Editing Halawa, Hawaii

{{Short description|Census-designated place in Hawaii, United States}}
{{Redirect|Halawa}}
{{About|the place on the island of Oahu|the place on the island of Molokai|Halawa, Molokai}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|official_name          = Hālawa
|other_name             = 
|native_name            =  <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = [[Census-designated place]]
|motto                  = 
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline          = H3 viaduct Halawa.jpg
|imagesize              = 250px
|image_caption          = Interstate H-3 in Hālawa Valley looking towards the [[Koʻolau Range|Koʻolau crest]]
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|image_map = Honolulu_County_Hawaii_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Halawa_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]] and the state of [[Hawaii]]
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flagu|United States}} 
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. State|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{Flagg|unc|Hawaii}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Hawaii|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu]]
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|area_magnitude           = 
|unit_pref                = Imperial
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|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_15.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=December 18, 2021}}</ref>
|area_total_km2           = 6.19
|area_land_km2            = 6.19
|area_water_km2           = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi         = 2.39
|area_land_sq_mi          = 2.39
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.00
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
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|population_total         = 15016
|population_density_km2   = 2427.05
|population_density_sq_mi = 6285.48
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|timezone                 = [[Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone|Hawaii-Aleutian]]
|utc_offset               = -10
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|utc_offset_DST           = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|21|22|31|N|157|55|06|W|region:US-HI_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              = 56
|elevation_ft             = 184
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type         = 
|postal_code              = 
|area_code                = [[Area code 808|808]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 15-10000
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 2414027<ref name=GNIS>{{cite gnis|2414027|Halawa Census Designated Place|November 7, 2024}}</ref>
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}}

'''Hālawa''' ({{IPA|haw|haːˈlɐvə|audio|LL-Q33569 (haw)-Noaius Paticus-Halawa.wav}}) is a [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in the ‘Ewa District of [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], [[Hawaii]], United States.<ref name=GNIS /> Hālawa Stream branches into two valleys: North and South Hālawa; North Hālawa is the larger stream and fluvial feature. Their confluence is within the H-3/H-201 highways exchange. Most of Hālawa Valley is undeveloped. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the CDP had a population of 15,016.

[[Camp H. M. Smith]], the headquarters of the [[United States Indo-Pacific Command]], is located here. The [[Hālawa station|Hālawa (Aloha Stadium) Skyline station]] is located at the base of the valley.

==Cultural history==
The entire ahupuaʻa of Hālawa is highly sacred to [[Kanaka Maoli]].  At the far Makai (ocean) side at [[Puʻuloa]] or [[Pearl Harbor]], it is, according to Kanaka Maoli beliefs, the home of the shark goddess [[Kaʻahupahau]], known as the "Queen of Sharks", who protected Oʻahu and strictly enforced kind, fair behavior on the part of both sharks and humans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pearlharborsurvivorsonline.org/html/Pearl%20Harbor.htm |title=The History of Pearl Harbor |access-date=2008-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408045041/http://www.pearlharborsurvivorsonline.org/html/Pearl%20Harbor.htm |archive-date=2008-04-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/~oahu/stories/ewa/kaahupahau.htm Kapi'olani Community College - © 1999-2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918001834/http://apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/~oahu/stories/ewa/kaahupahau.htm |date=2009-09-18 }}</ref>  Until the late 1890s, the home of Kaʻahupahau was famously lined with beds of pearl oysters, however, according to Kanaka Maoli religious experts who follow the goddess, Kaʻahupahau removed all of the oysters (and some say, herself) because the area was being abused by human misdeeds. Today, the water of Pearl Harbor has been highly contaminated by nuclear defueling and other toxic influences, and has thereby been designated as a [[Superfund]] site.<ref>[http://archive.gao.gov/paprpdf1/159136.pdf United States General Accounting Office]</ref>

The upland, or Mauka, portion of Hālawa is sacred to [[Papahānaumoku]], the Kanaka Maoli form of [[Mother Nature|Mother Earth]], as it is, according to legend, her birthplace and primary home, as well as one of only two or three known remaining [[Hale o Papa]], womenʻs temples where Papa is worshipped. The valley contains many religious and other cultural sites sacred to Kanaka Maoli.  Although many sites were destroyed by the invasion of [[Kahekili II]] and especially by the building of the highly controversial [[Interstate H-3|H-3 Freeway]], many remain and are cared for by Kanaka Maoli [[Aloha ʻAina]] practitioners to this day.

In the last two decades, North Hālawa has been the site of a very public battle over the religious sites and ecological resources destroyed by H-3, which is the most expensive freeway per mile in human history. At least two species were driven to probable extinction (none have been sighted since construction began), many more are declining rapidly, the main aquifer of the area was badly damaged, and religious sites were seriously impacted.  Although the freeway was opened in 1997, many are still fighting for mitigation of these impacts, and some are asking for the freewayʻs closure.  In 1993, thirteen [[cultural practice|cultural practitioners]] were arrested while conducting a ceremony to pray for the healing of the valley.  Their lele (religious altar) was destroyed, and the caretakers of the area were barred from entrance to the sites.  Today, some of these caretakers, many of them kupuna (elders), have returned to care for the sites, although they now do so through a layer of soot and with the roar of the freeway as a constant sonic backdrop.  Many kanaka maoli do not use the freeway because of these impacts, and because of the lasting belief that the road is haunted—an often-attributed explanation for the high accident rate on the freeway (more generally believed to be caused by the high speeds often used by the motorists who traverse it).

There is evidence in the documentary record that upper Hālawa was highly significant to Kanaka Maoli.  Most of the evidence may be, however, be in the oral record. The Hale O Papa and luakini are mentioned in the massive collection of Bishop Museum reports that took many years to finally be released. However, there was no archaeological evidence that these structures existed by the time of highway construction. The area has been greatly impacted by [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]]s, homesteading, and light industrial use.  The site of Waipao Heiau, for example, is currently occupied by a food distribution warehouse.

The Papa temples were associated with the great Ku temples (luakini), which demanded human sacrifice and were usually in areas of greater population and state sponsorship.  Without a luakini, there would be no Hale o Papa, according to Samuel Kamakau (see Bishop Museum, H-3 project reports).<ref>Kamakau 1992. ''Ruling Chiefs''Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, p. 325.</ref>

== Neighborhoods ==
[[File:Oahu ahupuaa.gif|thumb|280px|left|Historically, Hālawa was an [[ahupuaʻa]], or area of land ruled by chief or king and managed by the members of the [[alii|{{okina}}ali{{okina}}i]].]]
"Neighborhoods" of Hālawa are very disjointed, in part because of the significant highway exchanges (see below) that now occupy nearly all of the lower end of Hālawa Valley between Red Hill and [[Aloha Stadium]]. Much of the remainder of the valley along both sides of [[Interstate H-3]] is developed into commercial and light industrial properties. On the east side of H-3 are found the State Animal Quarantine Station and the Halawa High and Medium Security Facility ([[Halawa Correctional Facility|main O‘ahu prison]]).

Where the valley widens out closer to [[Pearl Harbor]] occur residential neighborhoods: '''Foster Village''' adjacent to [[Salt Lake, Hawaii|Āliamanu]]; and the stadium area between '''Aloha Stadium''' and '''Makalapa'''.  The interfluve (uplands between valleys) on the west comprises '''Halawa Heights''', extending up to '''Camp H. M. Smith'''. Along the lower, western edge, Halawa Heights merges with the neighborhoods of [[Aiea, Hawaii|‘Aiea]].

The U.S. Postal Code for Halawa Heights is '''96701''' (the same as for Aiea). The postal code for Foster Village, the stadium area, and Makalapa is '''96818''' (the same as [[Salt Lake, Hawaii|Āliamanu]]).
{{Clear}}

== Geography ==
[[File:H-3 Viaducts.jpg|thumb|right|Hālawa viaducts, carrying H-3]]
Hālawa is located at {{coord|21|22|39|N|157|55|22|W|type:city}} (21.377633, -157.922759).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of {{convert|2.3|sqmi|km2}}, all land.

The route of [[Interstate H-3|H-3]] extends from its western terminus with east–west [[Interstate H-201|Moanalua Freeway]] (H-201; connecting eastward to [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] or westward to [[Interstate H-1|H-1]] and [[Aiea, Hawaii|Aiea]]) to the 1100-foot (335-m) elevation entrance into the [[Tetsuo Harano Tunnels]], penetrating the Ko‘olau crest.  The freeway continues beyond to [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kaneohe]] on windward Oahu.

A significant proportion of H-3 within the valley is carried on the [[Windward Viaducts]]; although very expensive to construct, the viaduct is the only way to construct a freeway of this magnitude through such a narrow valley without flooding and destabilization concerns; it is also believed to offer some returns in terms of preservation of both archeological sites and stream ecology.

== Demographics ==
{{US Census population
|1990= 13408
|2000= 13891
|2010= 14014
|2020= 15016
|footnote=source:<ref name="Census 2010">{{Cite web| url=https://www.census.gov| title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Halawa CDP, Hawaii| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]| access-date=May 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2000)|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2010-07-31
  }}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 13,891 people, 4,142 households, and 3,276 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was {{convert|5,974.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  There were 4,289 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,844.7|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  The racial makeup of the CDP was 15.50% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.83% [[African American]], 0.20% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 50.90% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 10.43% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.84% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 20.31% from two or more races.  [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] of any race were 6.52% of the population.

There were 4,142 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.28 and the average family size was 3.64.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years.  For every 100 females there were 98.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP in 2000 was $63,176, and the median income for a family was $68,519. Males had a median income of $35,764 versus $28,527 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $21,868.  About 7.5% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 20.9% of those under the age of 18 and 3.7% of those 65 and older.

==Recreation==
[[Aloha Stadium]] is located in Hālawa CDP.<ref name="HalawaMap">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/GUBlock/st15_hi/place/p1510000_halawa/DC10BLK_P1510000_001.pdf|title=2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP:  Halawa CDP, HI|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2020-10-08}}
</ref>

==Government and infrastructure==
The [[Hawaii Department of Public Safety]] operates the [[Halawa Correctional Facility]] in an area near Hālawa.<!--Sources may say "in Halawa" but the prison is outside of the Halawa CDP in an area that is not within any CDP--><ref>"[http://hawaii.gov/psd/corrections/institutions-division/prisons/halawa-correctional-facility Halawa Correctional Facility]." [[Hawaii Department of Public Safety]]. Retrieved on May 19, 2010.</ref><ref>Fujimori, Leila. "[http://www.starbulletin.com/news/20091016_argument_leads_to_beating_death_of_inmate_in_halawa_prison.html Argument leads to beating death of inmate in Halawa prison]." ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]''. October 16, 2009. Retrieved on May 19, 2010. "A 22-year-old Halawa prison inmate..."</ref>

==Education==
[[Hawaii Department of Education]] operates public schools. Aiea Elementary School, Gus Webling Elementary School, and Aiea Intermediate School are in Hālawa CDP.<ref name="HalawaMap"/>

==References==
{{Portal|Hawaii}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Honolulu County, Hawaii}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Honolulu County, Hawaii]]
[[Category:Valleys of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Sacred natural sites]]