Editing Hỏa Lò Prison

{{Short description|Vietnamese Prison Camp}}
{{Redirect|Hanoi Hilton|the 1987 film|The Hanoi Hilton (film)|the hotel operated by the Hilton International Corporation|Hilton Hanoi Opera Hotel}}
[[File:HanoiHilton.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|The Hanoi Hilton in a 1970 [[Aerial reconnaissance|aerial surveillance]] photo]]
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'''Hỏa Lò Prison''' ({{IPA|vi|hwâː lɔ̀|lang}}, Nhà tù Hỏa Lò; {{langx|fr|Prison Hỏa Lò}}) was a [[prison]] in [[Hanoi]] originally used by the [[French Indochina|French colonists in Indochina]] for [[political prisoner]]s, and later by [[North Vietnam]] for [[U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War]]. During this later period, it was known to American POWs as the "'''Hanoi Hilton'''". Following [[Operation Homecoming]], the prison was used to incarcerate [[Vietnamese democracy movement|Vietnamese dissidents]] and other [[political prisoner]]s, including the poet [[Nguyễn Chí Thiện]]. The prison was demolished during the 1990s, although its gatehouse remains a museum.

==French era==
[[Image:Maison-centrale.jpeg|right|thumb|The French name "Maison Centrale" above the gate of Hỏa Lò]]
[[Image:Prisoners-1.jpeg|right|thumb|Museum reconstruction of [[First Indochina War]] prisoners in Hỏa Lò]]
The name Hỏa Lò, commonly translated as "fiery furnace" or even "Hell's hole",<ref name="logan">{{cite book | last=Logan | first=William S. | title=Hanoi: Biography of a City | publisher=University of New South Wales Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-86840-443-1}} pp. 67–68.</ref> also means "stove". The name originated from the street name phố Hỏa Lò, due to the concentration of stores selling wood stoves and coal-fire stoves along the street in pre-colonial times.

The prison was built in [[Hanoi]] by the French, in dates ranging from 1886 to 1889<ref name="logan"/> to 1898<ref name="zinoman">{{cite book | last=Zinoman | first=Peter |title=The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940 | publisher=University of California Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-520-22412-4}} p. 52.</ref> to 1901,<ref name="coram"/> when Vietnam was still part of [[French Indochina]]. The French called the prison ''Maison Centrale'',<ref name="logan"/> 'Central House', which is still the designation of prisons for dangerous or long sentence detainees in France. It was located near Hanoi's French Quarter.<ref name="zinoman"/> It was intended to hold Vietnamese prisoners, particularly [[political prisoner]]s agitating for independence who were often subject to [[torture]] and execution.<ref name="coram">{{cite book | last=Coram | first=Robert | title=American Patriot: The Life and Wars Of Colonel Bud Day | publisher=Little, Brown and Company | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-316-75847-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/americanpatriotl00cora }} p. 178.</ref> A 1913 renovation expanded its capacity from 460 inmates to 600.<ref name="zinoman"/> It was nevertheless often overcrowded, holding some 730 prisoners on a given day in 1916, a figure which rose to 895 in 1922 and 1,430 in 1933.<ref name="zinoman"/> By 1954 it held more than 2000 people;<ref name="logan"/> with its inmates held in subhuman conditions,<ref name="coram"/> it had become a symbol of colonialist exploitation and of the bitterness of the Vietnamese towards the French.<ref name="logan"/>

The central urban location of the prison also became part of its early character. During the 1910s through 1930s, street peddlers made an occupation of passing outside messages in through the jail's windows and tossing tobacco and opium over the walls; letters and packets would be thrown out to the street in the opposite direction.<ref>Zinoman, ''The Colonial Bastille'', p. 54.</ref> Within the prison itself, communication and ideas passed. Many of the future leading figures in Communist North Vietnam and [[Viet Minh]] spent time in Maison Centrale during the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="logan-145">Logan, ''Hanoi'', p. 145.</ref>

Conditions for political prisoners in the "Colonial Bastille" were publicised in 1929 in a widely circulated account by the [[Trotskyism in Vietnam|Trotskyist]] [[Phan Van Hum]] of the experience he shared with the charismatic publicist [[Nguyen An Ninh]].<ref>Phan Van Hum, ''Ngồi tù Khám Lớn'' (In the Maison Centrale), Saigon, 1929</ref><ref>Peter Zinoman, ''The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862-1940'' University of California Press, 2001</ref>

==Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1954==
Following the defeat at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] and the 1954 [[Geneva Accords (1954)|Geneva Accords]] the French left Hanoi and the prison came under the authority of the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]].<ref>Scott Laderman (2008). ''Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory''. p. 1. "Following the 1954 Geneva Accords that put an end to French suzerainty in Indochina, Hoa Lo Prison, as the institution was called by the Vietnamese, fell under the authority of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the independent Vietnamese ..."</ref> Thereafter the prison served as an education center for revolutionary doctrine and activity, and it was kept around after the French left to mark its historical significance to the North Vietnamese.<ref name="logan-145"/>

==Vietnam War==
{{Main|U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War}}
[[File:HanoiHilton1973.JPEG|thumb|right|The "Little Vegas" area built for American POWs in 1967, shown in a final inspection in 1973 shortly before the Americans' release]]
During the Vietnam War, the first U.S. prisoner of war to be sent to Hỏa Lò was [[Lieutenant Junior Grade]] [[Everett Alvarez Jr.]], who was shot down on August 5, 1964.<ref name="afm-valor">{{cite news | url=http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1989/February%201989/0289valor.aspx | title=Valor en Masse | author=Frisbee, John L. | work=[[Air Force Magazine]] | date=February 1989 | access-date=2021-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121160346/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1989/February%201989/0289valor.aspx | archive-date=2009-01-21 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> From the beginning, U.S. POWs endured miserable conditions, including poor food and unsanitary conditions.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hubbell | first=John G. | title=P.O.W.: A Definitive History of the American Prisoner-Of-War Experience in Vietnam, 1964–1973 | publisher=Reader's Digest Press | year=1976 | location=New York | isbn=978-0-88349-091-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/powdefinitivehis00hubb/page/18 18] | url=https://archive.org/details/powdefinitivehis00hubb/page/18 }}.</ref> The prison complex was [[sarcasm|sarcastically]] nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton" by the American POWs, in reference to the well-known [[Hilton Hotel]] chain. There is some disagreement among the first group of POWs who coined the name but [[Vought F-8 Crusader|F-8D]] pilot Bob Shumaker<ref>(later Navy Rear Admiral Robert H. Shumaker)</ref> was the first to write it down, carving "Welcome to the Hanoi Hilton" on the handle of a pail to greet the arrival of Air Force Lieutenant Robert Peel.<ref>[[Stuart I. Rochester]], Frederick T. Kiley (2007). ''Honor Bound: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkpuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA96 p. 96]. "There is disagreement among the first group of PWs as to who actually named Hoa Lo the Hanoi Hilton, but the nickname ... the message "Welcome to the Hanoi Hilton" on the handle of a pail to greet the arrival of Air Force Lt. Robert Peel."</ref>

Beginning in early 1967, a new area of the prison was opened for incoming American POWs;<ref name="r-k-292"/> it was dubbed "Little Vegas", and its individual buildings and areas were named after [[Las Vegas Strip]] landmarks, such as "Golden Nugget", "Thunderbird", "Stardust", "Riviera", and the "Desert Inn".<ref name="usnwr73">{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/world/2008/01/28/john-mccain-prisoner-of-war-a-first-person-account.html |title=How the POW's Fought Back |author=Lieut. Commander John S. McCain III, United States Navy |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=1973-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013133940/http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/world/2008/01/28/john-mccain-prisoner-of-war-a-first-person-account.html |archive-date=2008-10-13 }} Reposted under title "John McCain, Prisoner of War: A First-Person Account", 2008-01-28. Reprinted in {{cite book | last=Library of America staff | title=Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975 | publisher=[[Library of America]] | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-883011-59-8 | pages= 434–463}}</ref> These names were chosen because many pilots had trained at [[Nellis Air Force Base]], located in proximity to Las Vegas.<ref name="r-k-292">{{cite book | last=Rochester | first=Stuart I. |author-link=Stuart I. Rochester|author2=Kiley, Frederick | title=Honor Bound: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973 | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year=1999 | location=Annapolis, Maryland | isbn=978-1-55750-694-8|pages=96, 292–294}}</ref> American pilots were frequently already in poor condition by the time they were captured, injured either during their ejection or in landing on the ground.<ref name="pac101908">{{cite news | url=http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2008/oct/19/pow58305/ | title=Former Vietnam POW recalls ordeal, fellowship | author=Parker, Adam | work=[[The Post and Courier]] | date=2008-10-19 | access-date=2009-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123010/http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2008/oct/19/pow58305/ | archive-date=2011-10-06 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Hỏa Lò Prison Rules.jpg|thumb|Hỏa Lò Prison Rules]]
[[File:Memorial Hoa Lo prison.jpg|thumb|Hỏa Lò Prison memorial]]
The Hỏa Lò was one site used by the [[North Vietnamese Army]] to house, torture, and interrogate captured servicemen, mostly American pilots shot down during bombing raids.<ref name="karnow-655"/> Although North Vietnam was a signatory of the [[Third Geneva Convention of 1949]],<ref name="karnow-655">{{cite book | last=Karnow | first=Stanley | author-link=Stanley Karnow | title=Vietnam: A History | publisher=The Viking Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-670-74604-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory00karn/page/655 655] | url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory00karn/page/655 }}.</ref> which demanded "decent and humane treatment" of prisoners of war, severe torture methods were employed, such as rope bindings, irons, beatings, and prolonged solitary confinement.<ref name="afm-valor"/><ref name="karnow-655"/><ref name="nyt-stock">{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EED81E3FF936A15751C1A9639C8B63 | title=The Prisoner | author=Mahler, Jonathan | work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] | date=2005-12-25 | access-date=2017-02-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074209/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06EED81E3FF936A15751C1A9639C8B63 | archive-date=2017-05-10 | url-status=live }}</ref> When prisoners of war began to be released from this and other North Vietnamese prisons during the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Administration|Johnson administration]], their testimonies revealed widespread and systematic abuse of prisoners of war.<ref name="usnwr73"/>
In 1968, {{Ill|Walter Heynowski|de}} and {{Ill|Gerhard Scheumann|de}} from East Germany filmed in the prison the 4-chapter series ''[[Pilots in Pajamas]]'' with interviews with American pilots in the prison, that they claimed were unscripted.
Heynowski and Scheumann asked them about the contradictions in their self image and their war behavior and between the [[Code of the United States Fighting Force]] and their behavior during and after capture.<ref name="Alter">{{cite journal |last1=Alter |first1=Nora M. |title=Excessive Pre/Requisites: Vietnam Through the East German Lens |journal=Cultural Critique |date=1996 |issue=35 |pages=54–66 |doi=10.2307/1354571 |jstor=1354571 |language=en}}</ref>

Regarding treatment at Hỏa Lò and other prisons, the North Vietnamese countered by stating that prisoners were treated well and in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.<ref name="wapo060669">{{cite news | title=U.S. Fliers Well Treated, Hanoi Says | agency=[[United Press International]]|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=1969-06-06}}</ref> During 1969, they broadcast a series of statements from American prisoners that purported to support this notion.<ref name="wapo060669"/> The North Vietnamese also maintained that their prisons were no worse than prisons for POWs and political prisoners in South Vietnam, such as the one on [[Côn Sơn Island]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}  Mistreatment of [[Viet Cong]] and North Vietnamese prisoners and South Vietnamese dissidents in South Vietnam's prisons was indeed frequent, as was North Vietnamese abuse of South Vietnamese prisoners and their own dissidents.<ref>Karnow, ''Vietnam'', pp. 655–656.</ref>

Beginning in late 1969, treatment of the prisoners at Hỏa Lò and other camps became less severe and generally more tolerable.<ref name="afm-valor"/> Following the late 1970 [[Operation Ivory Coast|attempted rescue operation]] at [[Sơn Tây prison camp]], most of the POWs at the outlying camps were moved to Hỏa Lò, so that the North Vietnamese had fewer camps to protect.<ref name="afm-sontay">{{cite news | url=http://www.afa.org/magazine/perspectives/vietnam/1195sont.asp | title=The Son Tay Raid | author=Glines, C. V. | work=[[Air Force Magazine]] | date=November 1995 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424160822/http://www.afa.org/magazine/perspectives/Vietnam/1195sont.asp | archive-date=2008-04-24 }}</ref> This created the "Camp Unity" communal living area at Hỏa Lò, which greatly reduced the isolation of the POWs and improved their morale.<ref name="usnwr73"/><ref name="afm-sontay"/>

===Notable inmates===
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2018}}
{{See also|Alcatraz Gang}}
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*[[Everett Alvarez Jr.]], [[Mexican American]], US Navy pilot, the 2nd longest-held U.S. POW, enduring over 8 years of captivity.
*[[John L. Borling]], [[United States Air Force|USAF]] pilot, POW for {{frac|6|1|2}} years, retired [[Major general (United States)|major general]].
*[[Charles G. Boyd]], USAF pilot, POW for almost 7 years, retired general; the only Vietnam-era POW to reach a four-star rank.
*[[George Thomas Coker]], US Navy pilot.
*[[Robert R. Craner]], USAF fighter pilot.
*[[Bud Day]], USAF pilot, [[Medal of Honor]] and [[Air Force Cross (United States)|Air Force Cross]] recipient, political activist, was cellmates with McCain.
*[[Jeremiah Denton]], US Navy pilot, Senator ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Alabama|AL]]).
*[[Leon F. "Lee" Ellis]], USAF fighter pilot, motivational speaker and author.
*[[Norman C. Gaddis]], USAF pilot, POW for almost 7 years, retired Brigadier General.
*[[Guy Gruters]], USAF fighter pilot, motivational speaker and author.
*[[Lawrence N. Guarino]], U.S. Air Force officer, veteran of three wars and author.
*[[Carlyle "Smitty" Harris]], U.S. Air Force pilot, POW for almost 8 years. Credited for establishing the "[[tap code]]" in which the inmates communicated with each other.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/local/2019/11/01/tap-code-mississippi-man-smitty-harris-pow-vietnam/4097934002/ |title=He was a POW in Hanoi Hilton: How Mississippi man's 'tap code' helped them survive|website=www.clarionledger.com}}</ref>
*[[Doug Hegdahl]], inmate who played a fool to memorize all the names, personal information and capture dates of the prisoners there.
*[[Sam Johnson]], USAF fighter pilot, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] (R-[[Texas|TX]]).
*[[Joe E. Kernan|Joe Kernan]], US Navy pilot, former governor of [[Indiana]].
*[[Joseph Kittinger]], USAF pilot, record-breaking parachutist.
*[[William P. Lawrence]], US Navy pilot, [[Chief of Naval Personnel]] and Superintendent of the [[United States Naval Academy]].
*[[Hayden Lockhart]], first Air Force pilot captured in North Vietnam, third American captured.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://supersabresociety.com/f-100-pilot-hayden-lockhart-first-usaf-vietnam-pow/ |title=F-100 Pilot Hayden Lockhart – The First USAF Vietnam POW |website=Super Sabre Society |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183924/https://supersabresociety.com/f-100-pilot-hayden-lockhart-first-usaf-vietnam-pow/ |archive-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[John McCain]], US Navy pilot, Senator (R-[[Arizona|AZ]]) and [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 Republican presidential nominee]], spent parts of [[Early life and military career of John McCain#Prisoner of war|his five and a half years as a POW]] there.
*Charles Plumb, US Navy Fighter Pilot, Motivational speaker and seminar leader.
*[[James Robinson Risner|Robinson Risner]], USAF fighter pilot, POW from 1965 to 1973. A [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] when shot down and captured, he was the senior ranking POW, responsible for maintaining chain of command among his fellow prisoners.
*[[Howard Rutledge]], US Navy pilot, held there for part of his {{frac|7|1|2}} years of captivity, co-author of ''[[In the Presence of Mine Enemies: 1965–1973 – A Prisoner of War]]'' with his wife.
*[[Lance Sijan]], USAF fighter pilot, [[Medal of Honor]] recipient.
*[[Jerry A. Singleton]], USAF helicopter pilot, Lieutenant Colonel, [[:Category:Recipients of the Silver Star|Silver Star recipient]].
*[[James Stockdale]], US Navy pilot, [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 vice presidential candidate]]. He and William P. Lawrence were the most senior-ranking US Navy POWs.
*[[Floyd James Thompson]], US Army Special Forces, the longest-held U.S. POW, spending almost 9 years in captivity.

===Post-war accounts===
After the implementation of the 1973 [[Paris Peace Accords]], neither the United States nor its allies ever formally charged North Vietnam with the [[war crimes]] revealed to have been committed there. In the 2000s, the Vietnamese government has had the position that claims that prisoners of war were tortured at Hỏa Lò and other sites during the war are fabricated, but that Vietnam wants to move past the issue as part of establishing better relations with the U.S.<ref name="ap062708"/> Tran Trong Duyet, a jailer at Hỏa Lò beginning in 1968 and its commandant for the last three years of the war, maintained in 2008 that no prisoners of war were tortured.<ref name="ap062708">{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-06-27-McCain-endorsement_N.htm | title='Hanoi Hilton' jailer says he'd vote for McCain | agency=[[Associated Press]] | work=[[USA Today]] | date=2008-06-27 | access-date=2008-07-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724000033/http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-06-27-McCain-endorsement_N.htm | archive-date=2008-07-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, eyewitness accounts by American servicemen present a different account of their captivity.

After the war, Risner wrote the book ''Passing of the Night'' detailing his seven years at Hỏa Lò. A considerable amount of literature emerged from released POWs after repatriation, depicting Hỏa Lò and the other prisons as places where such atrocities as murder, beatings, broken bones, teeth and eardrums, dislocated limbs, starvation, serving of food contaminated with human and animal feces, and [[medical neglect]] of infections and [[tropical disease]] occurred. These details are revealed in famous accounts by McCain (''[[Faith of My Fathers]]''), Denton, Alvarez, Day, Risner, Stockdale and dozens of others.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}

In addition, Hỏa Lò was depicted in the 1987 [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] movie ''[[The Hanoi Hilton (film)|The Hanoi Hilton]]''.

==Hỏa Lò in the late 1970s and early 1980s==
The prison continued to be in use after the release of the American prisoners. Among the last inmates was dissident poet [[Nguyễn Chí Thiện]], who was reimprisoned in 1979 after attempting to deliver his poems to the British Embassy, and spent the next six years in Hỏa Lò until 1985 when he was transferred to a more modern prison. He mentions the last years of the prison, partly in fictional form, in ''Hỏa Lò/Hanoi Hilton Stories'' (2007).<ref>Nguyễn Chí Thiện (2007). ''Hỏa Lò/Hanoi Hilton Stories''. Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies. "During the roughly fifteen years spent as a political prisoner in Vietnamese labor camps from 1960 to 1977, Nguyen Chi Thien composed hundreds of poems. Released following the fall of Saigon, Thien delivered a manuscript of these poems to the British Embassy in Hanoi. He was arrested at the gate and taken to Hoa Lo – the well known "Hanoi Hilton" Prison, where he spent six of an additional twelve years of imprisonment, often in solitary confinement."</ref>

==Demolition, conversion and museum==
[[File:John McCain's Flight Suit and gear on display at the Hanoi Hilton - December 2006.JPG|thumb|right|upright|[[John McCain]]'s [[flight suit]] and [[parachute]], on display in the museum part of the Hoa Lo site]]
Most of the prison was demolished in the mid-1990s and the site now contains a complex of two high-rise buildings called [[Hanoi Towers]] or Hanoi Center Tower, consists of a 27-story Somerset Grand Hanoi [[serviced apartment]] building and a 14-story office building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/vietnam/hanoi/attractions/hoa-lo-prison-museum/a/poi-sig/1141862/357880|title=Hoa Lo Prison Museum {{!}} Hanoi, Vietnam Attractions|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> Other parts have been converted into a commercial complex retaining the original French colonial walls.<ref>Jeffrey E. Curry, Chinh T. Nguyen (1997). ''Passport Vietnam: your pocket guide to Vietnamese business''. p. 13. "Hundreds of Vietnamese died in Hoa Lo prison –the famous "Hanoi Hilton" – long before it was used as a prison for American pilots. It is being turned into a commercial complex, but its original French colonial walls are being left as"</ref>

Only part of the prison exists today as a museum. The displays mainly show the prison during the French colonial period, including the [[guillotine]] room, still with original equipment, and the quarters for male and female Vietnamese political prisoners.<ref>Daniel White, Ron Emmond, Jennifer Eveland (2011). ''Frommer's Southeast Asia''. p. 270. "Hoa Lo Prison (Hanoi Hilton) For sheer gruesome atmosphere alone, this ranks near the top of the must-see list. ... To the west is the guillotine room, still with its original equipment, and the female and Vietnamese political prisoners' quarters.</ref>

Building materials from several complete cells were saved, including original bricks, cement ceilings, concrete "beds" with ankle shackles, and an original cell door and transom window. After being in storage in Vietnam for six years and nearly another ten in Canada, the cells were reconstructed using the original materials and turned into a permanent exhibit that opened in 2023 at the [[American Heritage Museum]] in [[Stow, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hanoihiltonexhibit.org/the-journey | title=The Journey }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Coram, Robert. ''American Patriot : The Life and Wars Of Colonel Bud Day''. Little, Brown and Company, ©2007. {{ISBN|0-316-75847-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-316-75847-5}}
*Denton, Jeremiah A; Brandt, Ed. ''When Hell Was In Session''. Reader's Digest Press, distributed by Crowell, 1976. {{ISBN|978-0-88349-112-6}} {{ISBN|978-093528000-5}}
*{{cite book | title=Museums of Southeast Asia| last=Lenzi| first=Iola| year=2004| pages=200 pages| publisher=Archipelago Press| location=Singapore| isbn=978-981-4068-96-3}}
*McDaniel, Eugene B. ''Scars and Stripes''. Harvest House Publishers, May 1980. {{ISBN|0-89081-231-4}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{official website}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoa Lo Prison}}
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Vietnam]]
[[Category:French colonial architecture in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Museums in Hanoi]]
[[Category:Torture in the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Vietnam War prisoner-of-war camps]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Vietnam War crimes committed by North Vietnam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1993]]