Editing Guava

{{short description|Tropical fruit}}
{{about|the fruit}}
[[File:Guava pink fruit.jpg|thumb|Guava with slice]]
[[File:Guava ID.jpg|thumb|right|Ripe apple guavas (''[[Psidium guajava]]'')]]

'''Guava''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|w|ɑː|v|ə}} {{respell|GWAH|və}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/guava |title=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> also known as the 'guava-pear', is a common [[tropical fruit]] cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.<ref name=morton/> The common guava ''[[Psidium guajava]]'' (lemon guava, apple guava) is a small [[tree]] in the myrtle [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Myrtaceae]]), native to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[northern South America]].<ref name=morton/> 
[[File:Guava_fruit_tree.jpg|thumb]]
The name guava is also given to some other species in the genus ''[[Psidium]]'' such as strawberry guava (''[[Psidium cattleyanum]]'') and to the pineapple guava, ''[[Feijoa sellowiana]]''. In 2019, 55 million [[tonne]]s of guavas were produced worldwide, led by [[India]]  with 45% of the total. Botanically, guavas are [[Berry (botany)|berries]].

== Etymology ==
The term ''guava'' appears to have been in use since the mid-[[16th century]].<ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=Guava |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/guava |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=2 September 2022 |date=2022}}</ref> The name derived from the [[Taíno language|Taíno]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://etimologias.dechile.net/?guayaba | title=Guayaba|website=deChile.net|date=2022}}</ref> a language of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawaks]] as {{lang|arw|guayabo}} for ''guava tree'' via the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for {{lang|es|guayaba}}.<ref name=oed/> It has been adapted in many European and Asian languages, having a similar form.<ref name="morton">{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/guava.html |title=Guava |work=Fruits of Warm Climates |pages=356–363 |year=1987 |author=Morton JF |publisher=[[Purdue University]] |access-date=24 April 2015 }}</ref>

== Origin and distribution ==
Guavas originated from an area thought to extend from Mexico, Central America or northern South America throughout the Caribbean region.<ref name=morton /><ref name="cabi">{{cite web|title=''Psidium guajava'' (guava)|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45141|publisher=CABI: Invasive Species Compendium|access-date=9 October 2017|date=2017}}</ref><ref name="clement">{{cite book |editor1-last=Prance |editor1-first=Ghillean |editor2-last=Nesbitt |editor2-first=Mark |last1=Clement  |first1=Charles R. |date=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |page=93 |isbn=0415927463}}</ref> Archaeological sites in Peru yielded evidence of guava cultivation as early as 2500&nbsp;BC.<ref name="clement"/>

Guava was adopted as a crop in subtropical and tropical Asia, parts of the United States (Florida and Hawaii), tropical Africa, and Oceania.<ref name=cabi/> Guavas were introduced to [[Florida]], US in the 19th century<ref name=morton /> and are grown there as far north as [[Sarasota]], [[Chipley, Florida|Chipley]], [[Waldo, Florida|Waldo]] and [[Fort Pierce]]. However, they are a primary host of the Caribbean [[Tephritidae|fruit fly]] and must be protected against infestation in areas of Florida where this pest is present.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boning|first=Charles R.|title=Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|year=2006|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|location=Sarasota, Florida|isbn=1-56164-372-6|page=99}}</ref>

Guavas are cultivated in several tropical and [[subtropical]] countries.<ref name="morton" /><ref name=cabi/> Several [[species]] are grown commercially; apple guava and its [[cultivar]]s are those most commonly traded internationally.<ref name=morton /> Guavas also grow in southwestern Europe, specifically the [[Costa del Sol]] on [[Málaga]] (Spain) and Greece where guavas have been commercially grown since the middle of the 20th century and they proliferate as cultivars.<ref name=cabi/> Mature trees of most species are fairly cold-hardy and can survive temperatures slightly colder than {{convert|25|F|C|order=flip}} for short periods of time, but younger plants will likely freeze to the ground.<ref name=TAMU>{{cite web|url= http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/guava.htm |title=  Home fruit production – Guava |publisher= Texas A&M Horticulture Program|author=Sauls JW|date= December 1998|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

Guavas are of interest to home growers in subtropical areas as one of the few tropical fruits that can grow to fruiting size in pots indoors. When grown from seed, guava trees can bear fruit in two years, and can continue to do so for forty years.<ref name="morton" />

== Types ==
The most frequently eaten species, and the one often simply referred to as "the guava", is the apple guava (''[[Psidium guajava]]''). Guavas are typical [[Myrtoideae]], with tough dark heavy leaves that are opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate, and {{convert|5|–|15|cm|in|frac=2}} long. The flowers are white, with five petals and numerous [[stamen]]s. The fruits are many-seeded [[Berry (botany)|berries]].<ref name=Judd>{{cite book|first1=WS|last1=Judd|first2=CS|last2=Campbell|first3=EA|last3=Kellogg|first4=PF|last4=Stevens|first5=MJ|last5=Donoghue|year=2002|title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|isbn=0878934030|pages=[https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse/page/398 398–399]|url=https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse/page/398}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Guava flowers (6700015761).jpg|Apple guava flower
File:Psidium guajava fruit.jpg|White guava
File:ARS HPSI41.jpg|'Thai maroon' guava, a red apple guava [[cultivar]]
</gallery>

== Ecology ==
''Psidium'' species are eaten by the [[caterpillar]]s of some [[Lepidoptera]], mainly [[moth]]s like the Ello Sphinx (''[[Erinnyis ello]]''), ''[[Eupseudosoma aberrans]]'', ''[[Eupseudosoma involutum|E.&nbsp;involutum]]'', and ''[[Hypercompe icasia]]''. [[Mite]]s, like ''[[Pronematus pruni]]'' and ''[[Tydeus munsteri]]'', are known to be crop [[pest (organism)|pests]] of the [[apple guava]] (''[[Psidium guajava|P.&nbsp;guajava]]'') and perhaps other species.<ref name="morton" /> The [[bacterium]] ''[[Erwinia psidii]]'' causes rot diseases of the apple guava.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pomini AM |author2=Manfio GP |author3=Araújo WL |author4=Marsaioli AJ. | title = Acyl-homoserine lactones from ''Erwinia psidii'' R. IBSBF 435T, a guava phytopathogen (''Psidium guajava'' L.)| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry| year = 2005| volume = 53| issue = 16| pages = 6262–6265| url= https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf050586e | doi = 10.1021/jf050586e | pmid = 16076103 }}</ref>

The fruit is cultivated and favored by humans, and many other animals such as birds consume it, readily dispersing the seeds in their droppings. In [[Hawaii]], strawberry guava (''[[Psidium littorale|P.&nbsp;littorale]]'') has become an aggressive [[invasive species]] threatening [[extinction]] to more than 100 other plant species.<ref>{{cite web |author=Price J|date=14 June 2008 |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/06/14/editorial/commentary.html |work=[[Honolulu Star Bulletin]] |title=Strawberry guava's hold has proven devastating|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservehi.org/documents/CCH_StrawberryGuava_ActionAlert.pdf|publisher=Conservation Council for Hawai‘i|date=2010|title=Leveling the Playing Field in Hawai'i's Native Forests|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215065428/http://www.conservehi.org/documents/CCH_StrawberryGuava_ActionAlert.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> By contrast, several guava species have become rare due to [[habitat destruction]] and at least one (Jamaican guava, ''[[Psidium dumetorum|P.&nbsp;dumetorum]]'') is already extinct.

Guava wood is used for [[Smoking (cooking)|meat smoking]] in Hawaii, and is used at barbecue competitions across the United States. In Cuba and Mexico, the leaves are used in barbecues.

== Fruit ==
Guava fruits, usually {{convert|4|to|12|cm|in|frac=2}} long, are round or oval depending on the species.<ref name="morton" /> They have a pronounced and typical fragrance, similar to lemon rind but less sharp. The outer skin may be rough, often with a bitter taste, or soft and sweet. Varying between species, the skin can be any thickness, is usually green before maturity, but may be yellow, maroon, or green when ripe. The pulp inside may be sweet or sour and off-white ("white" guavas) to deep pink ("red" guavas). The seeds in the central pulp vary in number and hardness, depending on species.<ref name="morton" />

== Production ==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:13em; text-align:center"
|+ Guava* production <br> <small> 2022, millions of tonnes</small>
|-
|{{IND}} ||26.3
|-
|{{IDN}} ||4.1
|-
|{{CHN}} ||3.8
|-
|{{PAK}} ||2.8
|-
|{{MEX}} ||2.5
|-
|{{BRA}} ||2.1
|-
|'''World''' ||'''59.2'''
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>*includes mangoes and mangosteens. Source: [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Production of guavas in 2022; Pick lists by Crops/Regions/Production Quantity/Year|date=2024|publisher=United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref></small>
|}

In 2022, world production of guavas was 59 million [[tonne]]s, led by India with 44% of the total (table; [[mango|mangoes]] and [[mangosteen]]s included). Secondary producers were [[Indonesia]] and China.

== Uses ==
{{nutritional value | name=Guavas, common
| kJ=285
| water=81 g
| protein=2.55 g
| fat=0.5 g
| carbs=14.32 g
| fiber=5.4 g
| sugars=8.92 g
| calcium_mg=18
| iron_mg=0.26
| magnesium_mg=22
| phosphorus_mg=40
| potassium_mg=417
| sodium_mg=2
| zinc_mg=0.23
| manganese_mg=0.1
| vitC_mg=228.3
| thiamin_mg=0.067
| riboflavin_mg=0.04
| niacin_mg=1.084
| pantothenic_mg=0.451
| vitB6_mg=0.11
| folate_ug=49
| vitA_ug=31
| betacarotene_ug=374
| opt1n=[[Lycopene]]
| opt1v=5200 µg
| vitK_ug=2.2
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173044/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

=== Culinary ===
In Mexico and other Latin American countries, the beverage [[agua fresca]] is often made with guava. The entire fruit is a key ingredient in [[Punch (drink)|punch]], and the juice is often used in culinary sauces (hot or cold), ales, candies, dried snacks, fruit bars, and desserts, or dipped in [[Chamoy (Sauce)|chamoy]]. ''[[Pulque]] de guayaba'' ("guayaba" is Spanish for guava) is a common alcoholic beverage in these regions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000onst|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000onst/page/36 36]|quote=aguas frescas national geographic.|title=National Geographic Traveler: Mexico|last=Onstott|first=Jane|date=2010|publisher=National Geographic Books|isbn=9781426205248|language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}

In many countries, guava is eaten raw, typically cut into quarters or eaten like an apple; it is also eaten with a pinch of salt and pepper, [[Cayenne pepper|cayenne powder]] or a [[Spice mix#Masala|mix of spices (masala)]]. In the Philippines, ripe guava is used in cooking ''[[sinigang]]''. Guava is a snack in Cuba as [[Cuban pastry|''pastelitos de guayaba'']]; and in Taiwan, sold on many street corners and night markets during hot weather, accompanied by packets of [[Li hing mui|dried plum powder]] mixed with sugar and salt for dipping. In east Asia, guava is commonly eaten with sweet and sour dried plum powder mixtures. Guava juice is consumed in many countries. The fruit is also often included in fruit salads.

Because of its high level of [[pectin]], guavas are extensively used to make candies, [[fruit preserve|preserves]], [[fruit preserve#Jelly|jellies]], [[fruit preserve#Jam|jams]], and [[Marmalade|marmalades]] (such as Brazilian ''[[goiabada]]'' and Colombian and Venezuelan ''[[bocadillo (dessert)|bocadillo]]''), and as a marmalade jam served on toast.<ref name="morton" />

Red guavas can be used as the base of salted products such as sauces, substituting for [[tomato]]es, especially to minimize the acidity. A drink may be made from an [[infusion]] of guava fruits and leaves, which in Brazil is called ''chá-de-goiabeira'', i.e., "tea" of guava tree leaves.

== Nutrition ==
A raw common guava is 81% water, 14% [[carbohydrate]]s, 3% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and 0.5% [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, raw guava supplies {{convert|285|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and is a rich source of [[dietary fiber]] and [[vitamin C]] (254% of the [[Daily Value]], DV), with moderate levels of [[folate]] (12% DV) and [[potassium in biology|potassium]] (14% DV, table). Raw guava contains [[lycopene]] (table).

== Phytochemicals ==
Guava leaves contain both [[carotenoid]]s and [[polyphenol]]s, such as [[(+)-gallocatechin]] and [[leucocyanidin]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Polyphenols of the leaves of psidium guava—quercetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin and amritoside|last=Seshadri |first=TR |last2=Vasishta |first2=K|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=4|issue=6|year=1965|pages=989–92|doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86281-0}}</ref> As some of these [[phytochemicals]] produce the fruit skin and flesh color, guavas that are red-orange tend to have more polyphenol and carotenoid content than yellow-green ones.

===Seed oil ===
Guava seed oil may be used for [[culinary]] or [[cosmetics]] products. It is rich in [[linoleic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kobori CN|author2=Jorge N|title=Caracterização dos óleos de algumas sementes de frutas como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais|year=2005|trans-title=Characterization of some seed oils from fruits for utilization of industrial residues|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cagro/v29n5/a14v29n5.pdf|journal=Ciênc Agrotec |language=pt|volume=29|issue=5|pages=108–14|doi=10.1590/S1413-70542005000500014|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Folk medicine ==
Since the 1950s, guavas – particularly the leaves – have been studied for their constituents, potential biological properties and history in [[folk medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=J Ethnopharmacol|year=2014|volume=151|issue=2|pages=747–67|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030|title=Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology|last=de Boer |first=HJ |last2=Cotingting |first2=C|pmid=24269772}}</ref>

== Parasites ==
Guavas are one of the most common hosts for fruit flies like ''[[Anastrepha suspensa|A.&nbsp;suspensa]]'', which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled guavas. The larvae of these flies then consume the fruit until they can proceed into the [[pupa]] stage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Whervin|first=L. Walter|date=1974-03-01|title=Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica|journal=PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries|volume=20|issue=1|pages=11–19|doi=10.1080/09670877409412331|issn=0030-7793}}</ref> This [[parasitism]] has led to millions in economic losses for nations in Central America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baranowski|first1=Richard|last2=Glenn|first2=Holly|last3=Sivinski|first3=John|date=1993-06-01|title=Biological Control of the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)|journal=The Florida Entomologist|volume=76|issue=2|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3495721|issn=0015-4040|jstor=3495721}}</ref>

[[Fungi|Fungal]] pathogens, ''[[Neopestalotiopsis]]'' and ''[[Pestalotiopsis]]'' species are causal agents of guava scab in Colombia.<ref name="Solarte2018">{{cite journal |last1=Solarte |first1=F. |last2=Munoz |first2=C.G. |last3=Maharachchikumbura |first3=S.S.N. |last4=Alvarez |first4=E. |title=Diversity of ''Neopestalotiopsis'' and ''Pestalotiopsis'' spp., causal agents of guava scab in Colombia. |journal=Plant Disease |date=2018 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0068-RE|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Propagation==

Air layering is an effective method for propagating guava plant. It allows for the production of new plants while maintaining the parent plant’s characteristics. This technique involves selecting a healthy branch making a small incision on the branch, and applying rooting hormone to encourage root development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gardeningaction.com/a-step-by-step-guide-to-propagating-guava-plants-through-air-layering/|title=A Step-by-Step Guide to Propagating Guava Plants Through Air Layering|date=February 8, 2024}}</ref> The branch is then wrapped in moist peat moss and covered with plastic to help retain moisture. After several weeks, roots will form, and then a new plant can be severed from the parent and transplanted into soil. This method is particularly beneficial for guava due to its high success rate and ability to produce fruit-bearing plants quickly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agrifarming.in/a-guide-to-understand-guava-plant-tree-propagation-check-how-this-guide-helps-guava-farmers#|title=A Guide to Understand Guava Plant/Tree Propagation: Check How this Guide Helps Guava Farmers|date=September 6, 2022|website=www.agrifarming.in}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Goya blancs.JPG|Yellow-fruited cherry guava, (sometimes called lemon guava)  ''Psidium littorale'' var. ''littorale''
File:Psidium cattleianum fruit.jpg|Strawberry guava, ''[[Psidium littorale]]'' var. ''cattleyanum''
File:Rotten guava in Bangladesh.jpg|A rotten guava
File:Guava oil.JPG|Guava seed oil
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Myrteae]], the [[tribe (taxonomy)|tribe]] containing guava and closely related plants with fleshy fruit.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Belizean cuisine]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Cuban cuisine]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Mexican cuisine]]