Editing Habakkuk

{{Short description|Prophet of the Hebrew Bible}}
{{About|Habakkuk, a biblical prophet}}{{Redirects here|Saint Habakkuk|the Serbian Orthodox saint|Avakum}}{{redirect|Chabakuk|the religious movement|Chabakuk (Judaism)}}
{{Infobox saint
|name=Habakkuk<br />{{lang|he|חֲבַקּוּק}}
|feast_day=January 15 (Roman Catholic)<br />December 2 (Orthodox)
|venerated_in=[[Judaism]]<br />[[Christianity]]<br />[[Islam]]<br />[[Rastafari]]
|image=Habakkuk.jpg|alt=Russian icon of the prophet Habakkuk
|caption= An 18th-century Russian [[icon]] of the prophet Habakkuk ([[Iconostasis]] of [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]] Church, [[Kizhi]] monastery, [[Karelia]], Russia)
|birth_place=
|death_date= 
|titles= Prophet
|attributes=[[Prophet]]
|patronage=
|major_shrine=[[Toyserkan]], Iran<br />[[Kadarim]], Israel
|major_works=[[Book of Habakkuk]]
}}
'''Habakkuk''',{{efn|({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Habakkuk.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|b|æ|k|ə|k}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Habakkuk-2.ogg|ˈ|h|æ|b|ə|k|ʊ|k}}; {{hebrew Name|{{Script/Hebrew|חֲבַקּוּק}}|Ḥavaqūq|Ḥăḇaqqūq}}; {{literal translation|One who embraces}}; also spelled '''Habacuc''')}} or '''Habacuc''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Habacuc (Habakkuk) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07097a.htm |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=newadvent.org}}</ref> who was active around 612 BC, was a [[prophet]] whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the [[Book of Habakkuk]], the eighth of the collected [[Twelve Minor Prophets|twelve minor prophets]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]].{{sfnp|Hirsch|1906}} He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Almost all information about Habakkuk is drawn from the book of the Bible bearing his name,{{sfnp|Bruce|2009|p=831}} with no biographical details provided other than his title, "the prophet".{{sfnp|Gowan|1976|p=12}} He is mentioned in the [[deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical]] [[Additions to Daniel]], and outside the Bible, he is mentioned over the centuries in the forms of [[Christian tradition|Christian]] and [[Rabbinic tradition]].{{sfnp|Brownlow|1961|p=440}}{{sfnp|Henderson|1980|p=291}}

==Name==
The name Habakkuk, or Habacuc,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The spelling "Habacuc" is the one used in the [[Douay–Rheims Bible]], an official translation of the Roman Catholic Vulgate into English{{sfnp|Leslie|1962}} which was completed in 1610. Most other English translations use the spelling "Habakkuk".}} appears in the Hebrew Bible only in [[Habakkuk 1#Verse 1|Habakkuk 1:1]] and [[Habakkuk 3#Verse 1|3:1]].{{sfnp|Gowan|1976|p=12}} In the [[Masoretic Text]], it is written in {{langx|he|חֲבַקּוּק}} (<small>[[Hebrew language#Modern Hebrew|Standard]]</small> ''Ḥavaqquq'' <small>[[Tiberian vocalization|Tiberian]]</small> ''Ḥăḇaqqûq'').{{sfnp|Lehrman|1948|p=213}} This name does not occur elsewhere.{{sfnp|Lehrman|1948|p=211}} The [[Septuagint]] transcribes his name into [[Koine Greek|Greek]] as {{lang|grc|Ἀμβακοὺμ}} (''Ambakoum''),{{sfnp|Brenton|1986|p=1106}} and the [[Vulgate]] transcribes it into [[Latin]] as ''Abacuc''.{{sfnp|Weber|Gryson|2007|p=1408}}

The etymology of the name is not clear,{{sfnp|Hirsch|1906}} and its form has no parallel in Hebrew.{{sfnp|Andersen|2001|p=89}} The name is possibly related to the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''khambbaququ'' ({{langx|akk|𒄩𒄠𒁀𒄣𒄣}}, ''ḫâmbaququ''), the name of a fragrant plant,{{sfnp|Hirsch|1906}} or the Hebrew root {{langx|he|חבק}}, meaning "embrace".

==Life==
Almost nothing is known about Habakkuk, aside from what is stated within the book of the Bible bearing his name, or those inferences that may be drawn from that book.{{sfnp|Bruce|2009|p=831}} No biographical details are provided other than his title "the prophet".{{sfnp|Gowan|1976|p=12}}

For almost every other prophet, more information is given, such as the name of the prophet's hometown, his occupation, or information concerning his parentage or tribe.{{sfnp|Baker|1988|p=43}} For Habakkuk, however, there is no reliable account of any of these.{{sfnp|Gigot|1910}} Although his home is not identified, scholars conclude that Habakkuk lived in [[Jerusalem]] at the time he wrote his prophecy.{{sfnp|Hailey|1972|p=271}} Further analysis has provided an approximate date for his prophecy and possibilities concerning his activities and background.

Beyond the Bible, considerable conjecture has been put forward over the centuries in the form of Christian and Rabbinic tradition, but such accounts are dismissed by modern scholars as speculative and apocryphal.{{sfnp|Brownlow|1961|p=440}}{{sfnp|Henderson|1980|p=291}}

The [[Septuagint]] translation of Daniel in the [[Codex Chisianus]] refers to him as "the son of Jesus of the tribe of Levi".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99VDEAAAQBAJ | title=Septuagint: Daniel (Chisianus Version) | isbn=978-1-990289-24-8 | last1=Abal | first1=Daniel ben | last2=Jesus | first2=Habakkuk ben | date=1901 | publisher=Scriptural Research Institute }}</ref>

[[Image:Zuccone Donatello OPA Florence.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Statue of Habakkuk]] by [[Donatello]], in the [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)|Museo dell'Opera del Duomo]] of [[Florence]]]]

===Biblical account===
Because the book of Habakkuk consists of five oracles about the [[Chaldea]]ns ([[Babylonia]]ns), and the Chaldean rise to power is dated circa 612 BC, it is assumed he was active about that time, making him an early contemporary of [[Jeremiah]] and [[Zephaniah]]. Jewish sources, however, do not group him with those two prophets, who are often placed together, so it is possible that he was slightly earlier than these prophets.

Because the final chapter of his book is a song, it is sometimes assumed that he was a member of the [[Tribe of Levi]], who served as musicians in [[Solomon's Temple]].{{sfnp|Lehrman|1948|p=211}}

===Tradition===
A reference to "the prophet Habakkuk" appears in [[Bel and the Dragon]],<ref>Daniel 14:33 in the [[Jerusalem Bible]] (1966)</ref> which is part of the [[deuterocanonical]] [[Additions to Daniel]]. Verses 33–39 place Habakkuk in [[Judea]]; after making some stew, he is instructed by an [[angel of the Lord]] to take the stew to Daniel, who is in the lion's den in [[Babylon]]. After Habakkuk proclaims that he is unaware of either the den or Babylon, the angel transports Habakkuk to the lion's den. Habakkuk gives Daniel the food to sustain him, and he is immediately taken back to "his place" or "his own country".<ref>Daniel 14:39 in the Jerusalem Bible (1966)</ref>

Habakkuk is also mentioned in the ''[[Lives of the Prophets]]'', which also mentions his time in Babylon.{{sfnp|Coogan|2009|p=298}}

According to the [[Zohar]] (Volume 1, page 8b),{{clarify|date=October 2022}} Habakkuk is the boy born to the Shunamite woman through [[Elisha]]'s blessing:
{{Blockquote|1= And he said, About this season, according to the time of life, thou shalt ''' embrace''' ({{Script/Hebrew|חֹבֶקֶת}}&nbsp;– ''ḥōḇeqeṯ'') a son. And she said, Nay, my lord, [thou] man of God, do not lie unto thine handmaid.|source=''Bible'', 2 Kings 4:16<ref>''Bible'', {{Bibleverse|2|Kings|4:16|HE}}</ref>}}

==Works==
{{Main|Book of Habakkuk}}
The only work attributed to Habakkuk is the short biblical text which bears his name. The Book of Habakkuk consists of the taunting riddle, which are five [[Suffering|woes]] about the [[Chaldea]]ns ([[Babylonia]]ns) in chapter 2, and a song of [[praise]] to [[God]] in chapter 3.

The style of the book has been praised by many scholars,{{sfnp|Irving|1908|p=52}} suggesting that its author was a man of great literary talent. The entire book follows the structure of a [[chiasmus]] in which [[Parallelism (rhetoric)|parallelism of thought]] is used to bracket sections of the text.{{sfnp|Walker|Lund|1934}}

Habakkuk is unusual among the prophets in that he openly questions the working of God.<ref>''Bible'', Habakkuk 1:3a, 1:13b</ref>{{sfnp|Achtemeier|1993|p=265}} In the first part of the first chapter, the prophet sees the injustice among his people and asks why God does not take action: "O LORD, how long shall I cry for help, and you will not hear? Or cry to you "Violence!" and you will not save?"<ref>''Bible'', Habakkuk 1:2, ESV</ref>

==Tombs==
The final resting place of Habakkuk has been claimed at multiple locations. The fifth-century Christian historian [[Sozomen]] claimed that the relics of Habakkuk were found at Cela near [[Bayt Jibrin]], when God revealed their location to [[Zebennus]], bishop of [[Bayt Jibrin|Eleutheropolis]], in a dream.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E04055 | title=Record &#124; the Cult of Saints }}</ref>{{sfnp|Sozomen|1855|p=358}} Currently, one location in Israel and one in Iran lay claim to being the burial site of the prophet.

===Tomb in Israel===
[[File:Prophet Habakkuk Tomb ap 002.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Habakkuk near [[Kadarim]], Israel]]
The burial place of Habakkuk is identified by Jewish tradition as a hillside in the [[Upper Galilee Regional Council|Upper Galilee]] region of northern [[Israel]], close to the villages [[Kadarim]] and [[Hukok]], about six miles southwest of [[Safed]] and twelve miles north of [[Mount Tabor]].{{sfnp|Hirsch|Seligsohn|1906}} A small stone building, erected during the 20th century, protects the tomb.{{sfnp|MyTzadik}} Tradition dating as early as the 12th century AD holds that Habakkuk's tomb is at this location,{{sfnp|Lissovsky|2008}} but the tomb may also be of a local [[sheikh]] of [[Yaquq]], a name related to the biblical place named "Hukkok",<ref>{{bibleverse|Joshua|19:34|ESV}}</ref> whose pronunciation and spelling in Hebrew are close to "Habakkuk".{{sfnp|Ben Yosef|2007}} Archaeological findings in this location include several burial places dated to the [[Second Temple period]].

===Persian shrine===
[[File:Habakuk mausoleum Tuyserkan Iran.jpg|thumb|right|Shrine of Habakkuk in [[Tuyserkan]], [[Iran]]]]
A [[mausoleum]] southeast of the city of [[Tuyserkan]] in the west of [[Iran]] is also believed to be Habakkuk's burial place.{{sfnp|Toyserkan.com}} It is protected by Iran's [[Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization]]. The Organization's guide to the [[Hamadan province]] states that Habakkuk was believed to be a guardian to [[Solomon's Temple]], and that he was captured by the Babylonians and remained in their prison for some years. After being freed by [[Cyrus the Great]], he went to [[Ecbatana]] and remained there until he died, and was buried somewhere nearby, in what is today Tuyserkan. Habakkuk is called both Habaghugh and Hayaghugh by the Muslim locals.

The surrounding shrine may date to the period of the [[Seljuq Empire]] (11–12th century); it consists of an octagonal wall and conical dome. Underneath the shrine is a hidden basement with three floors. In the center of the shrine's courtyard is the grave where Habakkuk is said to be buried. A stone upon the grave is inscribed in both Hebrew and [[Persian language|Persian]] stating that the prophet's father was Shioua Lovit, and his mother was Lesho Namit. Both Muslims and Jews visit it to pay their respects.{{sfnp|Tehran Jewish Committee}}

==Commemoration==
===Christian===
On the [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]], his feast day is December 2.{{sfnp|McBrien|2001|p=485}} In the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], the twelve minor prophets are read in the [[Roman Breviary]] during the fourth and fifth weeks of November,{{sfnp|Batiffol|1898|p=265}} which are the last two weeks of the liturgical year, and his feast day is January 15.{{sfnp|Benedictine Monks|1920|p=131}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|While has been stated that the feastday of Habakkuk is January 15 in the Roman Liturgy, this is an error arising from confusion with the early Christian martyr Abachum or Abacus, who is recorded in the current [[Roman Martyrology]] on January 19, along with Saints [[Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum|Marius, Martha, and Audifax]],{{sfnp|Martyrologium|2004}} all of whom are thought to have been martyred in 270 and buried that day or 20 January. Since 1969, these saints are no longer included in the [[General Roman Calendar]].{{sfnp|Calendarium|1969}} }} In 2011, he was commemorated with the other [[Minor Prophets]] in the [[Calendar of Saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)|calendar of saints]] of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] on February 8.{{sfnp|Armenian Church|2011}}

Habakkuk has also been commemorated in [[sculpture]]. In 1435,{{sfnp|Janson|1963|p=35}} the [[Florence|Florentine]] artist [[Donatello]] created a sculpture of the prophet for the bell tower of Florence.{{sfnp|Colvin|Blashfield|Hopkins|1903|p=25}} This statue, nicknamed ''[[Zuccone]]'' ("Big Head") because of the shape of the head, now resides in the [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)|Museo dell'Opera del Duomo]]. The [[Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo]] in [[Rome]] contains a Baroque [[Habakkuk and the Angel (Bernini)|sculpture of Habakkuk]] by the 17th-century artist [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]].{{sfnp|Cook|1905|p=105}} Between 1800 and 1805, the [[Brazil]]ian sculptor [[Aleijadinho]] completed a [[soapstone]] sculpture of Habakkuk as part of his [[Twelve Prophets of Aleijadinho|''Twelve Prophets'']].{{sfnp|Bretas|2002|p=74}} The figures are arranged around the forecourt and monumental stairway in front of the ''Santuário do Bom Jesus do Matosinhos'' at [[Congonhas]].{{sfnp|Kubler|Soria|1959|p=195}}

===Islam===
====Ali al-Ridha debate at al-Ma'mun's court====
Although not mentioned by name in the Qu'ran, Habakkuk ({{Langx|ar|حبقوق|translit=Hab'aqūq}}), is recognized as an Islamic prophet because he is believed to herald the coming of last prophet and divine scripture [[Muhammad]] and the Qu'ran in the Book of Habakkuk.

In the court of [[Al-Ma'mun]], Imam [[Ali al-Ridha]], a descendant of [[Muhammad]] and chief Islamic scholar in the time of the [[Abbasid Caliphs]], was asked by the [[Exilarch]] to prove that Muhammad was a prophet through the [[Torah]]. Imam Ridha asks "Do you know the prophet Habakkuk?" He said, "Yes. I know of him." al-Ridha said, "and this is narrated in your book, 'Allah brought down speech on Mount Faran, and the heavens were filled with the glorification of Muhammad and his community. His horse carries him over water as it carries him over land. He will bring a new book to us after the ruin of the holy house [the temple in Jerusalem].' What is meant by this book is the Qur'an. Do you know this and believe in it?" The Exilarch said, "Habakkuk the prophet has said this and we do not deny what he said."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Qai'm|first1=Mahdi Muntazir|title=Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations|date=2007|publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an|location=Queens, New York|isbn=978-1879402140|page=48|edition=Bilingual}}</ref>

====Further evidence of prophethood====
Although the Quran only mentions around twenty-five [[prophet]]s by name, and alludes to a few others, it has been a cardinal doctrine of Islam that many more prophets were sent by [[God]] who are not mentioned in the scripture.<ref>Cf. Qur'an 16:36</ref> Thus, Muslims have traditionally had no problem accepting those other Hebrew prophets not mentioned in the [[Quran]] or [[hadith]] as legitimate prophets of God, especially as the Quran itself states: "Surely We sent down the [[Torah]] (to Moses), wherein is guidance and light; thereby the prophets (who followed him), who had surrendered themselves, gave judgment for those who were Jewish, as did the masters and the [[rabbi]]s, following such portion of God's Book as they were given to keep and were witnesses to,"<ref>Qur'an 5:44, cf. Arberry translation.</ref> with this passage having often been interpreted by Muslims to include within the phrase "prophets" an allusion to all the prophetic figures of the Jewish scriptural portion of the [[nevi'im]], that is to say all the prophets of Israel after [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]]. Thus, Islamic authors have often alluded to Habakkuk as a prophet in their works,<ref>Ibn Qutaybah, ''Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa'', XLVII-XLVIIII, cited in Camilla Adang, ''Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), pp. 269–270</ref><ref name= Taliq389>Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, ''al-Ta‘līq 'alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq 'alā al-Tawrāh wa-'alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā''', 381, tr. Demiri, ''Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo'', pp. 389–390</ref><ref>See Walid Saleh (tr. and intro.), ''In Defense of the Bible: A Critical Edition and an Introduction to Al-Biqai's Bible Treatise'' (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts) (Leiden: Brill, 2008), ''et passim''</ref> and followed the pronunciation of his name with the traditional [[peace be upon him|salutations of peace]] bestowed by Muslims onto prophets after the utterance of their names.<ref name= Taliq389 />

Some medieval Muslim scholars even provided commentaries on the biblical Book of Habakkuk, with the primary purpose of showing that the prophet had predicted the coming of [[Muhammad]] in Habakkuk 3:2–6, in a manner akin to the earlier Christian tradition of seeing in the book's prophecies allusions to the advent of [[Christ]].<ref>Lejla Demiri, ''Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo'' (Leiden: Brill, 2013), p. 47</ref> For example, the medieval exegete Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī (d. 716 AH/1316 CE) provided a commentary on select verses from the Book of Habakkuk, saying the prophet's words "for his rays become light" (Habakkuk 3:4) alluded to the spread of [[Islam]]; that his words "his glory comes to town, his power appears in his courts" (Habakkuk 3:4) referred to Muhammad's stay in the town of [[Yathrib]] and the help he received there from the [[Ansar (Islam)|ansar]]; and that his words "death goes before him" (Habakkuk 3:5).<ref name= Taliq391>Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭūfī, ''al-Ta‘līq 'alā al-Anājīl al-arba‘a wa-al-ta‘līq 'alā al-Tawrāh wa-'alā ghayrihā min kutub al-anbiyā''', 381, tr. Demiri, ''Muslim Exegesis of the Bible in Medieval Cairo'', p. 391</ref> Likewise, Habakkuk 3:5–6 also received similar commentaries from medieval Islamic thinkers.<ref name= Taliq391 />

The famous and revered [[Persian people|Persian]] Islamic [[scholar]] and [[polymath]] [[Ibn Qutaybah]], who served as a [[qadi|judge]] during the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], said of the prophet Habakkuk: "Among the words of Habakkuk, who prophesied in the days of [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]], Habakkuk says: 'God came from [[Teman (Edom)|Teman]], and the holy one from the mountains of [[Desert of Paran|Paran]] and the earth was filled with the sanctification of the praiseworthy one (''aḥmad'', which is a name of [[Muhammad]] in Islam), and with his right hand he exercised power over the earth and the necks of the nations,{{'"}}<ref>Ibn Qutaybah, ''Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa'', XLVII-XLVIIII, cited in Camilla Adang, ''Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269</ref> which has been interpreted by scholars to be a clear allusion to Habakkuk 3:3-4.<ref>Camilla Adang, ''Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269</ref> Elsewhere, the same scholar glossed Habakkuk 3:4, 15 as follows: "The earth shines with his light, and his horses launched into the sea",<ref name=":0">Ibn Qutaybah, ''Dalā'il al-Nubuwwa'', XLVIII, cited in Camilla Adang, ''Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269</ref> again interpreting the prophecy to be an allusion to the coming of Muhammad.<ref>Camilla Adang, ''Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 264</ref> One further prophecy of Habakkuk which Ibn Qutaybah cited, from extra-canonical Hebraic literature, was "You shall be exceedingly filled in your bows ... O Praised One (Muhammad)."<ref name=":0" /> This final prophecy attributed to Habakkuk was also referred to by later scholars like [[Ibn al-Jawzi]] and [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah]].<ref>Camilla Adang, ''Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 269, note 4</ref><ref>A. Mingana (tr.) of Ali Tabari's ''The Book of Religion and Empire'' (London: Bernard Quaritch Limited, 1922), p. 119.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Persian Jews]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | last=Achtemeier | first=Elizabeth | year=1993 | chapter=Habakkuk, The Book of | title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible | editor1-last=Metzger | editor1-first=Bruce M. | editor2-last=Coogan | editor2-first=Michael D. | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-504645-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/265 265–266] | author-link=Elizabeth Achtemeier | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/265 }}
* {{cite book | last=Andersen | first=Francis I. | author-link= Francis Andersen | year=2001 | title=Habakkuk: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary | series=The Anchor Bible | volume=25 | location=New York | publisher=Doubleday | isbn=0-385-08396-3}}
* {{cite web | author=Armenian Church | title=February 2011 Liturgical Calendar | url=http://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid=1&id=16082&pid=15830&lng=en | work=The Armenian Church, Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin | access-date=2011-12-17 | ref={{sfnref|Armenian Church|2011}} | archive-date=2023-01-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111043519/https://www.armenianchurch.org/index.jsp?sid=1&id=16082&pid=15830&lng=en | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | last=Baker | first=David W. | year=1988 | title=Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah | series=[[Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries]] | location=Downers Grove, Illinois | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | isbn=0-87784-249-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Batiffol | first=Pierre | author-link=Pierre Batiffol | year=1898 | title=History of the Roman Breviary | url=https://archive.org/details/romanbreviary00batiuoft | translator=Atwell M. Y. Baylay | location=London | publisher=Longman's, Green, and Co }}
* {{cite book | author=Benedictine Monks | year=1920 | title=Book of the Saints}}
* {{cite news | last=Ben Yosef | first=Seffi | year=2007 | title=Ein Hokuk and the story of Habakkuk | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3379385,00.html | publisher=Ynet | access-date=2011-12-17 }}
* {{cite book | last=Brenton | first=Sir Lancelot C. L. | year=1986 | orig-year=First published 1851 | title=The Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and English | publisher=Hendrickson Publishers | isbn=0-913573-44-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Bretas | first=Rodrigo José Ferreira | year=2002 | orig-year=First published 1951 | title=Antônio Francisco Lisboa: O Aleijadinho | publisher=Editora Itatiaia, Belo Horizonte}}
* {{cite book | last=Brownlow | first=Leroy | year=1961 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Old Testament Books and their Messages in the Christian Age | location=Fort Worth, Texas | series=Second Annual Fort Worth Christian College Lectureship | publisher=The Manney Company | pages=439–453}}
* {{cite book | last=Bruce | first=F. F. | author-link=F. F. Bruce | editor-last=McComiskey | year=2009 | chapter=Habakkuk | editor-first=Thomas Edward | title=The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expository Commentary | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan | publisher=Baker Academic | pages=831–896 | isbn=978-0-8010-3631-6}}
* {{cite book | title=Calendarium Romanum | year=1969 | publisher=Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis | page=113 | ref={{sfnref|Calendarium|1969}} }}
* {{cite book | editor1-last=Colvin | editor1-first=E. H. | editor2-last=Blashfield | editor2-first=E. W. | editor3-last=Hopkins | editor3-first=A. A. | year=1903 | title=Donatello | series=Masters in Art | volume=41 | issue=4 | location=Boston | publisher=Bates and Guild Company| name-list-style=amp }}
* {{cite book | last=Coogan | first=Michael D. | author-link=Michael Coogan | year=2009 | title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament – The Hebrew Bible in its Context | location=New York & Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-533272-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Cook | first=Thomas | author-link=Thomas Cook | year=1905 | title=Cook's Tourist Handbook for Southern Italy, Rome, and Sicily | location=London | publisher= Thomas Cook and Son}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Gigot | first=F. | author-link=Francis Gigot | year=1910 | title=Habacuc (Habakkuk) | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume=7 | location=New York | publisher=Robert Appleton Company | access-date=2010-12-19 | at=New Advent | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07097a.htm }}
* {{cite book | last=Gowan | first=Donald E. | year=1976 | title=The Triumph of Faith in Habakkuk | location=Atlanta | publisher=John Knox Press | isbn=0-8042-0195-1 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/triumphoffaithin00gowa }}
* {{cite book | last=Hailey | first=Homer | author-link=Homer Hailey | year=1972 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=A Commentary on the Minor Prophets | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan | publisher= Baker Book House | isbn=0-8010-4049-3 | pages=271–296}}
* {{cite book | last=Henderson | first=Ebenezer| author-link=Ebenezer Henderson | year=1980 | orig-year=First published 1858 | title=The Twelve Minor Prophets | series=Thornapple Commentaries | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan | publisher=Baker Book House | isbn=0-8010-4217-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Hirsch | first=Emil G. | author-link=Emil G. Hirsch | year=1906 | title=Habakkuk | encyclopedia=JewishEncyclopedia.com | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6975-habakkuk }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last1=Hirsch | first1=Emil G. | last2=Seligsohn | first2=M. | year=1906 | title=Hukkok | encyclopedia=JewishEncyclopedia.com | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7922-hukkok | name-list-style=amp | author-mask=6 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Irving | first=T. Johnstone | year=1908 | title=Habakkuk | journal=The Biblical World | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=51–61| doi=10.1086/474001 | doi-access= }}
* {{cite book | last=Janson | first=H. W. | year=1963 | title=The sculpture of Donatello | url=https://archive.org/details/sculptureofdonat00jans | url-access=registration | publisher=Princeton University Press }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kubler | first1=George | author-link=George Kubler | last2=Soria | first2=Martín Sebastian | year=1959 | title=Art and architecture in Spain and Portugal and their American dominions, 1500 to 1800 | url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturei0000kubl | url-access=registration | publisher=Penguin Books | name-list-style=amp }}
* {{cite book | last=Lehrman | first=S. M., Rabbi | year=1948 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Twelve Prophets | editor=A. Cohen | location=London | publisher=The Soncino Press | pages=210–220}}
* {{cite book | last=Leslie | first=E. A. | year=1962 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia | editor=Buttrick, George Arthur | editor-link=George Arthur Buttrick | location=Nashville, Tennessee | publisher=Abingdon Press | isbn=0-687-19271-4 | volume=2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/interpretersdict02butt/page/503 503]–505 | display-editors=etal | url=https://archive.org/details/interpretersdict02butt | url-access=registration }}
* {{cite journal | last=Lissovsky | first=Nurit | year=2008 | title=Hukkok, Yaquq and Habakkuk's Tomb: Changes over Time and Space | journal= [[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]] | volume=140 | issue=2 | pages=103–118 | doi=10.1179/003103208X312863 | s2cid=161092240 }}
* {{cite book | last=McBrien | first=Richard P. | year=2001 | title=Lives of the Saints | url=https://archive.org/details/livesofsaints00rich | url-access=registration | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn=978-0-06-123283-1 }}
* {{cite book | title=Martyrologium Romanum | year=2004 | publisher=Typis Vaticanis | page=106 | ref={{sfnref|Martyrologium|2004}} }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.mytzadik.com/tadik.asp?kever_id=58&safaid=6 | title=The Prophet Habakkuk | work=MyTzadik.com | language=he | access-date=2011-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001191329/http://www.mytzadik.com/tadik.asp?kever_id=58&safaid=6 | archive-date=2011-10-01 | url-status=dead | ref={{sfnref|MyTzadik}} }}
* {{cite book | author=Sozomen | author-link=Sozomen | year=1855 | title=History of the Church | others=Trans. Edward Walford | series=Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library | location=London | publisher=Henry G. Bohn}}
* {{cite web | publisher=Tehran Jewish Committee | url=http://www.iranjewish.com/News_e/37_Habakkuk%20the%20Prophet,%20Hosting%20Kermanshah%27s%20Jews%20.htm | title=Habakkuk the Prophet, Hosting Kermanshah's Jews | work=iranjewish.com | access-date=2011-12-17 | ref={{sfnref|Tehran Jewish Committee}} }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.toyserkan.com/album/Hayaghoogh | title=آلبوم عکسهای تویسرکان | work=Toyserkan.com | language=fa | ref={{sfnref|Toyserkan.com}} }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Walker | first1=H. H. | last2=Lund | first2=N. W. | year=1934 | title=The literary structure of the book of Habakkuk | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=355–370 | doi=10.2307/3259376 | jstor=3259376 | name-list-style=amp }}
* {{cite book | editor1-last=Weber | editor1-first=Robert | editor2-last=Gryson | editor2-first=Roger | year=2007 | title=Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatum Versionem | edition=5th | location=Stuttgart | publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | isbn=978-3-438-05303-9 | name-list-style=amp }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Book of Habakkuk}}
{{wiktionary|Habakkuk}}
* {{Wikisource author-inline|Habakkuk}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Habakkuk|bullet=none}}
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112281/jewish/The-Prophet-Habakkuk.htm The Prophet Habakkuk] at Chabad.org

{{Prophets of the Tanakh}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Muslim saints}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:7th-century BCE Jews]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]
[[Category:Book of Habakkuk]]
[[Category:Ecbatana]]
<!-- Don't need head category [[:Category:Prophets in Judaism]] or [[Category:Prophets in Christianity]], both hold sub-cat [[:Category:Prophets of the Hebrew Bible]] which is in the template {{Prophets of the Tanakh}} -->