Editing Guillaume Thomas François Raynal

{{Short description|French writer (1713–1796)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
[[Image:Guillaume Raynal2.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Guillaume Raynal.<br/> ([[Musée de la Révolution française]]).]]
'''Guillaume Thomas François Raynal''' (12 April 1713 – 6 March 1796), also known as '''Abbé Raynal''', was a [[French people|French]] writer, former [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] priest, and [[man of letters]] during the [[Age of Enlightenment]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=Dallas D. |date=1931 |title=The Abbé Raynal and British Humanitarianism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898892 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=564–577 |doi=10.1086/235791 |jstor=1898892 |issn=0022-2801}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Brizay |first=François |title=Comparing and criticising early modern imperial policies in the Age of Revolution |date=2024 |work=Agents of European overseas empires |pages=45–65 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781526167347.00009 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-6734-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Van Ruymbeke |first=Bertrand |title=Epilogue |date=2024 |work=Agents of European overseas empires |pages=223–232 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7765/9781526167347.00019 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-6734-7}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born at [[Lapanouse]] in [[Rouergue]]. He was educated at the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] school of [[Pézenas]], and received priest's orders, but he was dismissed for unexplained reasons from the parish of [[Saint-Sulpice (Paris)|Saint-Sulpice]], Paris.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} He became a writer and journalist, leaving the religious life.<ref name="WDL"/> The Abbé Raynal wrote for the ''[[Mercure de France]]'', and compiled a series of popular but superficial works, which he published and sold himself. These—''L'Histoire du stathoudérat'' (The Hague, 1748), ''L'Histoire du parlement d'Angleterre'' (London, 1748), ''Anecdotes historiques'' (Amsterdam, 3 vols., 1753)—gained for him access to the salons of [[Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin|Mme. Geoffrin]], [[Claude Adrien Helvétius|Helvétius]], and the [[Baron d'Holbach]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François |volume=22 |pages=935–936 |inline=1}}</ref>

In May 1754, he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27raynal%27%29|title = Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher= The Royal Society|access-date= 4 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> In 1775, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Raynall&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-28|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

==The ''Histoire philosophique des deux Indes''==
{{main article|Histoire des deux Indes}}
[[File:Histoiredesdeuxindes.jpg|thumb|''Histoire des deux Indes'', 1770]]

He had the assistance of various members of the ''coterie philosophique'' in his most important work, ''L'Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes'' (''Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies''<ref>{{cite book | last = de las Casas | first = Bartolomé | title = A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 1992 | page = xiii}}</ref> Amsterdam, 4 vols., 1770<ref name="WDL"/>). [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] is credited with a third of this work, which was characterized by [[Voltaire]] as "''du réchauffé avec de la déclamation''." The other chief collaborators were Jean Pechméja, [[Baron d'Holbach]], Jacques Paulze, the farmer-general of taxes, the Abbé Martin, and [[Alexandre Deleyre]]. To this piecemeal method of composition, in which narrative alternated with tirades on political and social questions, was added the further disadvantage of the lack of exact information, which, owing to the dearth of documents, could only have been gained by personal investigation.<ref name=EB1911/> He released an expanded edition in 1774 and another in 1780.<ref name="WDL"/>

The "philosophic" declamations perhaps constituted the work's chief interest for the general public, and its significance as a contribution to democratic propaganda. The ''Histoire'' went through many editions, being revised and augmented from time to time by Raynal; it was translated into the principal European languages, and appeared in various abridgments. Its introduction into France was forbidden in 1779; the book was burned by the public executioner, and an order was given for the arrest of the author, whose name had not appeared in the first edition, but was printed on the title page of the [[Geneva]] edition of 1780.<ref name=EB1911/> Seven new maps for the 1798 English edition were engraved by Thomas Kitchin, Jr.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4398/ |title = A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1798 |access-date = 30 August 2013 }}</ref>

The book examines the [[East Indies]], South America, the [[West Indies]], and North America. The final chapter comprises theory around the future of Europe as a whole. Raynal also examines commerce, religion, [[slavery]], and other popular subjects, all from the perspective of the [[French Enlightenment]]. Additional versions of the book included maps of the discussed regions.<ref name="WDL"/>

On the subject of slavery, Raynal was excoriating, writing "I shall...prove that there is no reason of state which can authorize slavery. I shall not be afraid to denounce to the tribunal of reason and justice those governments which tolerate this cruelty. Whoever justifies such an odious system deserves mocking silence from the philosopher…and a stab with a dagger from the back."<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''The Slave Trade'', 1997, p482</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Raynal - Histoire philosophique, 1794 - 336.tif|thumb|''Histoire philosophique'', 1794]]

Raynal went into exile, to [[Spa, Belgium|Spa]], and then to [[Berlin]], where he was coolly received by [[Frederick the Great]], in spite of his connection with the philosophe party.<ref name=EB1911/>

At [[Saint Petersburg]] he met with a more cordial reception from [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]], and in 1787 he was permitted to return to France, though not to Paris. He showed generosity in assigning a considerable income to be divided annually among the peasant proprietors of upper Guienne. He was elected by Marseilles to the States-General, but refused to sit on the score of age. Raynal now realized the impossibility of a peaceful revolution, and, in terror of the proceedings for which the writings of himself and his friends had prepared the way, he sent to the Constituent Assembly an address, which was read on 31 May 1791, deprecating the violence of its reforms.<ref name=EB1911/>

This address is said by [[Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve|Sainte-Beuve]] (''Nouveaux lundis'', xi.) to have been composed chiefly by [[Stanislas Marie Adelaide, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre|de Clermont-Tonnerre]] and [[Pierre Victor, baron Malouet|Pierre V. Malouet]], and it was regarded, even by moderate men, as ill-timed. The published ''Lettre de l'abbé Raynal a l'Assemblee nationale'' (10 December 1790) was really the work of the [[Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert|comte de Guibert]]. During the [[Reign of Terror|Terror]] Raynal lived in retirement at Passy and at [[Montlhery]]. On the establishment of the Directory in 1795 he became a member of the newly organized Institute of France.<ref name=EB1911/>

Raynal died 6 March 1796 at [[Chaillot]].

==Address to America==
Published on 3 November 1800, after his death, Raynal addressed the people of the young United States of America with the following words, printed in the [[National Intelligencer|National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser]].

<blockquote>PEOPLE of North America! Let the example of all nations which have preceded you, and especially that of the mother country, instruct you. Be afraid of the influence of gold, which brings with luxury the corruption of manners and contempt of laws; be afraid of too unequal a distribution of riches, which shews a small number of citizens in wealth, and a great number in miser; whence arises the insolence of one, and the disgrace of the other, Guard against the spirit of conquest; the tranquility of the empire decreases as it is extended; have arms to defend yourselves, and have none to attack.

Seek ease and health in labour; prosperity, in agriculture and manufactures; strength, in good manners and virtue. Make the sciences and arts prosper, which distinguish the civilized man from the savage. Especially watch over the education of your children.

It is from public schools, be assured, that skillful magistrates, disciplined and courageous soldiers, good fathers, good husbands, good brothers, good friends, and honest men come forth. Wherever we see the youth depraved, that nation is on the decline. Let liberty have an immovable foundation in the wisdom of your contributions and let it be the cement which unites your states, which cannot be destroyed. Establish no legal preference in your different modes of worship. Superstition is every where innocent when it is neither protected nor persecuted; and let your duration be, if possible, equal to that of the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Humanities|first=National Endowment for the|date=1800-11-03|title=The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. [volume] (Washington City [D.C.]) 1800-1810, November 03, 1800, Image 4|newspaper=The National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045242/1800-11-03/ed-1/seq-4/|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=2474-4336}}</ref></blockquote>

==Bibliography==
A detailed bibliography of his works and of those falsely attributed to him will be found in [[Joseph-Marie Quérard]]'s ''La France littéraire'', and the same author's ''Supercheries dévoilées''. The biography by A Jay, prefixed to Peuchet's edition (Paris, 10 vols, 1820–1821) of the ''Histoire ... des Indes'', is of small value. To this edition Peuchet added two supplementary volumes on colonial development from 1785 to 1824. See also the anonymous ''Raynal démasqué'' (1791); Cherhal Montreal, ''Éloge ... de G. T. Raynal'' (an. IV.); a notice in the ''Moniteur'' (5 vendémiaire, an. V.); B Lunet, ''Biographie de l'abbé Raynal'' (Rodez, 1866); and J Morley, ''Diderot'' (1891).<ref name=EB1911/>

* A. Jay, ''Précis historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de l'abbé Raynal'', Paris, 1820 ;
* A. Feugère, ''Un Précurseur de la Révolution. L'Abbé Raynal (1713–1796),'' Angoulême, 1922 ;
* ''Raynal, de la polémique à l'histoire'', G. Bancarel, G. Goggi ed. Oxford, SVEC, 2000 ;
* G. Bancarel, ''Raynal ou le devoir de vérité'', Genève Champion, 2004.
* Peter Jimack (ed.), ''A History of the Two Indies – A Translated Selection of Writings from Raynal's Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements des Européens dans les Deux Indes'', Ashgate, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-4043-1}}.

==See also==
* [[List of abolitionist forerunners]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.abbe-raynal.org l'abbé Raynal Exposition website] {{in lang|fr}}
* {{cite book |last1= Raynal |first1= Guillaume Thomas François |chapter= Discovery of America. Conquest of Mexico and Settlements of the Spaniards in That Part of the New World |chapter-url= http://ringmar.net/politicaltheoryfornomads/index.php/raynal-abbe-guillaume-thomas-francois-a-philosophical-and-political-history-of-the-settlements-and-trade-of-the-europeans-in-the-east-and-west-indies-translated-by-john-obadiah-justamond-vol-1-5/ |title= A philosophical and political history of the settlements and trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies |location= London |publisher= T. Cadell |date= 1777 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{D'Holbach's Coterie}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raynal, Guillaume}}
[[Category:1713 births]]
[[Category:1796 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aveyron]]
[[Category:18th-century French historians]]
[[Category:18th-century French Jesuits]]
[[Category:French historians of philosophy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:French abolitionists]]
[[Category:Age of Enlightenment]]
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]