Editing Gregorio Allegri

{{short description|Italian composer}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
[[File:Gregorio Allegri Romano01.jpg|thumb|right|Gregorio Allegri]]

'''Gregorio Allegri''' ({{circa|14 January 1582}}{{snd}}17 February 1652)<ref>[http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/allegri.php Gregorio Allegri] classical.net, 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.</ref><ref>Most contemporary sources give these dates; {{harvtxt|Chisholm|1911}} gives year of birth as "either in 1560 or 1585" and death as 18 February 1652.</ref> was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] priest and [[composer]] of the [[Roman School]] and brother of [[Domenico Allegri]]; he was also a singer. He was born<ref name=Chambers>"Allegri, Gregorio" in ''[[Chambers's Encyclopædia]]''. London: [[George Newnes Ltd|George Newnes]], 1961, Vol. 1, p. 271.</ref> and died in [[Rome]]. He is chiefly known for his ''[[Miserere (Allegri)|Miserere]]'' for two choirs.

==Life==
He studied music as a ''puer'' (boy chorister) at [[San Luigi dei Francesi]], under the ''[[maestro di cappella]]'' [[Giovanni Bernardino Nanino]], brother of [[Giovanni Maria Nanino]]. Being intended for the Church, he obtained a benefice in the cathedral of [[Fermo]]. Here he composed a large number of [[motet]]s and other sacred music, which, being brought to the notice of [[Pope Urban VIII]], obtained for him an appointment in the choir of the [[Sistine Chapel]] at Rome as a [[contralto]]. He held this from 6 December 1629 until his death. Allegri is said to have been a virtuous man, as well as good-natured and generous to the poor and to prisoners.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Allegri, Gregorio|volume=1|page=690}}</ref><ref>"In addition to his virtue, he had singularly good nature. He gave generous alms to the poor, who were always on his doorstep, as well as to prisoners, whom he visited daily, as I was assured by one of his pupils, a man worthy of belief, who is still alive." (''Era anco aggiunta alla sua virtù una singolar bontà di costumi. Tanto a i poveri, che aveva sempre alla sua porta di Casa, quanto a i carcerati, che quotidianamente visitava, faceva larghe limosine, come mi ha attestato un suo scolare ancor vivente Uomo degno d'ogni credito''), [[Andrea Adami da Bolsena|Andrea Adami]], ''Osservazioni per ben regolare il coro della cappella pontificia'', Antonio de' Rossi, Roma, 1711, pp. 199–200.</ref>

Among Allegri's musical compositions were two volumes of concerti for five voices published in 1618 and 1619; two volumes of motets for six voices published in 1621; an edition of a four-part [[sinfonia]]; five [[mass (music)|masses]]; two settings of the ''[[Lamentations of Jeremiah]]''; and numerous motets which were not published in his lifetime. He was one of the earliest composers for [[string instrument|stringed instruments]], and [[Athanasius Kircher]] has given one specimen of this class of his works in his ''[[Musurgia Universalis]]''.<ref name="EB1911"/> Most of Allegri's published music, especially the instrumental music, is in the progressive early Baroque [[concertato]] style. However, his work for the Sistine Chapel is descended from the [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]] style, and in some cases strips even this refined, simple style of almost all localised ornamentation. He is credited with the earliest [[string quartet]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hull |first1=A. Eaglefield |last2=Allegri |first2=Gregorio |date=1929 |title=The Earliest Known String-Quartet |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/738307 |journal=The Musical Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=72–XI |doi=10.1093/mq/XV.1.72 |jstor=738307 |issn=0027-4631}}</ref>

==The ''Miserere''==
{{Main|Miserere (Allegri)}}
{{Listen
| type        = music
| filename    = Allegri - Miserere Mei, Deus - Ensamble Escénico Vocal (audio).ogg
| title       = ''Miserere Mei, Deus''
| description = Performed by Ensamble Escénico Vocal at the [[Tlaxcala City Cathedral]], Mexico, November 2021
}}
By far the best-known and regarded piece of music composed by Allegri is the ''[[Miserere (Allegri)|Miserere mei, Deus]]'', a setting of Vulgate Psalm 50 (= [[Psalm 51]]). It is written for two [[choir]]s, the one of five and the other of four voices, and has obtained considerable celebrity. One of the choirs sings a simple ''[[fauxbourdon]]'' based on the original [[plainsong]] chant for the ''[[Tonus peregrinus]]''; the other choir sings a similar ''fauxbourdon'' with pre-existing elaborations and the use of cadenzas. The ''Miserere'' has for many years been sung annually during [[Holy Week]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]] in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. Many have cited this work as an example of the ''[[Prima pratica|stile antico]]'' (old style) or ''[[prima pratica]]'' (first practice). However, its emphasis on [[polychoral]] techniques certainly put it out of the range of ''prima pratica.'' A more accurate comparison would be to the works of [[Giovanni Gabrieli]].

The ''Miserere'' is one of the most often-recorded examples of late Renaissance music, although it was actually written during the chronological confines of the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] era; in this regard it is representative of the music of the Roman School of composers, who were stylistically conservative. The work acquired a considerable reputation for mystery and inaccessibility between the time of its composition and the era of modern recording; the Vatican, wanting to preserve its aura of mystery, forbade copies, threatening any publication or attempted copy with excommunication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Terez |date=2017-09-30 |title=The Day Mozart Stole Music From the Vatican |url=https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2017/09/allegri-miserere-mozart-vatican-terez-rose.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Imaginative Conservative |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton-Rex |first=Ed |date=2019-11-29 |title=The story of Allegri's Miserere |url=https://medium.com/world-of-music/the-story-of-allegris-miserere-b4d21656798 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Re / verb |language=en}}</ref> They were not prepared, however, for a special visit in 1770 from a 14-year-old named [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], who, on a trip to Rome with his father, heard it but twice and transcribed it faithfully from memory, thus creating the first known unauthorised copy. However, there is evidence that copies of the work that pre-date Mozart's visit to Rome in 1770 had already been circulating in Europe, and Mozart may have heard the piece performed in London in 1764 or 1765 as well.<ref>For new information on this episode, see Ilias Chrissochoidis, [https://www.academia.edu/249273/ "London Mozartiana: Wolfgang's disputed age & early performances of Allegri's ''Miserere''"], ''The Musical Times'', vol. 151, no. 1911 (Summer 2010), 83–89.</ref>

In 1771 Mozart's copy was procured and published in England by the famous traveller and music historian [[Charles Burney|Dr Charles Burney]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} However, Burney's edition does not show the ornamentation for which the work was famous.

The music as it is performed today includes a strange error by a copyist in the 1880s. The curious "trucker's gear change" from G minor to C minor is because the second half of the verse is the same as the first half, but transposed up a fourth. The original never had a Top C.<ref>ed. Rutter, J. European Sacred Music. OUP 1996</ref>

The entire music performed at Rome in [[Holy Week]], Allegri's ''Miserere'' included, has been issued at [[Leipzig]] by [[Breitkopf and Hartel|Breitkopf and Härtel]]. Interesting accounts of the impression produced by the performance at [[Rome]] may be found in the first volume of [[Felix Mendelssohn]]'s letters and in Miss Taylor's ''Letters from Italy''.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ancientgroove.co.uk/essays/allegri.html A Biography and detailed essay on his "Miserere mei"]
*[http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/allegri/miserere.html Article on Gregorio Allegri's ''Misere''] on [http://www.classical.net/music/welcome.html ClassicalNet]
*{{IMSLP|id=Allegri%2C_Gregorio}}
*{{ChoralWiki}}

{{Roman School}}
{{Renaissance music}}
{{Baroque music}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allegri, Gregorio}}
[[Category:Italian classical composers of church music]]
[[Category:Italian male classical composers]]
[[Category:Italian Baroque composers]]
[[Category:17th-century Italian composers]]
[[Category:17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Pupils of Giovanni Maria Nanino]]
[[Category:Roman school composers]]
[[Category:Italian Renaissance composers]]
[[Category:Composers from Rome]]
[[Category:1582 births]]
[[Category:1652 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Italian male musicians]]