Editing Gulf of Oman

{{Short description|Arabian Sea link to the Indian Ocean}}
{{pp|small=yes}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox body of water
 | name                 = Gulf of Oman
 | native_name          = {{Native name|ar|خليج عمان}}
 | image                = Gulf of oman location map without border.svg
 | alt                  = center
 | caption              = 
 | pushpin_map          = 
 | pushpin_map_alt      = 
 | pushpin_map_caption  = 
 | image_bathymetry     = 
 | alt_bathymetry       = 
 | caption_bathymetry   = 
 | location             = 
 | coordinates          = {{coord|25|N|58|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}}
 | type                 = [[Sea]]
 | oceans               = [[Indian Ocean]], [[Arabian Sea]]
 | inflow               = 
 | rivers               = 
 | outflow              = 
 | catchment            = 
 | countries            = {{collapsible list|[[Oman]]<br>[[Pakistan]]<br>[[Iran]]<br>[[United Arab Emirates]]}}
 | agency               = 
 | designation          = 
 | length               = 
 | width                = {{convert|340|km|mi|abbr=on}}
 | area                 = {{convert|115000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
 | depth                = 
 | max-depth            = {{convert|3700|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 | volume               = 
 | residence_time       = 
 | salinity             = 
 | shore                = 
 | elevation            = 
 | frozen               = 
 | islands              = 
 | sections             = 
 | islands_category     = 
 | trenches             = 
 | benches              =
 | cities               = 
 | website              = 
 | reference            = 
 | mapframe             = yes
 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1
 | mapframe-zoom        = 4
 | mapframe-wikidata    = yes
}}

[[File:Jaz Murian satellite.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and the Gulf of Oman.]]
[[File:Khorfakkan Port.jpg|thumb|[[Khor Fakkan]], a city in the [[Emirate of Sharjah]], has one of the major container ports in the eastern seaboard of the [[United Arab Emirates]].]]
[[File:Carriers Charles de Gaulle (R91) - Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) and Cavour (550) underway in the Gulf of Oman on 3 January 2014 (140103-N-CL550-634).jpg|thumb|right|[[U.S. Navy]], [[French Navy]], and [[Italian Navy]] aircraft carriers conduct operations in the [[United States Fifth Fleet|U.S. 5th Fleet]] area of responsibility in the Gulf of Oman.]]

The '''Gulf of Oman''' or '''Sea of Oman''' ({{langx|ar|خليج عمان}} ''khalīj ʿumān''; {{langx|fa|دریای عمان}} ''daryâ-ye omân''), also known as '''Gulf of Makran''' or '''Sea of Makran''' ({{langx|ar|خلیج مکران}} ''khalīj makrān''; {{langx|fa|دریای مکران}} ''daryâ-ye makrān''), is a [[gulf]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] that connects the [[Arabian Sea]] with the [[Strait of Hormuz]], which then runs to the [[Persian Gulf]]. It borders [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]] on the north, [[Oman]] on the south, and the [[United Arab Emirates]] on the west.

==Extent==
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Gulf of Oman as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|
*On the Northwest: A line joining Ràs Limah (25°57'N) on the coast of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and Ràs al Kuh (25°48'N) on the coast of [[Iran]] (Persia).
*On the Southeast: The Northern limit of the Arabian Sea [A line joining [[Ras al Hadd|Ràs al Hadd]], East point of Arabia (22°32'N) and [[Jiwani|Ràs Jiyùni]] (61°43'E) on the coast of [[Pakistan]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>.|author=|title=|source=}}

==Exclusive economic zone==
[[Exclusive economic zones]] in Gulf of Oman:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez|title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/968?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/923?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/512?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/911?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/586?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10|title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity|website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
!width=75|Number
!width=250|Country
!width=100|Area (Km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| align=center|1 || '''{{OMA}}''' || align=center|108,779
|-
| align=center|2 || '''{{IRI}}''' || align=center|65,850
|-
| align=center|3 || '''{{UAE}}''' || align=center|4,371 
|-
| align=center|4 || '''{{PAK}}''' || align=center|2,000 
|-
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!Total
|'''Gulf of Oman''' || align=center|'''181,000''' 
|}

==Bordering countries==
[[Coastline length]] of bordering countries:

# {{IRI}} - 850&nbsp;km coastline
# {{OMA}} - 750&nbsp;km coastline
# {{UAE}} - 50&nbsp;km coastline
# {{PAK}} - 50&nbsp;km coastline

==Alternative names==
[[File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast.jpg|thumb|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast]]
[[File:MacedonEmpire-2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|alt=Baluch and alexandar's empire|Paths that [[Alexander the Great]] took]]
{{Further|Makran|Makran Trench|Makran Division|Makran (princely state)|History of Oman#Late 19th and early 20th centuries}}

The Gulf of Oman historically and geographically has been referred to by different names by Arabian, Iranian, Indian, Pakistani, and European geographers and travelers, including [[Makran]] Sea and Akhzar Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/en/index.asp?p=pages&id=173|title=Makran Sea/Gulf of Oman&#124;Mokran Sea or Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Pars sea|website=www.persiangulfstudies.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&q=%5B%5BMakran%5D%5D+Sea&pg=PA29|title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799-1856|first=Beatrice|last=Nicolini|date=1 January 2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004137807}}</ref>

# Makran Sea
# Akhzar Sea
# Persian Sea (consists of the whole of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman)

Until the 18th century, it was known as Makran Sea and is also visible on historical maps and museums.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Esmaeili|first1=H.|last2=Mehraban|first2=Hamidreza|date=2017|title=New geographical record of the lined rockskipper, Istiblennius lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) from the Iranian coast of the Makran Sea (Teleostei, Blenniidae)|journal=Check List |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=743–746 |doi=10.15560/13.6.743|s2cid=90093756 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Major ports==
*[[Port of Fujairah]], [[Fujairah]], United Arab Emirates
*Khor Fakkan Container Terminal, [[Khor Fakkan]], United Arab Emirates
*[[Port of Chabahar]], [[Chabahar]], Iran
*[[Port Sultan Qaboos]], [[Muttrah]], Oman

== International trade ==
The Western side of the gulf connects to the [[Strait of Hormuz]], a strategic route through which a third of the world's [[liquefied natural gas]] and 20% of global [[List of countries by oil exports|oil consumption]] passes from [[Middle East]] producers.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 oil tankers were damaged in possible attacks in the Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/6/13/18677289/oil-tankers-iran-gulf-oman-attack |work=Vox |date=13 June 2019}}</ref>

==Ecology==
{{Further|Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert|Persian Gulf#Wildlife}}

In 2018, scientists confirmed the Gulf of Oman contains one of the world's largest [[Dead zone (ecology)|marine dead zones]], where the ocean contains little or no oxygen and marine wildlife cannot exist. The dead zone encompasses nearly the entire {{convert|63700|sqmi|km2|order=flip|adj=on}} Gulf of Oman and equivalent to the size of Florida, United States of America. The cause is a combination of increased [[ocean warming]] and increased runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e360.yale.edu/digest/scientists-confirm-florida-sized-dead-zone-in-the-gulf-of-oman |title=Scientists Confirm Florida-Sized Dead Zone in the Gulf of Oman |work=Yale Environment 360 |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

==International underwater rail tunnel==
In 2018, a rail tunnel under the sea was suggested to link the UAE with the western coast of India. The [[High-speed rail|bullet train]] tunnel would be supported by pontoons and be nearly {{convert|2000|km|mi}} in length.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/articleshow/66878629.cms "A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon!", ''Times of India'', 30 November 2018]. Retrieved 2 November 2021</ref><ref>[https://futurism.com/united-arab-emirates-underwater-bullet-train-india/amp "The UAE Wants an Underwater Bullet Train to India", ''Futurism.com'', 5 December 2018]. Retrieved 2 November 2021</ref>

== Pop culture ==
In the ''[[Battlefield (video game series)|Battlefield]]'' video game series, the Gulf of Oman is a map used in ''[[Battlefield 2]]'', ''[[Battlefield 3]]'', ''[[Battlefield Play4Free]]'' and ''[[Battlefield 4]]'' with the [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marines Corps (USMC)]] invading the shore of Oman with the fictional Middle Eastern Coalition (MEC) defending it in Battlefield 2, and with [[Russian Ground Forces]] defending it in Play4Free, Battlefield 3 and Battlefield 4.

==See also==
* [[Eastern Arabia]]
* [[Musandam Peninsula]]
* [[History of the United Arab Emirates#The pearling industry and the Portuguese empire: 16th - 18th century]]
* [[Saeed bin Butti#Perpetual Maritime Truce]]
* [[Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi#Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853]]
* [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1809]]
* [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819]]
* [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]]
* [[May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident]]
* [[June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* "The Book of Duarte Barbosa" by Duarte Barbosa, [[Mansel Longworth Dames]]. 1989. p.&nbsp;79. {{ISBN|81-206-0451-2}}
* "The Natural History of Pliny". by Pliny, [[Henry Thomas Riley]], [[John Bostock (physician)|John Bostock]]. 1855. p.&nbsp;117
* "The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf" by [[Samuel Barrett Miles]] - 1966. p.&nbsp;148
* "The Life & Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner". by Daniel Defoe. 1895. p.&nbsp;279
* "The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind". by Herbert George Well. 1920. p.&nbsp;379.
* "The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge" by Johann Jakob Herzog, Philip Schaff, Albert Hauck. 1910. p.&nbsp;242

{{List of seas}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gulf of Oman| ]]
[[Category:Gulfs of Iran]]
[[Category:Seas of Iran]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Iran]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Oman]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Straits of the Indian Ocean|Oman]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Iran–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Oman–United Arab Emirates border]]
[[Category:Western Indo-Pacific]]