Editing Green-Wood Cemetery

{{Short description|Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York}}
{{Redirect|Green-Wood|other uses|Greenwood (disambiguation)|and|Greenwood Cemetery (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Green-Wood Cemetery
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = Green-Wood Cemetery gate (53784p) cropped.jpg
| caption = The [[Gothic revival architecture|Gothic revival]] entrance to the cemetery at 25th Street, designed by [[Richard M. Upjohn]]
| location = 500 25th Street, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], U.S.
| district_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=260|frame-height=180|zoom=12|type=point|title=Green-Wood Cemetery
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|40|39|09|N|73|59|28|W|source:GNIS|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{cvt|478|acre|ha}}
| built = 1838<ref name="nhlsum" />
| architect = '''Cemetery:''' [[David Bates Douglass]]<br />'''Gates:''' [[Richard M. Upjohn]]<br />'''Chapel:''' [[Warren & Wetmore]]<br />'''Weir Greenhouse:''' G.&nbsp;Curtis&nbsp;Gillespie
| architecture =
| designated_nrhp_type = September 20, 2006<ref name="NRHP designation" />
| added = March 8, 1997<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| refnum = 97000228
| mpsub =
| designated_other2_name = New York City Landmark
| designated_other2_date = '''Gates:''' April 19, 1966<ref name="NYCL-0149" /><br />'''Weir Greenhouse:''' April 13, 1982<ref name="NYCL-1197" /><br />'''Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate & Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel:''' April 12, 2016{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=1}}
| designated_other2_abbr = NYCL
| designated_other2_link = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
| designated_other2_color = #FFE978
| designated_other2_number = 0149, 1197, 1233
}}

'''Green-Wood Cemetery''' is a {{Convert|478|acre||abbr=|adj=on}} cemetery in the western portion of [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/about-history/|title=About / History|publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery|language=en-US|access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> The cemetery is located between [[South Slope, Brooklyn|South Slope]]/[[Greenwood Heights, Brooklyn|Greenwood Heights]], [[Park Slope]], [[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn|Windsor Terrace]], [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]], and [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], and lies several blocks southwest of [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]]. Its boundaries include, among other streets, 20th Street to the northeast, Fifth Avenue to the northwest, 36th and 37th Streets to the southwest, [[Fort Hamilton Parkway]] to the south, and [[McDonald Avenue]] to the east.

Green-Wood Cemetery was founded in 1838 as a [[rural cemetery]], in a time of rapid [[urbanization]] when churchyards in New York City were becoming overcrowded. Described as "Brooklyn's first public park by default long before Prospect Park was created",<ref name="aia4">{{cite AIA4}} p. 687.</ref> Green-Wood Cemetery was so popular that it inspired a competition to design [[Central Park]] in [[Manhattan]], as well as Prospect Park nearby.

The cemetery was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1997 and was made a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 2006. In addition, the 25th Street gates, the [[Weir Greenhouse]], and the Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate & Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel were separately designated as city landmarks by the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] at various times.

== Design ==
[[File:2015 Hezekiah Pierrepont Memorial 1.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Upjohn]]'s memorial to [[Hezekiah Pierrepont]] and his family, built {{Circa|1840s}}, sits on one of the cemetery's few man-made hillocks]]
[[File:Green-Wood Cemetery map in 1899 - from, Double Page Plate No. 11 - NYPL1517521 (cropped).tiff|thumb|An 1899 map of the cemetery]]
Green-Wood's site is characterized by varied topography created by [[Moraine|glacial moraines]], particularly the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]]. [[Battle Hill (Brooklyn)|Battle Hill]], also known as Gowan's Heights, the highest point in [[Brooklyn]], is on cemetery grounds, rising approximately {{Convert|216|ft||abbr=}} above sea level.<ref name="Adams 1996 p. 349">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hudsonriverguide0000adam|url-access=registration|title=The Hudson River Guidebook|last=Adams|first=A.G.|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8232-1679-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/hudsonriverguide0000adam/page/349 349]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> It was the site of an important action during the [[Battle of Long Island]] on August 27, 1776.  A Revolutionary War monument by [[Frederick Ruckstull]], ''Altar to Liberty: Minerva'', was erected there in 1920. From this height, the bronze [[Minerva]] statue gazes towards the [[Statue of Liberty]] across New York Harbor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/nyregion/FYI-061786.html |title=F.y.i. |author=Daniel B. Schneider |date=May 24, 1998 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>

Green-Wood was less inspired by [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris, which at the time retained the primarily axial formality of [[Alexandre Théodore Brongniart]]'s original design,<ref>[[Special:FilePath/Brongniart – Plans du Palais de la Bourse de Paris et du cimetière Mont-Louis, V.jpg|Plan of Père Lachaise in 1824]]</ref> than by [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], where a cemetery in a naturalistic park-like landscape in the [[English landscape garden|English manner]] was first established.<ref name="encnyc">Moylan, Richard J. "Green-Wood Cemetery" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, pp. 557–558</ref> It has been called "Brooklyn's first public park by default long before Prospect Park was created."<ref name="aia4" /> The architecture critic [[Paul Goldberger]] was quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1977, saying, "it is the ambition of the New Yorker to live upon the Fifth Avenue, to take his airings in [[Central Park|the [Central] Park]], and to sleep with his fathers in Green-wood".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/17/archives/design-notebook-pastoral-greenwood-cemetery-is-a-lesson-in.html|title=Design Notebook|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=November 17, 1977|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 6, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Green-Wood Cemetery contains 600,000 graves and 7,000 trees spread out over {{convert|478|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/01/nyregion/ground-hallowed-cooperstown-green-wood-cemetery-home-200-baseball-pioneers.html|title=Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown; Green-Wood Cemetery, Home to 200 Baseball Pioneers|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=April 1, 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Adams 1996 p. 349" /> The landscape includes rolling hills and dales, several ponds, and an on-site chapel.<ref name="Reynolds p. 317">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=317}}</ref><ref name="nyt20180418" /> In 2017, it received 280,000 visitors.<ref name="nyt20180418">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/18/nyregion/sims-sculpture-green-wood-cemetery.html|title=Statue of Doctor Who Did Slave Experiments Is Exiled. Its Ideas Are Not.|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=April 18, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Though at one point there were numerous gravediggers at Green-Wood, {{As of|2006||df=|alt=as of 2006}} there were just a few gravediggers due to a decrease in the number of burials, as well as the limited amount of space for new burials. Because of this shortage of space, several family members may be buried atop each other in some plots.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/30/nyregion/the-ones-who-prepare-the-ground-for-the-last-farewell.html|title=The Ones Who Prepare the Ground for the Last Farewell|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=January 30, 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Several wooden shelters were also built, including one in a Gothic Revival style, one resembling an Italian villa, and another resembling a [[Swiss chalet style|Swiss chalet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.green-wood.com/pdf/pierrepont48to51.pdf |title=Pierrepont Family Memorial |quote=Henry Evelyn Pierrepont was known as the "first citizen" of Brooklyn for good reason. He, along with his father [[Hezekiah Pierrepont|Hezekiah B.]] and mother Anna Maria before him, played a significant role in the planning of Brooklyn as a physical city, its crucial ferry services to New York, and the establishment of Green-Wood Cemetery itself. |access-date=September 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021175929/http://www.green-wood.com/pdf/pierrepont48to51.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds p. 318">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=318}}</ref> These shelters, designed by [[Richard Upjohn]], had largely deteriorated by the late 20th century except for a ladies' shelter.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /> In 2008, Green-Wood started to acquire a collection of art pertaining to those buried in the cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/07greenwood.html|title=Green-Wood Cemetery Builds a Collection|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=December 6, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Landscaping and circulation ===
Green-Wood Cemetery contains numerous landscape features, which in turn are named after terms that evoke a naturalistic scene. These names include Camellia Path, Halcyon Lake, Oaken Bluff, Sylvan Cliff, and Vista Hill.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=2}} [[David Bates Douglass]], Green-Wood's landscape architect, mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=12}} Much of Douglass's plan is still in place with its original plantings and curving-road systems. The original street names and original cast-iron perimeter fence have been retained, but many of the roads have been paved.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=2}}

The cemetery has been expanded several times.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}}<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /> Most of these regions have been landscaped to resemble the original plot, except the area near Fort Hamilton Avenue to the north, which is flatter because it was acquired last.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=2}}

=== Monuments ===
There are several notable monuments and mausoleums in the cemetery, designed in several styles including the [[Classical architecture|Classical]], [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|Egyptian]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]].<ref name="Reynolds pp. 317-318">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|pp=317–318}}</ref>{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=3}} Some of monuments and mausoleums were designed by popular architects of the time, including [[Minard Lafever]], Richard Upjohn, and [[Warren and Wetmore]].<ref name="Reynolds pp. 317-318" /> In addition, many tombs contain ornate sculptural decoration. The National Register of Historic Places designation subdivides these monuments into four primary categories: those honoring events or professions; those with architectural significance; those whose graves contain people of historical significance; and "monuments of sculptural interest".{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=3}}

Among the first monuments was a statue of [[DeWitt Clinton]], built in 1853.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=32}}<ref name="green-wood_dewitt-clinton" />  There is also a memorial erected by James Brown, president of both [[Brown Bros. & Co.|Brown Brothers bank]] and the [[Collins Line]], to the six members of his family lost in the {{SS|Arctic}} disaster of 1854. This incorporates a sculpture of the ship, half-submerged by the waves, as well as a Civil War Memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/2010/brown-family-steamer-arctic-sinking-1854/|title=Brown Family, Steamer Arctic Sinking (1854)|date=November 26, 2010 |publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>  During the [[American Civil War]], Green-Wood Cemetery created the "Soldiers' Lot" for free veterans' burials; this lot included less than {{Convert|1|acre|ha|abbr=}} of land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/28/nyregion/28civil.html|title=Rows of New Markers, And Untold Sacrifice by Civil War Soldiers|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=May 28, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1868–1876, after the war ended, the {{Convert|35|ft|m|-tall|abbr=|adj=mid}} Civil War Soldiers' Monument was erected at the highest point in Green-Wood.<ref name="nyt20020822" /><ref name="nyt18760529">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1876/05/29/archives/the-soldiers-monument-the-dedication-and-decoration-of-the-monument.html|title=The Soldiers' Monument; The Dedication and Decoration of the Monument in Green-Wood Cemetery.|date=May 29, 1876|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Other monuments of note include the [[Pilots' Monument]] and the Sea Captain's Monument, each dedicated to a notable person in these respective professions.<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" /> [[J. Marion Sims (von Miller)|''J. Marion Sims'']], a monument of gynecologist [[J. Marion Sims]] by [[Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller]], is also installed in Green-Wood;<ref name=nyt-2018-04-18>{{Cite news|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=April 18, 2018|title=Statue of Doctor Who Did Slave Experiments Is Exiled. Its Ideas Are Not.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/18/nyregion/sims-sculpture-green-wood-cemetery.html|access-date=June 9, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the statue was formerly in [[Bryant Park]] and [[Central Park]] but was removed from the latter in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/16/nyregion/nyc-sims-statue-central-park-monument.html|title=City Orders Sims Statue Removed From Central Park|last=Neuman|first=William|date=April 16, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 29, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some elaborate monuments honor notable figures, such as [[William Niblo]]'s Grand Gothic mausoleum, the [[Steinway & Sons]] family's Classical mausoleum, [[Abiel Abbot Low]]'s tomb, and the Lispenard family's Norman-style mausoleum. Numerous other monuments to notable figures exist but are extremely simple in design, such as the tombs of [[Samuel Morse]], [[William M. Tweed]], [[Lola Montez]], [[Henry Ward Beecher]], and [[Currier and Ives]]. On the other hand, several monuments commemorate less well-known figures, including a Gothic memorial for 17-year-old Charlotte Canda, and a [[High Victorian Gothic|High Victorian]] pier designed by William or Edward Potter for their relatives.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=3}}

=== Gates ===
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=horizontal
|total_width=450
|header=Main entrance gate at 25th Street
|image1=2015 Green-Wood Cemetery Gate from outside left detail.jpg
|caption1="Weep Not", one of John Moffitt's sculpted panels
|image2=Green-Wood Cemetery parrots (54862).webm
|caption2=A [[monk parakeet]] colony in the main gate
}}
The gates were designed by Richard Upjohn in [[Gothic Revival]] style. There are four gates in total.<ref name="green-wood_map">{{Cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/map-of-green-wood-cemetery/|title=Map of Green-Wood Cemetery|publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> Two are city landmarks: the main gate at 25th Street to the northwest, which is closest to [[South Slope, Brooklyn|South Slope]]/[[Greenwood Heights, Brooklyn|Greenwood Heights]], and Fort Hamilton Parkway to the south, which is in [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]].<ref name="encnyc" /><ref name="green-wood_map" /> Two additional gates exist. One of these, at 20th Street and Ninth Avenue, provides access from the northeast and is in [[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn|Windsor Terrace]]. The other, at 34th Street and Fourth Avenue, provides access from the southwest and is located next to [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] and the [[36th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)|36th Street station]] of the [[New York City Subway]], serving the {{NYCS trains|Fourth center header}}.<ref name="green-wood_map" /> These gates were developed from the 1840s to the 1860s. A fifth gate at Ninth Avenue and 37th Street no longer exists.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=16}}{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}}

==== 25th Street gate ====
The main entrance to the cemetery, a double-gate located at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue near its northwestern corner, was built in 1861–65, though the entrance itself opened in 1862.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}} It is composed of [[Belleville, New Jersey]] brownstone. The sculptured groups on Nova Scotia limestone panels depicting biblical scenes of death and resurrection from the New Testament including [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus]], [[Young man from Nain|The Widow's Son]], and [[Resurrection of Jesus|Jesus' Resurrection]] over the gateways are the work of sculptor John M. Moffitt.<ref name="encnyc" /><ref name="NYCL-0149">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0149.pdf|title=Green-Wood Cemetery Gates|date=April 19, 1966|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> In between the two gateways is a clock tower in the [[Flamboyant]] style.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /><ref name="NYCL-0149" /> The tower measures {{convert|106|ft}} tall.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /> A cemetery office is to one side of the gate, while the chapel and reception room are on the opposite side.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /><ref name="NYCL-0149" /> A descendant colony of [[monk parakeet]]s that are believed to have escaped their containers while in transit now nests in the spires of the gate, as well as other areas in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web |title=BrooklynParrots.com: A Web Site About the Wild Parrots of Brooklyn |url=http://www.brooklynparrots.com/2006/03/greenwood-cemetery-parrots.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909103704/http://www.brooklynparrots.com/2006/03/greenwood-cemetery-parrots.html |archive-date=September 9, 2007 |access-date=September 23, 2007 |quote=The beautiful Civil War-era gate to Greenwood Cemetery is spectacular in its own right; add vociferous parrots and you've got one of the most sublime, most surreal locales on the planet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pesquarelli |first=Adrianne |title=Gotham Gigs; Birdman |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-163984399.html |access-date=September 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Crain's New York Business]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The article presents information concerning the year-round tours led by Steve Baldwin in Brooklyn, New York to the nests of parrots. Baldwin volunteers to lead walking tours to the nests of an extended family of wild Quaker parrots that escaped from a shipping crate at JFK International Airport in the late 1960s.</ref>

[[The New York Community Trust]] placed a Designated Landmarks of New York plaque on the gate in 1958, and the gate was designated an official [[New York City landmark]] in 1966.<ref name="nycland" />

==== Fort Hamilton gate ====
[[File:Fort Hamilton Gatehouse, Greenwood Cemetery.jpg|left|thumb|The visitor building at the cemetery's Fort Hamilton entrance]]
The Fort Hamilton gate is located at Fort Hamilton Parkway and Macieli Place. Similar to the 25th Street gate, it is made of a double gateway made of [[brownstone]]. It is also flanked by two structures, a visitor's lounge and the gatekeeper's residence.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/2014/we-have-a-winner/|title=We Have A Winner!|date=March 24, 2014|website=Green-Wood|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> The gate was built in 1876 and completed the next year;{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=9}} it was designated as an official New York City landmark in 2016.<ref name="BKLYNER 2016">{{cite web | title=Landmark Status Official For Portions Of Green-Wood Cemetery | website=BKLYNER | date=April 13, 2016 | url=https://bklyner.com/landmark-status-official-portions-green-wood-cemetery-sunset-park/ | access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>

To the east of the entrance is the visitor's lounge, a brownstone building. It is a {{Frac|1|1|2}}-story structure with an entrance located inside a center [[Bay (architecture)|bay]] on the west side of the building. The visitor's lounge contains two side bays, each with a [[porch]], as well as restrooms for men and women. The [[hip roof]] is made of [[Slate|gray slate]] with metal ornamentation along the ridge at the top. The roof slopes down toward the perimeter walls of the building, though each of the four sides of the roof is punctuated by [[dormer]]s with small windows. The corner porches feature stone banisters, and contain four yellow sandstone bas-reliefs sculpted by Moffitt.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|pp=3–4}}

The west side of the entrance, also a brownstone structure, contains the gatekeeper's residence, a {{Frac|3|1|2}}-story structure that is similar in design to the visitor's lounge. Only the center section is {{Frac|3|1|2}} stories, while the two pavilions to the west and east are {{Frac|2|1|2}} stories. The residence's main entrance is through the eastern pavilion, while there is another pavilion on the western facade. Both pavilions have hip roofs of gray slate, and the second floor contains dormers with windows that project from the hip roof. The central "tower" section contains entrances to both the north and south, as well as windows on the second, third, and attic floors that face north and south. The roof of the central tower contains a stone chimney.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|pp=4–5}}

=== Chapel ===
[[File:Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel (61921).jpg|thumb|A side view of the chapel at the cemetery]]
The Green-Wood Cemetery chapel is located near the 25th Street gate.<ref>[http://www.green-wood.com/2010/chapel-services-2/ "Chapel Services"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620223618/http://www.green-wood.com/2010/chapel-services-2/ |date=June 20, 2021 }} Green-Wood Cemetery website</ref> Built in 1911–1913 by [[Warren and Wetmore]],<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_s5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA445|title=Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey City: A Guide-Book For Travelers, With 16 Maps and 18 Plans, Comp. And|last1=Rider|first1=F.|last2=Cooper|first2=F.T.|last3=Hopkins|first3=M.A.|publisher=H. Holt|year=1916|page=445|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> the chapel is located on the site of one of Green-Wood's original ponds.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=24}} Though it is generally designed in the late Gothic style, its [[massing]] is in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] style.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=3}} It is made of [[limestone]], and consists of multiple towers, including a central octagonal tower and four octagonal [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s, one at each corner. The three-story chapel contains a ground level, [[clerestory]] level, and the second story in the central tower.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=6}} It was patterned after the [[Tom Tower]] at [[Christ Church, Oxford]].{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}}

Plans for the Green-Wood chapel date to shortly after the chapel's establishment, when a "Chapel Hill" was set aside within the cemetery. Though Richard Upjohn submitted plans for such a chapel in 1855, Green-Wood initially voted against such a chapel.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}}{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}}  A new location was selected near Arbor Water in the first decade of the 20th century, and plans were solicited from three firms in 1909. After Warren and Wetmore were selected, work started in 1911, and the chapel was officially opened in June 1913.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}} The chapel was made a city landmark in 2016.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2016">{{cite web|url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/04/12/green-wood-cemeterys-chapel-is-landmarked/|title=Green-Wood Cemetery's Chapel Is Landmarked|date=April 12, 2016|website=Brooklyn Eagle|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Founding and construction ===
[[File:Mausoleum at Green-Wood Cemetery (62094h).jpg|thumb|The cemetery's mausoleum]]
Following the founding of [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in Massachusetts in 1831, the leaders of [[New York City]] and the then-independent city of [[Brooklyn]] began discussing locations for a cemetery of their own. At the time, over 10,000 people were being buried per year in the two cities.<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924088998046|title=The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History, And Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N.Y. From 1683 to 1884|last1=Stiles|first1=H.R.|last2=Brockett|first2=L.P.|last3=Proctor|first3=L.B.|publisher=Munsell|year=1884|series=New York: county and regional histories and atlases|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924088998046/page/602 602]–607}}</ref> The cemetery was the idea of Henry Evelyn Pierrepont, a Brooklyn social leader.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=11}}<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" /> As early as 1832, Pierrepont was considering constructing such a cemetery on a hilly area to the east of [[Gowanus Canal|Gowanus Bay]].<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /><ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" /> Acts of incorporation for "The Greenwood Cemetery" were passed on April 18, 1838, entitling the corporation to a [[Financial capital|capital]] of $300,000 and the right to {{Convert|200|acre|ha|abbr=}} of land.<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /><ref name="Green-Wood Cemetery 1839">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45I3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3|title=Exposition of the Plan and Objects of the Green-Wood Cemetery: An Incorporated Trust, Chartered by the Legislature of the State of New York|last=Green-Wood Cemetery (New York, N.Y.)|publisher=Narine & Company|year=1839|page=3}}</ref> [[David Bates Douglass]], Green-Wood's landscape architect, started working on the layout in 1838. He opposed an early suggestion to call the cemetery a [[necropolis]], as he thought the landscaped site should also attract the living.<ref name="Reynolds p. 317" />

On April 11, 1839, a modification to that act was enacted, changing the corporation to a [[nonprofit organization]].<ref name="Green-Wood Cemetery 1839" /> Construction started in May 1839 and the first interment was performed on September 5, 1840.<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /><ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" />  At that point, the cemetery commissioners decided to enclose the site with a long [[picket fence]] (later replaced with a metal fence in 1860).{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}} Douglass mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact, working on the project until he resigned in 1841.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=12}} Douglass modeled his two subsequently designed garden cemeteries upon Green-Wood: [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] (1845–1846), located in [[Menands, New York]], and [[Mount Hermon Cemetery]] (1848), in [[Quebec City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-1390dou?view=text|title=Finding Aid for David Bates Douglass Papers, 1812–1873|last1=Cox|first1=Rob S.|last2=Heslip|first2=Philip|date=July 2017|series=M-1390, M-2294, M-2418, M-2668, M-5038, M-6083|publisher=Manuscripts Division, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan|language=en-US|type=1,191 items|others=David Bates Douglass|orig-year=1812|location=Ann Arbor|access-date=November 2, 2018|quote="Returning to engineering and consulting work, Douglass laid out the Albany Rural Cemetery in 1845–46 and the Protestant cemetery in Quebec in 1848, both in the style of Greenwood Cemetery. In August 1848, he moved to Geneva College (now Hobart)..."|last3=LaPlant|first3=Katie D.}}</ref> Initially some {{Convert|4.5|mi||abbr=}} of roads were paved inside Green-Wood to showcase its natural scenery.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}} The earliest map dating from 1846 indicates that there were originally three ponds in Green-Wood: Sylvan Water, Green-Isle Water, and Arbor Water, all on the western side of the modern cemetery.<ref name="sylvan-water">{{Cite Hidden Waters NYC|pages=230–231}}</ref>

There were initially very few burials per year; by 1843, there had been 352 burials total, though the number of burials doubled just in the next year. Throughout the 1840s, several churches were allocated plots in Green-Wood Cemetery. These included the
[[Reformed Church in America|Dutch Protestant Reformed]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]],  [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]], [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian]], and [[German Lutheran Church|German Lutheran]] churches of Brooklyn. By the 1850s, various fauna were being introduced to the cemetery.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}}

=== Expansion and growing popularity ===
==== 1840s to 1860s ====
As early as the 1840s, the cemetery had 30,000 visitors per season during the spring and fall; the visitors took horse-drawn carriages or ferries to the cemetery.<ref name="Reynolds p. 319">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=319}}</ref> To accommodate those who came to the cemetery, a ferry service to the cemetery was established in 1846.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}} The burial ground was expanded multiple times. Originally 175 acres were enclosed, stretching between 21st and 37th Streets from 5th to 9th Avenue.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}} The first additional acquisition in 1847 was for {{Convert|65|acre|ha|abbr=}} at the southwest corner of the cemetery, adjacent to the contemporary border of the city of Brooklyn. Another {{Convert|85|acre|ha|abbr=}} to the east was acquired in 1852 through the annexation of land in the then-separate village of [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]]. Finally, in 1858 another {{Convert|23|acre|ha|abbr=}} was acquired at the southeastern corner of the cemetery grounds. A plot at the southeast corner of the cemetery was purchased in 1863, allowing the commissioners to straighten out that border.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}}<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" />

This era was also associated with the construction of other structures. A [[receiving vault|receiving tomb]] was installed in 1853, and around the same time, the ponds were cleaned and landscaped.<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /> In addition, several gates to the cemetery were added. The main gate at 5th Avenue and 25th Street was built in 1861–65, followed by other entrances near the cemetery's service yard; at 9th Avenue and 20th Street; and at 9th Avenue and 37th Street (later removed).{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}} In addition, a gatekeeper's house was installed at the original southern entrance in 1848, the "Thirty Vaults" catacombs in 1854, and a well house in 1855. Furthermore, the paths were paved in the 1860s to allow for easier transport within the cemetery.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}} Several additional ponds were carved out through the 1870s, including Border Water, Dell Water, Crescent Water, Dale Water, and Meadow Water.<ref name="sylvan-water" />[[File:Governor DeWitt Clinton statue at Green-Wood Cemetery (side) (61924).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Governor DeWitt Clinton statue at Green-Wood Cemetery]]

At first, {{Convert|14|by|27|ft|abbr=|adj=on}} lots were being sold for $100 apiece, and it soon became a frequent place for burials, with 7,000 annual burials and 100,000 graves by the 1860s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/31/realestate/streetscapes-green-wood-cemetery-gatehouse-restoring-explosion-brownstone.html|title=Streetscapes/The Green-Wood Cemetery Gatehouse;Restoring An Explosion of Brownstone Gingerbread|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=December 31, 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Green-Wood became more popular after former governor [[DeWitt Clinton]] was disinterred from a cemetery in [[Albany, New York|Albany]], the New York state capital, and moved to Green-Wood, where a monument to him was erected in 1853.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=32}}<ref name="green-wood_dewitt-clinton">{{Cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/2014/new-yorks-illustrated-news-featuring-dewitt-clinton-momuent-june-4-1853/|title=New York's Illustrated News Featuring Dewitt Clinton Monument|date=June 4, 1853|publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> By the early 1860s it was drawing annual crowds second in size only to [[Niagara Falls]].<ref name="nyt20180418" /> Numerous guides to the cemetery were published for these visitors, including an illustrated guidebook and a directory in the late 1840s, as well as a cemetery history and a handbook in the late 1860s.<ref name="Reynolds p. 319" />

==== 1870s to 1890s ====
[[File:Mount Greenwood, Brooklyn by George Bradford Brainerd 1996.164.2-1590 glass IMLS SL2.jpg|thumb|Mount Greenwood in [[Brooklyn]], a late 19th century portrait by [[George Bradford Brainerd]]]]
By the 1860s, Prospect Park was being constructed and public streetcar and elevated lines were established across [[Brooklyn]].{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}} In particular, the opening of the [[Fifth Avenue Line (Brooklyn elevated)|Fifth Avenue Elevated]] station at [[25th Street station (BMT Fifth Avenue Line)|25th Street]], near the main entrance, proved to be a benefit to lot owners in Green-Wood Cemetery.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=18}} As a result, in 1876, Green-Wood built the Fort Hamilton gate to accommodate the anticipated extra crowds. By the end of the 19th century, several florists, greenhouses, and monument sellers had opened shops near each of the gates.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}} One such structure was the [[Weir Greenhouse]], located across from the 25th Street entrance; that building is now both a [[National Register of Historic Places]] listing and a city landmark.<ref name="nris" /><ref name="NYCL-1197">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1197.pdf|title=Weir Greenhouse|date=April 13, 1982|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>

Improvements also continued throughout the late 19th century. In 1871, Border Water was partially eliminated to make extra burial space, and in 1874, the cemetery was slightly expanded to {{Convert|440|acre||abbr=}}. Also, an underground drainage system, extra roads, and a permanent stone fence were built through the late 1870s. The cemetery was enlarged again in 1884 to {{Convert|474|acre||abbr=}} via the acquisition of land on the northern border. To prevent the view being marred by the construction of tenements, Green-Wood also purchased lots on the southwest corner.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|pp=16–17}} By the 1890s, a reservoir was added atop Mt. Washington, the highest point in the cemetery, while two ponds had been removed.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=18}}<ref name="sylvan-water" /> At the turn of the century, an old engine house, stables, and several enclosures were being removed, while waiting rooms and restrooms were added at the southern entrance. During this period, thousands of trees were planted, and roads continued to be graded.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=18}}

Most famous New Yorkers who died during the second half of the 19th century were buried at Green-Wood.<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /> Starting in 1862, free interments were offered to the families of New York soldiers who died in war.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}} In 1868, work started on the installation of the Civil War Soldiers' Monument at the highest point in Green-Wood to commemorate hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers who fought in the war.<ref name="nyt20020822">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/22/nyregion/standing-tall-once-again-this-time-real-bronze-brooklyn-cemetery-civil-war.html|title=Standing Tall Once Again, This Time In Real Bronze; At Brooklyn Cemetery, A Civil War Monument Gets a Makeover|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=August 22, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The monument was not dedicated until 1876.<ref name="nyt18760529" /> On December 5, 1876, the [[Brooklyn Theater Fire]] claimed the lives of at least 278 individuals, with some accounts reporting over 300 dead. Out of that total, 103 unidentified victims were interred in a common grave at Green-Wood Cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1876/12/10/archives/the-brooklyn-disaster-one-hundred-victims-buried-an-imposing.html|title=The Brooklyn Disaster.; One Hundred Victims Buried. An Imposing Funeral Procession One Hundred Bodies Interred in One Grave at Green-Wood Cemetery the Remainder of Murdoch's Body Recovered the Walls of the Burned Theatre in Danger of Being Blown Down the Memorial Services to-Day.|date=December 10, 1876|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/2018/putting-a-face-on-a-tragedy/|title=Putting a Face on a Tragedy|date=May 7, 2018|website=Green-Wood|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> An obelisk near the main entrance marks the burial site.<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" />

=== 20th century ===
Green-Wood has remained non-sectarian, but was generally considered a Christian burial place for [[white Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]s of good repute. One early regulation was that no one executed for a crime, or even dying in jail, could be buried there. However, the family of infamous political leader [[William M. Tweed|"Boss" Tweed]] managed to circumvent this rule even though he died in the [[Ludlow Street Jail]].<ref>[http://irishamerica.com/2013/01/the-irish-of-green-wood-cemetery/ The Irish of Green-Wood Cemetery], Michael Burke, ''[[Irish America magazine]]''</ref> The cemetery's chapel was completed in 1913 by Warren and Wetmore, on the site of Arbor Water.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}} By 1916, the cemetery had 325,000 burials.<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" />

Modifications to Green-Wood's landscape continued through the 20th century. In 1915, the entrance at 20th Street was realigned to connect with 9th Avenue/Prospect Park West (the entrance there being completed in 1926), and another pond was drained. The landscape was in decline by the late 1910s, but this was followed shortly after by dead-tree removals in the 1920s and a five-year road repaving project began in 1924.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=19}} Road reconstructions continued through the mid-1930s and demolition of enclosures continued. Notably, the clock tower at the 34th Street entrance was demolished in 1941, and iron fences were removed during [[World War II]] for the war effort. The old main entrance was demolished in 1951, and four years later, the first new [[crematorium]] in New York City in a half-century was built at Green-Wood, with a [[columbarium]]. By the end of the 1950s, another reservoir had been filled for new lots.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=20}}

More than 1,000 enclosures were removed from 1950 to 1961, the same year that work on a new crematorium began. The columbarium was expanded from 1975 to 1977. However, through the 1970s, vandalism was common at Green-Wood Cemetery. The cemetery was also affected by [[Strike action|labor strikes]] among the gravediggers in 1966, 1973, and 1982. The cemetery also continued to add new structures: the Garden Mausoleum and Community Mausoleum were finished in the late 1980s, and the Hillside Mausoleum was expanded. In addition, in 1994, the north gate was restored and new offices were built.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=21}} This was followed by the restoration of the chapel in the late 1990s, and it reopened in 2000 after having been closed for four decades.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=22}}

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Green-Wood Cemetery Tranquility Garden koi pond.jpg|thumb|Koi pond in the cemetery]]
In 1999, The Green-Wood Historic Fund, a [[501(c)(3)]] not-for-profit institution, was created to continue preservation, [[beautification]], educational programs and [[community outreach]] as the current "working [[cemetery]]" evolves into a [[Brooklyn]] [[cultural institution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/11-3450678|title=Green-Wood Historic Fund Inc |website=www.guidestar.org|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> The Historic Fund's Civil War Project, an effort to identify and remember Civil War veterans buried at Green-Wood, was created following the rededication ceremony of the Civil War Soldiers' Monument. These early graves had either sunk into the soil, been damaged, or had their markers erased before the monument was restored between 2000 and 2002.<ref name="nyt20020822" /> Further, construction of the last phase of the Hillside Mausoleum began in 2001, and the same year 50 victims of the [[September 11 attacks]] were buried there.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=22}} By 2009, there was little space for new interments at Green-Wood Cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Michael|date=July 17, 2009|title=Where the Bodies Aren't Buried|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/nyregion/19graves.html|access-date=August 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In December 2010, a memorial was unveiled for the 134 victims of the [[1960 New York mid-air collision]]; the cemetery contains the common grave in which were placed the remains of unidentified victims .<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2010 |title=New York – New Monument Marks 1960 Brooklyn Air Crash |url=https://vosizneias.com/2010/12/16/new-york-new-monument-to-mark-1960-brooklyn-air-crash/ |access-date=October 3, 2020 |website=Vos Iz Neias |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Jen |date=December 16, 2010 |title=Memorial Is Unveiled For 1960s Park Slope Plane Crash |url=http://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/memorial-is-unveiled-for-1960s-park-slope-plane-crash |access-date=October 3, 2020 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref>

On October 13, 2012, another ''Angel of Music'' was installed to replace the one vandalized in 1959, this one made by sculptors Giancarlo Biagi and Jill Burkee, was unveiled to memorialize [[Louis Moreau Gottschalk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/03/a-brooklyn-mystery-solved-vandals-did-it-in-1959/ |title=A Brooklyn Mystery Solved: Vandals Did It, In 1959 |first=James |last=Barron |work=City Room; The New York Times |date=May 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.green-wood.com/2012/welcome-angel-of-music/ |date=October 15, 2012 |title=Welcome, "Angel of Music" |publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery}}</ref> Two weeks later, [[Hurricane Sandy]] toppled or damaged at least 292 of the mature trees, 210 gravestones, and 2 mausoleums in the cemetery. The damage was estimated at $500,000.<ref>{{cite news |author=David W. Dunlap |author-link=David W. Dunlap |title=Many Cemeteries Damaged, But Green-Wood Bore the Brunt of the Storm |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/many-cemeteries-damaged-but-green-wood-bore-the-brunt-of-the-storm/?src=recg |quote=High winds destroyed or badly damaged at least 292 of the mature trees ... He estimated the clean-up would cost at least $500,000.... |work=City Room; The New York Times |date=November 25, 2012 |access-date=November 26, 2012}}</ref> In December 2012 the statue ''[[Civic Virtue|The Triumph of Civic Virtue]]'' by [[Frederick MacMonnies]] was moved to Green-Wood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/civic-virtue-momumental-move-b-klyn-article-1.1221644 |title=Triumph of Civic Virtue Is Moved to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn |last=Colangelo |first=Lisa |date=December 16, 2012 |website=New York Daily News|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref> In August 2013, in partnership with the Connecticut [[Society of the Cincinnati]], signage in the Battle Hill area of the cemetery was updated to reflect new research on Battle Hill's importance in the Battle of Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.green-wood.com/2013/commemorating-the-battle-of-brooklyn/ |title=Commemorating the Battle of Brooklyn |last=Richman |first=Jeff |date=August 27, 2013 |publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery |access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>

== Notable burials ==
{{Main|List of burials at Green-Wood Cemetery}}
Green-Wood Cemetery's interments include a considerable number of notable people, including painter [[George Catlin]], designer [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]], painter [[Asher B. Durand]], printmakers [[Nathaniel Currier]] and [[James Ives]], and architects [[James Renwick Jr.]] and Richard Upjohn are among the artists interred in the cemetery. In addition, public leaders [[William M. Tweed]], [[Henry Ward Beecher]], [[Horace Greeley]], [[William Oland Bourne]], and [[DeWitt Clinton]]; businessmen [[Edward R. Squibb]], [[William Colgate]], [[Frederick August Otto Schwarz]], and [[Charles Pfizer]];<ref name="Reynolds pp. 318-319">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|pp=318–319}}</ref> and railroad promoter [[Thomas C. Durant]] are buried in the cemetery.<ref name="Ames">{{cite book |last=Ames |first=Charles E. |title=Pioneering the Union Pacific |year=1969 |publisher=Appleton-Century Crofts |location=New York |page=25}}</ref> Among the burials at the cemetery are six British Commonwealth service personnel whose graves are registered by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]], three from World War I and three from World War II. There are other notable burials like the economist [[Henry George]]; [[Charles Ebbets]]; artist [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]], conductor [[Leonard Bernstein]];<ref name=cwgc/> rapper [[Pop Smoke|Bashar Barakah "Pop Smoke" Jackson]];<ref>{{cite web | last=Dillon | first=Nancy | title=Pop Smoke to be laid to rest in Brooklyn as suspects in his murder 'still at large' | website=New York Daily News | date=March 2, 2020 | url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-rapper-pop-smoke-laid-to-rest-in-brooklyn-20200302-pzc7mchu5ng43g4wrgcpc7s7am-story.html | access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref> physician [[J. Marion Sims]];<ref name=nyt-2018-04-18/> poets [[Phoebe Cary]] and [[Alice Cary]]; and actor [[Frank Morgan]].<ref name=cwgc>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2073135/NEW%20YORK%20CITY%20BROOKLYN%20GREENWOOD%20CEMETERY CWGC Cemetery Report]. Breakdown obtained from casualty record.</ref>

== Landmark designations ==
The gates of the cemetery were designated a [[New York City landmark]] in 1966,<ref name="NYCL-0149" /><ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland}}, p. 250</ref> and the [[Weir Greenhouse]], used as a visitor's center, was designated as such in 1982.<ref name="NYCL-1197" /> The cemetery was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1997<ref name="NRHP designation">{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=-730429415&ResourceType=District |title=Green-Wood Cemetery |date=September 14, 2007 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |quote=Green-Wood Cemetery, established in 1838, was the largest and most varied of the early American rural cemeteries. Its scale, diverse topography, and intended civic prominence made it the prototype for how a cemetery with Picturesque landscaping could be created in contrast to the rapidly expanding cities of the 19th century. Inspired by Alexander Jackson Downing, the most nationally prominent landscape designer and author in antebellum America, David Bates Douglass conceived the overall plan for the Picturesque landscape, executed with complementary Gothic Revival buildings by Richard Upjohn and his son Richard Michell Upjohn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224184223/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=-730429415&ResourceType=District |archive-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref> and was granted [[National Historic Landmark]] status in 2006 by the [[U.S. Department of the Interior]].<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=-730429415&ResourceType=District |title=Green-Wood Cemetery |date=September 14, 2007 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=National Park Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224184223/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=-730429415&ResourceType=District |archive-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/02/nyregion/02mbrfs-002.html|title=Brooklyn: Cemetery Is Designated a Landmark|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=October 2, 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate and the cemetery's chapel were designated as official New York City landmarks in 2016.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=1}}<ref name="BKLYNER 2016" /><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2016" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Monument of Miss Charlotte Canda, Battle Avenue, by E. & H.T. Anthony (Firm) 4 crop.jpg|Monument to Miss [[Charlotte Canda]], Battle Avenue by E. & H. T. Anthony
File:Green-Wood Cemetery by David Shankbone.jpg|Vista from the Hillside Mausoleum
File:Green-Wood Cemetery.jpg|Annual [[Battle of Long Island]] commemoration inside the main [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] Arch entrance in Green-Wood Cemetery
File:European Beech Tree and Mausoleums at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY - September 19, 2015.jpg|European beech tree and mausoleums
File:Largest Tulip Tree at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY - September 19, 2015.jpg|Largest tulip tree in the cemetery
File:Ginkgo Tree, Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY - September 19, 2015.jpg|Large ginkgo tree
File:Camperdown Elm Tree, Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY - September 19, 2015.jpg|Camperdown elm tree
File:Two Old Sassafras Trees, Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY - September 19, 2015.jpg|Two old sassafras trees
File:Green-Wood Sylvan Water jeh.jpg|Sylvan Water, a decorative pond
File:View of Sylvan Water mausoleums at Green-Wood Cemetery.jpg|Sylvan Water and mausoleums
Green-Wood Cemetery (26635p).jpg|Yoshino cherry tree by a line of graves
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|New York City}}
* [[List of burial places of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
* [[List of cemeteries in New York]]
* [[List of cemeteries in the United States]]
* [[List of mausoleums]]
* [[List of New York City Landmarks]]
* [[List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York]]
* [[Rural Cemetery Act]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
* {{cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/97000228.pdf|title=Historic Structures Report: Green-Wood Cemetery|date=August 12, 1983|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|ref={{sfnref|National Park Service|1983}}}}
* {{cite web|last=Hurley|first=Marianne|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1233.pdf|title=Fort Hamilton Parkway Entrance; Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel|date=April 12, 2016|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrXvVlrWcwIC|title=Green-Wood Cemetery|last=Mosca|first=Alexandra Kathryn|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7385-5650-5|series=Images of America}}
* {{cite web|url=http://arbnet.org/sites/arbnet/files/Appendix-final.pdf|title=Green-Wood Landscape Master Plan: Appendix|author=Quennell Rothschild & Partners|author2=Paul Cowie & Associates|date=February 2007|publisher=The Interactive Community of Arboreta|ref={{sfnref|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Donald |title=The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols |publisher=J. Wiley |publication-place=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-471-01439-3 |oclc=45730295}}

'''Further reading'''
* {{cite book |first=Jehemiah |last=Cleveland |title=Green-Wood Cemetery: A History from 1838 to 1864 |publisher=Anderson and Archer |date=1866}}
* {{cite enc-nyc|pages=509–510}}
* {{cite book |first=Jeffrey I. |last=Richman |title=Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery: New York's Buried Treasure |date=1998}}
* {{cite book |first=Jeffrey I. |last=Richman |title=Final Camping Ground: Civil War Veterans at Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery, In Their Own Words |date=2007 |publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery |isbn=978-0-9663435-3-3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.green-wood.com}}
* {{GNIS|type=retired|970181|Green - Wood Cemetery}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery}}
* [http://www.interment.net/data/us/ny/kings/greenwood/greenwood.htm Green-Wood Cemetery] at [[Interment.net]]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/lostinbrooklyn/collections/72157606525928723/ Seasonal and special event pictures of Green-Wood]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/nyregion/19graves.html?pagewanted=all Seeking Room for New Graves at Green-Wood], ''The New York Times''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTiTpr7ftb0 Video tour of the catacombs and crypts of Green-Wood Cemetery]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1Gsj4l4IGjqJdRZ-rXRG4pzyYRYB5aeI&ll=40.654791758096%2C-73.98281638721191&z=13 Map of many of the graves]

{{New York City Historic Sites|state=collapsed}}
{{National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1838 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Borough Park, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 1830s]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City]]
[[Category:Flatbush, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in New York City]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Park Slope]]
[[Category:Rural cemeteries]]
[[Category:Sunset Park, Brooklyn]]