Editing Groote Eylandt

{{Short description|Island off the Northern Australian coast}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox islands
| name                            = Groote Eylandt
| native_name                     = Ayangkidarrba
| image_name                      = groote eylandt.jpg
| image_caption                   = Groote Eylandt from space, November 1989
| image_size                      = 
| pushpin_map                     = Northern Territory#Australia
| pushpin_relief                  = yes
| map_caption                     = 
| etymology                       = From the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "Large Island home to Zarah"
| native_name_link                = 
| nickname                        = 
| location                        = [[Gulf of Carpentaria]]
| coordinates                     = {{Coord|13|58|S|136|35|E|region:AU-NT_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2                        = 2326.1
| length_km                       = 50
| width_km                        = 60
| highest_mount                   = Central Hill
| elevation_m                     = 219
| country                         = Australia
| country_admin_divisions_title   = [[States and territories of Australia|Territory]]
| country_admin_divisions         = [[Northern Territory]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Region
| country_admin_divisions_1       = [[Groote Archipelago Region]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = 
| country_admin_divisions_2       = 
| country_largest_city            = [[Alyangula]]
| country_largest_city_population = 966
| population                      = 2,811<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=702041062&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2016&regionLGA=LGA_2016&regionASGS=ASGS_2016|title=Anindilyakwa (SA2) (702041062)|website=stat.abs.gov.au|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|language=en|access-date=2017-10-29|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212059/http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=702041062&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2016&regionLGA=LGA_2016&regionASGS=ASGS_2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of                = 2016 census
| density_km2                     = 1.21
| ethnic_groups                   = [[Anindilyakwa people|Anindilyakwa/Warnindhilyagwa]], [[European Australians]]
| additional_info                 = 
}}

'''Groote Eylandt''' ([[Anindilyakwa language|Anindilyakwa]]: ''Ayangkidarrba''; meaning "island" {{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|uː|t|ˌ|aɪ|l|ə|n|d}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wells|first=J.C.|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|year=2008|isbn=9781405881173|location=|pages=}}</ref>) is the largest island in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] and the fourth largest island in Australia. It was named by the explorer [[Abel Tasman]] in 1644 and is Dutch for "Large Island" in archaic spelling. The modern Dutch spelling is ''Groot Eiland''.

The original inhabitants of Groote Eylandt are the [[Anindilyakwa people]] (also known as Warnindhilyagwa), an [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal Australian]] people, who speak the [[Anindilyakwa language]] (also known as Amamalya Ayakwa). They consist of 14 clan groups which make up the two [[Moiety (kinship)|moieties]] on the island. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with the people in the community of [[Numbulwar]] and on [[Bickerton Island]]. The island's population was 2,811 in the 2016 census.

There are four communities on Groote Eylandt. The mining company [[GEMCO]] established the township of [[Alyangula, Northern Territory|Alyangula]] for its workers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=May 2012 |title=Groote Eylandt and Bickerton Island Regional Partnership Agreement: Progress Evaluation |url=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/09_2012/evaluation_of_the_rpa_0.pdf |access-date=3 May 2015 |website=Department of Social Services |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref> The three main Aboriginal communities are [[Angurugu, Northern Territory|Angurugu]] and [[Umbakumba, Northern Territory|Umbakumba]], and [[Bickerton Island|Milyakburra]] on [[Bickerton Island]]. There are also a number of [[Outstation (Aboriginal community)|outstations]] on the island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Communities|url=https://anindilyakwa.com.au/about/communities/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Anindilyakwa Land Council|language=en-AU}}</ref>

The Anindilyakwa Land Council is one of four [[land council]]s in the Northern Territory. It is a representative body with [[statutory authority]] under the ''[[Aboriginal Land Rights Act|Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976]]'' and has responsibilities under the ''[[Native Title Act 1993]]'' and the ''Pastoral Land Act 1992''.

== Geography ==
Groote Eylandt lies about {{convert|50|km|nmi|round=5|abbr=off}} offshore from the [[Northern Territory]] mainland (i.e. the east coast of [[Arnhem Land]]), about {{convert|630|km|mi}} from [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], opposite [[Blue Mud Bay]]. The island measures about {{convert|50|km|mi}} from east to west and {{convert|60|km|mi}} from north to south; its area is {{convert|2,326.1|km2|1|abbr=on}}. It is generally quite low-lying, with an average height above sea level of {{convert|15|m|ft}}, although Central Hill reaches an elevation of {{convert|219|m|ft}}.

== Politics and administration ==

=== Electorates ===
Groote Eylandt is part of the federal [[Division of Lingiari|electorate of Lingiari]],<ref>{{cite web|year=2007|title=Map of Commonwealth Electoral Division of Lingiari|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/profiles/l/lingiari.pdf|access-date=21 May 2009|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission}}</ref> for which the current member is [[Marion Scrymgour]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=House of Representatives division information |url=https://tallyroom.aec.gov.au/HouseDivisionPage-27966-306.htm |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Australian Electoral Commission |location=Canberra |language=en-AU}}</ref> who replaced the inaugural member [[Warren Snowdon]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hon Warren Snowdon MP|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=IJ4|access-date=20 November 2013|publisher=Parliament of Australia}}</ref> at the [[2022 Australian federal election]]. The island is within the Northern Territory [[electoral division of Arnhem]]. The current member for Arnhem is [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] member [[Selena Uibo]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Government|first=Northern Territory|date=2021-11-22|title=Hon Selena Uibo|url=https://parliament.nt.gov.au/members/by-name/selena-uibo|access-date=2021-12-13|website=parliament.nt.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> whose mother is a [[Nunggubuyu people|Nunggubuyu]] and [[Anindilyakwa people|Anindilyakwa]] woman.

=== Local government ===
With [[Bickerton Island]] and a few smaller satellite islands, Groote Eylandt forms Anindilyakwa Ward of [[East Arnhem Region]]. It contains the communities of [[Angurugu]], [[Alyangula, Northern Territory|Alyangula]], [[Umbakumba, Northern Territory|Umbakumba]], Yadagba District, Uburamudja District and Sandy Hill (Groote Eylandt) and Milyakburra District ([[Bickerton Island]]).<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/Committee/eet_ctte/estimates/bud_0607/dewr/w035_07.pdf APH.gov.au] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083909/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/Committee/eet_ctte/estimates/bud_0607/dewr/w035_07.pdf |date=2011-06-05 }}</ref>

Outside the local government, subdivision is the mining company [[GEMCO]] town of [[Alyangula, Northern Territory|Alyangula]], [[Unincorporated area|an unincorporated]] territory within the Northern Region of Northern Territory.

==Environment==
The whole of Groote Eylandt and its surrounding waters lie within the [[Anindilyakwa Indigenous Protected Area|Anindilyakwa]] [[Indigenous Protected Areas|Indigenous Protected Area]]. BirdLife International has classified an unnamed islet off the north-eastern coast as an [[Islet off NE Groote Eylandt Important Bird Area|important bird area]] because of its global importance as a [[roseate tern]] breeding site.<ref>BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Islet off NE Grooyte Eylandt. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2011-07-13.</ref>

Groote Eylandt has a variety of habitats: dense stands on monsoon forests rising behind coastal [[sand dune]]s, alternating with [[mangrove]] and [[mudflat]]s. Sandstone outcrops and [[laterite]] provide excellent niches for shellfish.{{sfn|Waddy|1986|p=149}}

=== Fauna ===
The island hosts 27 species of native mammal, making it the third most mammal diverse Australian island after [[Melville Island (Australia)|Melville Island]] and [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2003 |title=Biodiversity conservation on the Tiwi Islands, Northern Territory. Fauna |url=https://www.tiwilandcouncil.com/documents/Uploads/BiodiversityConservation_Tiwi2003_part2lr.pdf |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Tiwi Land Council}}</ref>

=== Fishing ===
Until recently, the island had been open to the public only with permission, and the local [[Aboriginal Land Council]] did not encourage tourism. There is now a resort-style hotel on the island, and visitors are welcome. The island is becoming renowned for its fine Aboriginal rock art sites, arts and crafts and outstanding sport-fishing, including [[sailfish]], [[marlin]], [[tuna]], [[Scomberomorus commerson|Spanish mackerel]], [[giant trevally]], [[queenfish]], and [[coral trout]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groote Eylandt Fish|url=http://www.grootefishing.com.au/our-fish/|access-date=2016-03-24|website=www.grootefishing.com.au|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163542/http://www.grootefishing.com.au/our-fish/}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Aboriginal boys and men in front of a bush shelter - NTL PH0731-0022.jpg|thumb|[[Anindilyakwa people|Warnindhilyagwa]] men and boys in a bush shelter on Groote Eylandt, 1933]]

=== Traditional owners ===
The [[traditional owners]] of Groote Eylandt, the [[Anindilyakwa people]], have 14 clan groups, which make up the two [[Moiety (kinship)|moieties]] on Groote Eylandt. The Anindilyakwa people have inhabited the island for thousands of years. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with the people in the community of [[Numbulwar]] and on [[Bickerton Island]].

In 1856, the Jurambunga tribe, a local aboriginal conglomerate would regularly pass the island.

=== Macassan traders ===
There had been regular [[Makassan contact with Australia|contact]] between local Aboriginal people and [[Macassan]] traders who would visit the area searching for [[Trepanging|trepang]] from around the early to mid-1700s. They introduced culinary delights such as tamarinds, chilli and beer. The trade continued until the Australian Government introduced the [[White Australia policy|White Australia Policy]] in 1906.

There is still evidence of the Macassans, such as the wild [[Tamarind|tamarind trees]], which the traders introduced to the area. Some Groote Eylandt settlements, such as Umbakumba, can trace their names back to [[Makassarese language|Macassan]] origin.<ref>Cooper, D. "Name change for school", ''Ayakwa'', June/July 2012, p. 19.</ref><ref name="Van Egmond 20122">Van Egmond, M-E. (2012). "Enindhilyakwa phonology, morphosyntax and genetic position." Doctoral thesis. University of Sydney. pp. 314–70.</ref>

=== Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) ===
The first recorded European sighting of Groote Eylandt was in 1623, by the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] ship [[Arnhem (ship)|''Arnhem'']], under Willem van Coolsteerdt. However, the relative prevalence of the hereditary [[Machado-Joseph Disease]] (MJD) in the Groote Eylandt community (a condition otherwise mainly found in the [[Azores]]) was previously suggested as evidence of early contact with Portuguese sailors. (Contact with Chinese traders has also been suggested as a cause.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/paralysis-island-slowly-the-disease-kills-them/news-story/eef6442708a22ab359715507cad94aea|title='Cruel, deadly disease' on idyllic Aussie island: 'Now we're seeing teens in wheelchairs'|newspaper=News.com.au|date=10 November 2016|last1=Palin|first1=Megan}}</ref>) Recent genetic studies showed that the Groote Eylandt families with MJD shared a haplogroup with some families from Taiwanese, Indian, and Japanese families.<ref name="martinsetal2014">{{cite journal |author1= Martins, Sandra |author2=Bing-Wen Soong |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Mutational Origin of Machado-Joseph Disease in the Australian Aboriginal Communities of Groote Eylandt and Yirrkala |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=746–751 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2011.2504 |pmid=22351852|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== European Colonisation ===

==== Church Mission Society ====
The first European settlement on the island was a Christian mission established by the [[Church Missionary Society]] at Emerald River in 1921. In 1943, after a cyclone swept through the mission, CMS decided to move the settlement south of the Angurugu River. The local Anindilyakwa people called the chosen location "Mungwardinamanja". However, as it was difficult for the European missionaries to pronounce, the local Anindilyakwa men guiding them chose the name of the Angurugu River mouth "Angurrkwa", which was later Anglicised to Angurugu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rademaker|first=Laura|title=Language and Australian Aboriginal History; Anindilyakwa and English on Groote Eylandt|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/63281/8/01_Rademaker_Language_and_Australian_2014.pdf|journal=Australian National University|pages=6}}</ref>

==== Umbakumba ====
Mr Fred H. Gray, a [[pearl]] and trepang trader, established the Umbakumba Native Settlement on an old Macassan trading post in 1938. The place-name itself ''Umbakumba'' comes from the Malay word ''ombak-ombak'', which means ‘lapping of waves’. He used the settlement as a base for [[trepanging]] and employed many of the Aboriginal locals during the 20s and 30s.

=== World War II ===
During [[World War II]], in 1943, the mission moved to [[Angurugu]], as the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) required the use of the mission's airstrip: the ruins of the RAAF base are still evident today. [[Qantas]] used the island as a [[flying boat]] base.

Following the [[Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976|Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976]], Groote Eylandt was converted to Aboriginal freehold title land. In 1979, control of the island was transferred to the local Aboriginal Town Council.

=== Manganese mining ===
[[File:Manganese_refinery_at_Groote_Eylandt.tif|thumb|Manganese refinery at Groote Eylandt, date unknown]]

==== Groote Eylandt Mining Company ====
The majority of Australia's [[manganese]] reserves are located on the western side of Groote Eylandt and the deposits there comprise oolitic and pisolitic sedimentary manganese and sit within the [[Cretaceous Carpentaria Basin]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Langkamp|first=Peter John|title=Studies on the rehabilitation of mined areas on Groote Eylandt (Northern Territory)|publisher=University of Melbourne|year=1978}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-03-26 |title=Manganese |url=https://resourcingtheterritory.nt.gov.au/minerals/mineral-commodities/manganese |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Resourcing the Territory |language=en}}</ref> Special mining leases were granted to the [[GEMCO|Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO)]] and it has been in operation since 25 July 1964 near the community of [[Angurugu]] and, as a part of its establishment, the town of [[Alyangula, Northern Territory|Alyangula]] was built as a residence for mine workers in the late 1960s.<ref name=":0" />  GEMCO it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of [[BHP]] but has become a part of [[South32]] since 18 May 2015.<ref>[https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150518/pdf/42ymhg22fspcls.pdf Admission to Official List] [[Australian Securities Exchange]] 18 May 2015</ref><ref name=":2" /> 

The mine produces more than {{convert|3.8|e6t|e9lb|abbr=off}} annually{{snd}}about a quarter of the world's total and, {{as of |2023|06|lc=y}}, it has produced more than {{convert|147|e6t|e9lb|abbr=off}} of manganese ore and concentrate.{{sfn|McCulloch|2016}}<ref name=":2" />

Concerns have been raised by many community members that this mining, and the resulting dust, posed a significant risk to their health and monitoring has been in place since 2017; South32 does not dispute these readings or provide its own monitoring data.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-14 |title=This Australian island is constantly covered in a fine layer of dust. Now locals want answers |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-15/groote-eylandt-manganese-mine-dust-fears/101969728 |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] advised that breathing even low levels of manganese can damage brain functions relating to dexterity and also damage respiratory and reproductive systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-06 |title=Concerning levels of heavy metals found in Indigenous people living beside world's biggest manganese-producing mine |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-07/manganese-mine-indigenous-community/100676998 |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> To investigate the possible impacts on humans studies are being undertaken at the [[University of Queensland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How is exposure to manganese on Groote Eylandt associated with motor control and cognitive function in school-aged children? - UQ Researchers |url=https://researchers.uq.edu.au/research-project/31736 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=researchers.uq.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How does naturally occurring manganese affect the physiology, genetics and health of organisms on Groote Eylandt - UQ Researchers |url=https://researchers.uq.edu.au/research-project/15145 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=researchers.uq.edu.au}}</ref>

Sylvia Tkac, an Anindilyakwa woman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikitongues {{!}} Sylvia Tkac |url=https://wikitongues.org/fellows/sylvia-tkac |access-date=2024-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> who used to work at the mine said of it:<ref name=":1" />

{{Blockquote|text=We are worried about the future of our children, so we'd like them to do more testing and we'd like to know what positive programs they can put in place to stop this dust.|author=Sylvia Tkac|title=as quoted in ABC News article in 2023}}

Studies have also taken place looking at the impacts on the ecosystem; this includes specific studies looking at the impact of [[Northern quoll|northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus)]] living in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amir Abdul Nasir |first=Ami Fadhillah |last2=Cameron |first2=Skye F. |last3=von Hippel |first3=Frank A. |last4=Postlethwait |first4=John |last5=Niehaus |first5=Amanda C. |last6=Blomberg |first6=Simon |last7=Wilson |first7=Robbie S. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Manganese accumulates in the brain of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) living near an active mine |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117304025 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=233 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.088 |issn=0269-7491}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amir Abdul Nasir |first=Ami F. |last2=Niehaus |first2=Amanda C. |last3=Cameron |first3=Skye F. |last4=Ujvari |first4=Beata |last5=Madsen |first5=Thomas |last6=von Hippel |first6=Frank A. |last7=Gao |first7=Sisi |last8=Dillon |first8=Danielle M. |last9=Buck |first9=C. Loren |last10=Charters |first10=Jordan |last11=Heiniger |first11=Jaime |last12=Blomberg |first12=Simone |last13=Wilson |first13=Robbie S. |date=January 2024 |title=Manganese Exacerbates Seasonal Health Declines in a Suicidally Breeding Mammal |url=https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5753 |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=74–86 |doi=10.1002/etc.5753 |issn=0730-7268|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amir Abdul Nasir |first=Ami Fadhillah |last2=Cameron |first2=Skye F. |last3=Niehaus |first3=Amanda C. |last4=Clemente |first4=Christofer J. |last5=von Hippel |first5=Frank A. |last6=Wilson |first6=Robbie S. |date=2018-10-01 |title=Manganese contamination affects the motor performance of wild northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117345839 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=241 |pages=55–62 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.087 |issn=0269-7491}}</ref>

Mining rights are renewed every 21 years, with operations expected to continue until at least 2027.{{sfn|McCulloch|2016}}

In March 2024 a carrier of the manganese ore, MV Anikitos, caused significant damage to the mines port during [[Cyclone Megan]]; this did not lead to a fuel leak but did, temporarily, halt production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=Bulk carrier smashes into remote port during cyclone |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-19/bulk-carrier-crashes-into-south32-manganese-wharf-groote-eylandt/103604700 |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==== Winchelsea Mining ====
In 2019 Wichelsea Mining was granted an exploration license covering part of Winchelsea Island (Akwamburrkba), which is off the northwestern coast of Groote Eylandt. This company is a joint venture between the Anindilyakwa Advancement Aboriginal Corporation (AAAC) and AUS China International Mining and, in December 2020, they applied for a stage open cut mine plan and in 2024 they completed works on accommodation at the site.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winchelsea Mining |url=https://wmining.com.au/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Winchelsea Mining |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2024-04-23 |title=Winchelsea Island Manganese Mine Project |url=https://ntepa.nt.gov.au/your-business/public-registers/environmental-impact-assessments-register/assessments-in-progress-register/winchelsea-island-manganese-mine-project |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=ntepa.nt.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>

This mine is part of a strategy to make the residents of Groote Eylandt economically independent and [[Anindilyakwa Land Council]] chair, Tony Wurramarrba, says of it:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=The Story of Winchelsea and Its People |url=https://wmining.com.au/the-story-of-winchelsea-and-its-people/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Winchelsea Mining |language=en-AU}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Nobody would have thought it possible for Traditional Owners to mine their own land in an environmentally, well-managed way. But that’s what we’re going to do. It will create the wealth for us to be able to stand on our own feet.|author=Tony Wurramarrba|title=The Story of Winchelsea and Its People|source=Winchelsea Mining}}

=== Present-day ===
On 20 May 2008, the federal government signed a deal with local Aboriginal people from Groote Eylandt to lease land to the government for 40 years. In return, the government will spend money in the community to improve housing, education, and health in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://database.atns.net.au/agreement_print.asp?EntityID=4617|title= Groote Eylandt Regional Partnership Agreement (RPA) (Stage 1)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project |publisher=University of Melbourne |access-date= 21 November 2023|quote=}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Kaye Aldenhoven]], a poet who lived and taught on the island.
* [[Tia Gostelow]] (1999-), singer-songwriter who moved to Groote Eylandt as a child.
* [[Nick Kenny (rugby league)|Nick Kenny]] (1982–), former [[Brisbane Broncos]] rugby league player who moved to Groote Eylandt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nick Kenny lands on Groote Eylandt |newspaper=Eylandt Echo |url=http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/bitstream/handle/10070/238719/EylandtEchoFeb15th.pdf |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=6 April 2015 |page=5 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412110728/http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/bitstream/handle/10070/238719/EylandtEchoFeb15th.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Donald Thomson]] (1901–1970), Australian anthropologist and biologist.
* [[Norman Tindale]] (1900–1993), Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist.
* [[David Warren (inventor)|David Warren]] (1925–2010), inventor of the [[flight data recorder]], born on Groote Eylandt.
* [[Emily Wurramara]], singer-songwriter, born on the island.

== See also ==
*[[Groote Eylandt Airport]]
*[[List of islands of Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite news |title=Little-known island of riches wants to become a tourist hotspot |last=McCulloch |first=Daniel |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/australian-holidays/littleknown-island-of-riches-wants-to-become-a-tourist-hotspot/news-story/ccb5535b2165220915883eaebd8e7f90 |date=21 June 2016}}
* {{Cite book |chapter=Classification of Food from a Groote Eylandt Aboriginal point of view |last=Waddy |first=Julie |year=1986 |title=Shared Wealth and Symbol: Food, Culture, and Society in Oceania and Southeast Asia |editor-last=Manderson |editor-first=Lenore |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=144–164 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDaA6Cc4jTQC&pg=PA149 |isbn=978-0-521-32354-3}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061205062557/http://alyangula.com/ Alyangula Area School]
*[http://www.alyangula.nt.edu.au/ Alyangula Area School]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050614073303/http://angurugu.nt.gov.au/home/home Angurugu Community Government Council site]
*[https://east-arnhem.squarespace.com/ East Arnhem Regional Council]
*[https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/?collection=eylandt%20echo Eylandt Echo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005634/https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/jspui/handle/10070/222485 |date=26 March 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104032931/http://www.gemco.com.au/ GEMCO – The Groote Eylandt mining company]
*[http://www.nt.gov.au/business/documents/general/Groote_Snapshot_2008.pdf GEMCO publication with map]
*[https://www.travel-news-photos-stories.com/2023/01/groote-eylandt-is-this-best-fishing-in.html Fishing on Groote Eylandt]
*[https://norther.com.au/groote-eylandt/groote-eylandt-weekend-visit/ Groote Eylandt]

{{Islands of the Northern Territory|state=collapsed}}
{{DutchplacenamesAus}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Groote Eylandt| ]]
[[Category:Islands of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal freehold title]]
[[Category:Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Unincorporated areas of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Arnhem Land tropical savanna]]
[[Category:IBRA subregions]]