pottle in October 2014 in the lounge of the club, which now possesses the medal he won at the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sporting legend is remembered |work=Shropshire Star |date=1 November 2014 |page=20}}</ref>

[[Norris McWhirter]] once commented that Abrahams "managed by sheer force of personality and with very few allies to raise athletics from a minor to a major national sport". Reflecting in 1948 on Abrahams' athleticism, [[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker|Philip Noel-Baker]], Britain's 1912 Olympic captain and a Nobel Prize winner, wrote:
<blockquote>I have always believed that Harold Abrahams was the only European sprinter who could have run with [[Jesse Owens]], [[Ralph Metcalfe]], and the other great sprinters from the U.S. He was in their class, not only because of natural gifts – his magnificent physique, his splendid racing temperament, his flair for the big occasion – but because he understood athletics and had given more brainpower and more will power to the subject than any other runner of his day.<ref name="JewsInSports"/></blockquote>

== Archives ==
Archives of Harold Abrahams are held at the Cadbury Research Library, [[University of Birmingham]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UoB CALMVIEW2: Overview |url=http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XATH/HA |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=calmview.bham.ac.uk}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[David Jacobs (Welsh athlete)|David Jacobs]], the first British Jew to win an Olympic gold medal.
* [[List of British Jewish sportspeople]]
* [[List of Jews in sports#Track and field|List of select Jewish track and field athletes]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=r1>{{cite sports-reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/harold-abrahams-1.html |title=Harold Abrahams |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417094252/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ab/harold-abrahams-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=r4>{{cite web |url=http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID=21&Gender=M |title=Harold Abrahams |website=trackfield.brinkster.net}}</ref>
}}

==References==
*Dee, David. "'Too Semitic' or 'Thoroughly Anglicised'? The Life and Career of Harold Abrahams," ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' (2012) 29#6 pp 868–886
* Ryan, Mark. ''Running with Fire: The True Story of Chariots of Fire Hero Harold Abrahams''. Robson Press, 2012 (paperback edition). {{ISBN|1849542899}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{World Athletics|14420095}}
* {{Team GB|4FkeroJA9NWfxbMVHQmcV8}}
* {{Olympics.com profile|harold-abrahams}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904130200/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=8&sp=ATH |date=dmy |title=Database Olympics – 1924 Summer Olympics}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zox9Q_Ljtiw ''The Real Chariots of Fire''] – 2012 documentary
* [http://www.jewishsports.net/medalists.htm Listed at Jewish Sports]
* {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120912135753/http://www.flickr.com/photos/semiquaver/3953159300/ |date=dmy |title=Photo of grave of Sybil and Harold Abrahams}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514041704/http://englandathletics.org/page.asp?section=847&sectionTitle=Hall+of+Fame+2009+inductees |date=dmy |title=England Athletics Hall of Fame citation}}
* [https://images.findagrave.com/photos250/photos/2008/136/6378561_121096174486.jpg Graves of Sybil and Harold Abrahams (at findagrave.com) ]

{{Chariots of Fire}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 100 m Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions Great Britain Men (inter-war)}}
{{Footer Great Britain athletics team at the 1924 Summer Olympics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abrahams, Harold}}
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