Editing Hariti

{{short description|Both a revered goddess and demon in some Buddhist traditions}}
{{cleanup|reason=unencyclopedic and incomprehensible text|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox Buddhist term
| title = Hārītī
| en = 
| pi = 
| sa = Hārītī
| bn = 
| my  = 
| my-Latn = 
| zh = 鬼子母 or 鬼子母神
| zh-Latn = Guǐzǐmǔ or Guǐzǐmǔshén
| ja = 鬼子母神
| ja-Latn = Kishimojin
| km = 
| ko = 귀자모신<br />鬼子母神
| ko-Latn = Gwijamoshin
| mnw = 
| mnw-Latn =
| nepalese = Hariti, Ajima 
| shn = 
| shn-Latn = 
| si = 
| si-Latn = 
| ta = 
| tl = Haliti
| th = 
| bo = 
| bo-Latn = 
| vi =}}

[[File:Statue of Hariti (鬼子母 Guizimu) in Shanhua Temple (善化寺 Shànhùasì) in Datong, Shanxi Province, China.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Statue of Guǐzǐmǔ with a [[Rakshasa|child rakshasa]] in [[Shanhua Temple]] (善化寺 Shànhùasì) in [[Datong]], [[Shanxi|Shanxi Province]], China]]

'''Hārītī''' ([[Sanskrit]]), also known as {{zh|t=鬼子母(神)|p='''Guǐzǐmǔ(shén)'''}}, {{langx|ja|text=鬼子母神|translit='''Kishimojin'''}}, is a female [[Rakshasa|rākṣasī]] or [[Yakshini|yakṣinī]] (nature spirit) in Buddhism. She appears as a character in all Buddhist traditions and she is revered as a fierce [[Dharmapala|Dharma Protector]] and a [[List of fertility deities|fertility goddess]] in [[Mahayana]] Buddhism. Hārītī appears in various [[Mahayana sutras]], including in the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'', where she vows to protect those who uphold the sutra. She is also mentioned as a protector in the [[Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra|''Candragarbhasūtra.'']]  

In [[East Asian Buddhism]], she is one of the [[Twenty-Four Protective Deities]], while in the [[Vajrayana]] tradition of [[Newar Buddhism|Nepalese Buddhism]] she is also revered as a protection goddess. She is particularly important in some sects of Japanese [[Nichiren Buddhism]]. In the Mahayana tradition, she is associated with fertility, the protection of children, easy delivery and happy child rearing. She is also known to scare irresponsible parents and unruly children. In some Asian folk traditions, her darker side as causing terror to children is sometimes emphasized. 

==Theravada==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de Candi Mendut TMnr 20026894.jpg|thumb|right|The bas-relief of Hariti with her children on inner northern wall of [[Mendut]], 9th century]]
According to a Thai-Burmese [[Theravada|Thervada]] oral story popular in Southeast Asia, Abhiriti or Hariti was a [[Yaksha|yakshini]] born in the [[Buddhasasana]] of Buddha [[Vessabhū|Vesabhu]]. She is considered to be a daughter of Mother Dhamma. Once in a city of the human realm, a helpless Yaksha infant was hungry and crying. None of the humans was willing to console him because of his brutal appearance. The innocent demon prayed to Mother Dhamma. Mother Dhamma looked at him with infinite compassion or mercy. From that compassion, Hariti was born. She came to the human realm and fed the hungry demon infant from her lactating breasts. When he was satisfied and stopped crying, Hariti took the child to the guardians of the Yaksha realm. Kubera, the king of Yakshas, was very impressed with Hariti. He proposed marriage to her, and with the permission of [[Prajñāpāramitā Devi|Mother Dharma]], she became the mother of all asuras/demons.  

There are hundreds of stories about the dedication of Hariti to her devotees and response to their prayers. Once, the human realm experienced extreme drought and dying crops. Buddhist monks advised the people to ask Hariti to help them. Humans and yakshas alike started praying to Yaksha king [[Kubera]] and Mother Hariti. With the help of Hariti and her divine powers of compassion, rain fell, greenery was returned and the earth realm was blessed with prosperity. Hariti created a divine jar to provide infinite prosperity  to the human realm. 

Yakshas usually live longer than humans, perhaps even for many [[kalpa]] (eons or ages). Hariti is considered as the possessor of mysterious wealth. She is steadfast in [[Sila (Buddhism)|ethics]], [[Samadhi|mindfulness]], and [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|wisdom]]. 

Once, Hariti was dwelling in the city of Rajgir where [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] was staying. At that time, she had no children. Wanting to experience motherhood, she started taking unhappy human babies from Rajgir into her abode. The babies' mothers in Rajgir pleaded to the Buddha. Buddha went to Hariti's abode and brought one of the kidnapped children (though beloved by Hariti) with him to his vihara in Rajgir. Hariti was devastated when she found the child was gone.  

After futilely searching for the little one she loved, Hariti appealed to the Buddha. The Buddha asked Hariti to consider how deeply she was suffering in the absence of one child, and similarly, many of other mothers and families were still suffering from the loss of their beloved children, kidnapped by Hariti or otherwise disappeared in this world of suffering. Hariti realized and acknowledged that their suffering was greater than hers. She returned all the kidnapped babies to their mothers and became steadfast in the Dhamma. The Buddha taught Hariti dhamma practices that could be associated with the upbringing of a child. Hariti started practicing universal [[Metta Sutta|metta]] (loving kindness) and [[compassion|karuna]] (compassion) to all beings. Hariti declared that she was no longer a yaksha with no children, but now the mother of all beings. Hariti promised the Buddha that she would protect and love children of all realms, human and non-human. Hariti practices and teaches the four [[Brahmavihara|Brahma viharas]] to all worldly beings, for benefits of all her human and non-human children. Buddha hailed Hariti as the [[Jaganmata|Jagatmata]] or the Mother of All Realms. In some schools of Theravada Buddhism, she is the Supreme Mother of all humans and non-humans, who eliminates or destroys obstacles to the practice of [[dhamma]]. 

== Mahayana Buddhism ==
According to a similar [[Mahayana]] tale, Hārītī was originally a [[rakshasa|rākṣasī]] of [[Rajgir]] at the same time that [[Gautama Buddha]] lived there. She had hundreds of [[yaksha]] children of her own, whom she loved and doted upon, but to feed them, she abducted and killed the children of other humans. The bereaved mothers of her victims pleaded to the Buddha to save them. So, the Buddha invited the youngest of Hariti's sons, Piṅgala (in a variant version, the youngest daughter), to Rajgir, and asked him to hide under the Budhha's rice bowl. After having desperately searched for her missing son throughout the universe, Hārītī finally appealed to the Buddha for help. 
[[File:Kamakura Kishimojin.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Kishimojin as a demon mistress with infant. 12th–13th century, [[Kamakura period]]. [[Daigo-ji]], Kyoto, Japan.]]
The Buddha pointed out that she was suffering because she lost one of her hundreds of children, and then asked if she could imagine the suffering of parents whose only child had been devoured. Hārītī pondered, and then replied with deep contrition that their suffering must be many times greater than hers. She then vowed to protect all children, and instead of children's flesh, she would only eat pomegranates. Henceforth, Hārītī became the protector of all children and women in childbirth. The Buddha then revealed her son hiding under his rice bowl. Feeling very grateful through this compassionate exchange with the Buddha, Hārītī achieved [[bodhi]] and [[mettā]], which enabled her to withstand black magic, evil powers, and gave her the facility to cure the sick.<!-- Coulter, Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities is not generally a good source. Its good enough for the myth. --><ref>{{citation|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|chapter=Kishimojin|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson|year=2000|isbn=0-7864-0317-9|page=272}}.</ref><ref name="Schumacher" />

In the Japanese version of the tale, Kishimojin enlisted the aid of the {{nihongo|[[Ten Rākṣasīs|Ten Rākṣasī Women]]|十羅刹女|jūrasetsunyo}} to abduct and murder the children of other families. In some variants of the myth, the Ten Rākṣasī Women are themselves daughters (or daughters' daughters) of Kishimojin.<ref name="Chitkara">{{citation|editor-last=Chitkara|editor-first=M. G.|chapter=Jurasetsu|title=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism|series=Glossary of Buddhism Terms, vol. XXI|year=2005|location=New Delhi|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=81-7648-184-X|page=218}}.</ref> When Kishimojin accepted the Buddha's teachings, the Ten Demon Daughters did likewise.<ref name="Schumacher" />

In Japanese tradition, Kishimojin becomes an aspect of [[Guanyin|Kannon]], the goddess of mercy, bearing the epithets {{nihongo|"Bringer of Happiness"|歓喜母}} and {{nihongo|"Giver of Children and Easy Delivery"|子安鬼子母神}}.

In [[Nichiren Buddhism]], Hārītī is referred to as "the Mother of Devil Children," in the 26th chapter<!-- "26th chapter" says onmarkproductions.com, but that chapter does not seem to refer to Hariti--> of the [https://nichiren.info/buddhism/lotussutra/text/chap26.html Lotus Sutra]. In [[Shingon Buddhism]], she is named {{nihongo|Karitei|訶利帝}} or {{nihongo|Karitei-mo|訶梨帝母}}. Her iconography is based mostly on the {{nihongo||大薬叉女歓喜母并愛子成就法|Dai Yakusha Nyo Kangimo Narahini Aishi Jōjuhō}}.<ref name="Schumacher">{{citation|last=Schumacher|first=Mark|year=1995|chapter=Kariteimo|title=A-Z Photo Dictionary of Japanese Buddhist Statuary|publisher=onmarkproductions.com|chapter-url=http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kariteimo.html}}.</ref>

In Chinese Buddhism, Hārītī is also known as Hēlìdì (訶利帝) or Hēlìdìmǔ (訶梨帝母). She is one of the [[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Protective Devas]] (二十四諸天 Èrshísì zhūtiān), a group of [[Dharmapala|Dharmapalas]] who are venerated as protectors of Buddhists and the Dharma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538|title=A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|others=Lewis Hodous, William Edward Soothill|isbn=0-203-64186-8|location=London|oclc=275253538}}</ref> Statues of this group (and Hārītī) are often enshrined within the [[Mahavira Hall]] in Chinese temples and monasteries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-04|title=佛教二十四诸天_中国佛教文化网|url=http://wh.zgfj.cn/ChangShi/2010-09-01/4595.html|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090051/http://wh.zgfj.cn/ChangShi/2010-09-01/4595.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Whitehead Coins of the Punjab Museum Plate XI Azes Demeter and Hermes.jpg|thumb|right|[[Azes]] coin in [[India]], with [[Demeter]]/ Hariti with children and holding a [[cornucopia]] (Obv.) and [[Hermes]] (Rev.), 1st century BCE]]
As seen in the early 1st century BCE examples below, Hariti was sometimes depicted in a monumental [[yakshi]] form, accompanied by or carrying one or more children. The iconography of the Greek goddess [[Tyche]] shows similarities to Hārītī, and may have been transmitted to East Asia from Gandharan India through the influence of [[Greco-Buddhism]]. In [[Greek art]], Tyche was depicted in the presence of children, carrying a [[cornucopia]] (horn of plenty), an [[emblem]]atic [[Gubernaculum (classical)|gubernaculum]] (ship's rudder), and the [[Rota Fortunae|wheel of fortune]]; she may stand on the wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate.<ref>Katsumi Tanabe, ''Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contact from Greece to Japan'' (Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum, 2003).</ref> We also see Kushan influences via the goddess Ardoksho or [[Ardoxsho]]. 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan=1 cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align="center" colspan=1 style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;"| '''Hariti statues from Gandhara'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:The Buddhist Goddess Hariti with Children LACMA M.78.105 (1 of 6).jpg|Hariti with children (front). 1st century BCE, Gandhara.
File:The Buddhist Goddess Hariti with Children LACMA M.78.105 (6 of 6).jpg|Hariti with children (back). 1st century BCE, Gandhara.
File:Rondel with the Goddess Hariti.Met.jpg|Rondel with the Goddess Hariti, 1st century CE
File:Hariti and Panchika - Schist - ca 2nd Century CE - Gandhara - Jamalgarhi - ACCN G 8 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1685.JPG|Hariti and Panchika, c. 2nd century CE - Gandhara
File:GoddessHaririWithBaby.jpg| Statue of seated Hārītī with children from [[Yusufzai]] in the [[British Museum]], 2nd–3rd centuries CE<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1886-0611-1 British Museum Collection]</ref>
File:PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg|Pharo and [[Ardoxsho]], Gandhara
File:Hariti (Gandhara).jpg|Hariti (Gandhara)
</gallery>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Langenberg,  Amy Paris (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086 Pregnant Words: South Asian Buddhist Tales of Fertility and Child protection], History of Religions 52 (4), 340-369 
* Lesbre, E. (2000). [http://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_2000_num_55_1_1448 La conversion de Hārītī au Buddha: origine du thème iconographique et interprétations picturales chinoises], Arts asiatiques 55 (1), 98-119

==External links==
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[[Category:Buddhism and children]]
[[Category:Buddhist goddesses]]
[[Category:Childhood goddesses]]
[[Category:Chinese goddesses]]
[[Category:Japanese goddesses]]
[[Category:Rakshasa]]
[[Category:Tutelary goddesses]]
[[Category:Twenty-Four Protective Deities]]
[[Category:Yakshas]]
[[Category:Buddhism in China]]
[[Category:Chinese gods]]