Editing Gray's Anatomy

{{Short description|Textbook on human anatomy}}
{{About|the textbook|the television series|Grey's Anatomy{{!}}''Grey's Anatomy''|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name          = Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body
| title_orig    = Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical
| image         = Gray's Anatomy 20th edition (1918)- Title page.png
| caption       = Title page of American 20th edition (1918)
| author        = [[Henry Gray]]
| illustrator   = [[Henry Vandyke Carter]]
| country       = England
| language      = English
| subject       = [[human body|Human anatomy]]
| pub_date      = 1858
| publisher     = [[John William Parker]]
}}
[[File:Gray219.png|thumb|upright|An illustration from the American 1918 edition]]

'''''Gray's Anatomy''''' is a reference book of [[human anatomy]] written by [[Henry Gray]], illustrated by [[Henry Vandyke Carter]] and first published in London in 1858. It has had multiple revised editions, and the current edition, the 42nd (October 2020), remains a standard reference, often considered "the doctors' [[bible]]".<ref name="Elsevier" />

Earlier editions were called '''''Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical''''', '''''Anatomy of the Human Body''''' and '''''Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied''''', but the book's name is commonly shortened to, and later editions are titled, ''Gray's Anatomy''. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject.

== Publication history ==
[[File:Henry Gray bw photo portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Gray]]]]

=== Origins ===
The [[English people|English]] anatomist [[Henry Gray]] was born in 1827. He studied the development of the [[endocrine gland]]s and [[spleen]] and in 1853 was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at [[St George's Hospital Medical School]] in [[London]]. In 1855, he approached his colleague [[Henry Vandyke Carter]] with his idea to produce an inexpensive and accessible anatomy textbook for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from workhouse and hospital [[mortuary|mortuaries]] through the [[Anatomy Act 1832]], the two worked for 18 months on what would form the basis of the book. Their work was first published in 1858 by [[John William Parker]] in London.<ref name=Gray1858>{{citation |year=1858 |author1=Gray, Henry |author2=Carter, Henry Vandyke |title=Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical |url=https://archive.org/stream/anatomydescript09graygoog#page/n7/mode/2up |place=London |publisher=John W. Parker and Son |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>
It was dedicated by Gray to [[Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet]].

An imprint of this English first edition was published in the United States in 1859, with slight alterations.<ref name=Richardson2005>{{citation |year=2005 |author=Richardson, Ruth |chapter=A Historical Introduction to ''Gray's Anatomy'' |chapter-url= http://www.graysanatomyonline.com/content/0443066760/suppfiles/HistoricalIntro.pdf |title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice |edition=39th (electronic version) |editor=Susan Standring |page=4 |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingston |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=USedition1859>{{citation |year=1859 |author1=Gray, Henry |author2=Carter, H.V. |url=http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/06220300R |title=Anatomy, descriptive and surgical |place=Philadelphia |publisher=Blanchard and Lea |access-date=16 October 2011 }}(Per [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]] holdings). This is not the 'American' edition. American rights had yet to be purchased. It is an American publication of the English edition.</ref>

Gray prepared a second, revised edition, which was published in the United Kingdom in 1860, also by J.W. Parker.<ref name="Moore2008">{{citation|author=Moore, Wendy|title=Gray's Anatomy celebrates 150th anniversary|date=30 March 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1583282/Grays-Anatomy-celebrates-150th-anniversary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1583282/Grays-Anatomy-celebrates-150th-anniversary.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|access-date=16 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BriefHistoryGrays">{{citation|title=A brief history of ''Gray's Anatomy''|url=http://www.coursewareobjects.com/marketing/standringtimeline.pdf|publisher=ElsevierHealth|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> However, Gray died the following year, at the age of&nbsp;34, having contracted [[smallpox]]<ref name=Moore2008/> while treating his nephew (who survived). His death had come just three years after the initial publication of his ''Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical''.

Even so, the work on his much-praised book was continued by others.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Poynter, F. N. L.|date=6 September 1958|title=Gray's Anatomy: The First Hundred Years|url=http://www.academia.dk/BiologiskAntropologi/Osteologi/GraysAnatomy/PDF/brmedj03067-0058.pdf|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2 |issue=5096 |pages=610–11|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5096.610 |pmid=13572853 |pmc=2026353 }}</ref>

[[Longman]]'s publication reportedly began in 1863, after their acquisition of the J.W. Parker publishing business.<ref name="LongmanPublication">{{citation |url=http://www-stage.pearsoned.com/about/history.htm#1800 |title=Longman's 1863 publication of ''Gray's Anatomy'' |work=Pearson Education: History |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309033200/http://www-stage.pearsoned.com/about/history.htm#1800 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This coincided with the publication date of the third British edition of ''Gray's Anatomy.''<ref name="GraysAnatomy35thBritish">{{citation| title=Gray's Anatomy | editor1-first=Roger | editor1-last=Warwick | editor2-first=Peter L. | editor2-last=Williams | edition=35th | publisher= Longman |location=London|year=1973}} p. iv (Previous Editions and Editors – listings)</ref> Successive British editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' continued to be published under the Longman, and more recently [[Churchill Livingstone]]/[[Elsevier]] imprints, reflecting further changes in ownership of the publishing companies over the years.

=== American editions ===
The full American rights were purchased by Blanchard and Lea, who published the first of twenty-five<ref group=lower-alpha>This count excludes the previously mentioned 1859 US publication of the English first edition.</ref> distinct American editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' in 1862, and whose company became [[Lea & Febiger]] in 1908. Lea & Febiger continued publishing the American editions until the company was sold in 1990.<ref>[http://www.tehistory.org/hqda/html/v37/v37n2p063.html#LEA Lea & Febiger] in Tredyffrin East Town Historical Society ''History Quarterly'' Digital Archives, pp. 68–70 (Source: April 1999, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 63–70)</ref>

The first American publication was edited by Richard James Dunglison, whose father [[Robley Dunglison]] was physician to [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091019104425/http://jeffline.jefferson.edu/AISR/Forum/03/09/articles/grays.html "Gray's Anatomy: The Jefferson Years"] in ''Jeffline Forum'', September 2003</ref> Dunglison edited the next four editions. These were: the ''Second American Edition'' (February 1862); the ''New Third American from the Fifth English Edition'' (May 1870); the ''New American from the Eighth English Edition'' (July 1878); and the ''New American from the Tenth English Edition'' (August 1883). [[William Williams Keen|W. W. Keen]] edited the next two editions, namely: the ''New American from the Eleventh English Edition'' (September 1887); and the ''New American from the Thirteenth English Edition'' (September 1893).

In September 1896, reference to the English edition was dropped and it was published as the ''Fourteenth Edition'', edited by Bern B. Gallaudet, F. J. Brockway, and J. P. McMurrich, who also edited the ''Fifteenth Edition'' (October 1901). There is also an edition dated 1896 which does still reference the English edition stating it is "A New Edition, Thoroughly Revised by American Authorities, from the thirteenth English Edition" and edited by [[Thomas Pickering Pick|T. Pickering Pick]], F.R.C.S. and published by Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia and New York.<ref>Gray, ''Henry Gray's Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical'', 13th edition, 1896</ref>

The ''Sixteenth Edition'' (October 1905) was edited by J. C. DaCosta, and the ''Seventeenth'' (September 1908) by DaCosta and [[Edward Anthony Spitzka|E. A. Spitzka]]. Spitzka edited the ''Eighteenth'' (Oct. 1910) and ''Nineteenth'' (July 1913) editions, and in October 1913, R. Howden edited the ''New American from the Eighteenth English Edition''. The "American" editions then continued with consecutive numbering from the Twentieth onwards, with [[Warren Harmon Lewis|W. H. Lewis]] editing the 20th (September. 1918), 21st (August 1924), 22nd (August 1930), 23rd (July 1936), and 24th (May 1942). Charles Mayo Goss edited the 25th (August 1948), 26th (July 1954), 27th (August 1959), 28th (August 1966), and 29th (January 1973). Carmine D. Clemente edited and extensively revised the 30th edition (October 1984).<ref name="GraysAnatomy30thAmerican">{{citation | title=Gray's Anatomy | editor=Carmine D. Clemente | edition=30th | publisher=Lea & Febiger | location=Philadelphia | year=1985 | isbn=0-8121-0644-X | url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1985gray }} pp. vi–ix</ref> With the sale of Lea & Febiger in 1990, the 30th edition was the last American Edition.

=== Discrepancies in numbering of American and British editions ===
Sometimes separate editing efforts with mismatches between British and American edition numbering led to the existence, for many years, of two main "flavours" or "branches" of ''Gray's Anatomy'': the U.S. and the British one. This can easily cause misunderstandings and confusion, especially when quoting from or trying to purchase a certain edition. For example, a comparison of publishing histories shows that the American numbering kept roughly apace with the British up until the 16th editions in 1905, with the American editions either acknowledging the English edition, or simply matching the numbering in the 14th, 15th and 16th editions. Then the American numbering crept ahead, with the 17th American edition published in 1908, while the 17th British edition was published in 1909. This increased to a three-year gap for the 18th and 19th editions, leading to the 1913 publication of the ''New American from the Eighteenth English'', which brought the numbering back into line. Both 20th editions were then published in the same year (1918). Thereafter, it was the British numbering that pushed ahead, with the 21st British edition in 1920, and the 21st American edition in 1924. This discrepancy continued to increase, so that the 30th British edition was published in 1949, while the 30th and last American edition was published in 1984.<ref name="GraysAnatomy35thBritish" /><ref name="GraysAnatomy30thAmericanvii">Carmine D. Clemente (1985) p. vi (American Editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' – listings)</ref>

== Currently available editions ==
[[File:Gray190.png|thumb|upright|An illustration from the American 1918 edition]]

The current editions also contain [[histology]], [[embryology]], and [[pathology]] subjects that complements [[Anatomy|anatomical]] knowledge.<ref name="Elsevier" /> The newest edition is the 42nd edition. The more popular{{Clarification needed|date=May 2024|reason=Why is it more popular? Is this opinion or fact?}} 41st edition of ''Gray's Anatomy'' was published on 25 September 2015 by [[Elsevier]] in both print and online versions, and is the first edition to have enhanced online content including anatomical videos and a bonus ''Gray's'' imaging library. The 41st edition also has 24 specially invited online commentaries on contemporary anatomical topics such as advances in [[Electron microscope|electron]] and [[Fluorescence microscope|fluorescent microscopy]]; the neurovascular bundles of the [[prostate]]; [[stem cells]] in [[regenerative medicine]]; the anatomy of facial aging; and technical aspects and applications of [[diagnostic radiology]].

The senior editor of this book and accompanying website on ExpertConsult<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expertconsult.inkling.com/store/book/grays-anatomy-anatomical-basis-clinical-practice-41 |title= Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice by Susan Standring |type= eBook |last= Inkling |website=Expert Consult}}</ref> is Professor [[Susan Standring]], who is [[Emeritus Professor]] of Anatomy at [[King's College London]].<ref name=Elsevier>{{citation |title=Gray's Anatomy |url=https://www.uk.elsevierhealth.com/grays-anatomy-9780702077050.html |publisher=Elsevier |edition=42nd |author-first=Susan |author-last=Standring}}</ref> The three most recent editions differ from all previous editions in an important aspect: they present anatomical structures by their [[regional anatomy]] (i.e., ordered according to what part of the body the structures are located in – e.g. the anatomy of the bones, blood vessels and nerves, etc. of the [[upper limb|upper extremity]] is described in one place). All editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' previous to the 39th were organized by [[systemic anatomy]] (i.e., there were separate sections for the body's entire [[skeletal system]], entire [[circulatory system]] and entire [[nervous system]], etc.). The editors of the 39th edition acknowledged the validity of both approaches but switched to regional anatomy by popular demand.<ref name=Grays39eIntroduction>{{citation |year=2004 |title=Gray's Anatomy vol.39e Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse |isbn=0-443-06676-0 |access-date=21 March 2012 |page=9, bottom |url-access=registration }}</ref>

Older, out-of-copyright editions of the book continue to be reprinted and sold, particularly on the internet. However it is not always clear which (British or American) edition these books are republications of. Many seem to be [[reprint]]s of the 1901 (probably U.S.) edition.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Additionally, there are several sites where various older versions can be read online.<ref>{{cite web|author=Henry Gray |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15399118W/Anatomy_descriptive_and_surgical |title=Anatomy, descriptive and surgical |publisher=Open Library |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/107/ |title=Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body |publisher=Bartleby.com |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/ |title=Gray's Anatomy |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |access-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010212159/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/ |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

Henry Gray wrote ''Gray's Anatomy'' with a readership of [[medical student]]s and [[physician]]s in mind, especially [[surgery|surgeon]]s. For many decades however, precisely because Gray's textbook became such a classic, successive editors made major efforts to preserve its position as possibly the most authoritative text on the subject in English. Toward this end, a long-term strategy appears to have been to make each edition come close to containing a ''fully comprehensive'' account of the anatomical medical understanding available at the time of publication.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} The explosion of medical knowledge in the 20th century led to a vast expansion of the book, which threatened to collapse under its own weight metaphorically and physically. From the 35th edition onward, increased efforts were made to reverse this trend and keep the book readable by students. Nevertheless, the 38th edition contained 2,092 pages in large format<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0443045607 Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery (British Edition. 38th Ed) (Hardcover)] Amazon</ref> – the highest page count of any and an increase from the 35th edition, which had 1,471 pages.<ref name=35thEdDescription>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2973401 Description of 35th Edition (1973) at WorldCat] Retrieved 21 March 2012</ref> The 41st edition has 1,584 pages.
Newer editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' – and even several recent older ones – are still considered to be the most comprehensive and detailed textbooks on the subject.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-04-10-gray%27s-new-look_x.htm 'Gray's Anatomy' is back after major surgery], By Glenn O'Neal, Posted 4/10/2005, ''[[USA Today]]''.</ref> Despite previous efforts to keep ''Gray's Anatomy'' readable by students, when the 39th edition was published, students were identified as a secondary market for the book,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170212012802/http://www.graysanatomyonline.com/content/0443066760/suppfiles/HistoricalIntro.pdf "cf. page 11"]. {{dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref> and companion publications such as ''[[Gray's Anatomy for Students]]'',<ref group=lower-alpha>Written by Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl and Adam W. M. Mitchell</ref> ''Gray's Atlas of Anatomy'' and ''Gray's Anatomy Review'' have also been published in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/dsresults.jsp?lid=1&sid=959&orderby=copyright_desc&searchtype=quicksearch&pageid=55|title=US Elsevier Health Bookshop|website=www.us.elsevierhealth.com}}</ref>

==Cultural influence==
* In [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'', the book that Tom catches [[Becky Thatcher]] reading, and from which she tears a page, is implied to be ''Gray's Anatomy''.
* In [[Bette Bao Lord]]'s 1984 book "[[In the Year of the Boar and Jackie Robinson]]", Shirley Temple Wong and her new friend Emily secretly look at the "naked people" in ''Gray's Anatomy''.
*In [[Nina Bawden]]'s 1973 book, [[Carrie's War]], Albert Sandwich reads up on skull anatomy at Druid's Bottom from "Gray's Anatomy".
* Early in the 1970 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''Malathi'', medical students [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]] try to obtain the 28th edition of ''Gray's Anatomy'' from an old book shop.
*  [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]] was inspired by the book's illustrations. He read it many times as a child, especially when recovering from his accident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/sep/08/race-power-money-the-art-of-jean-michel-basquiat|title=Race, power, money – the art of Jean-Michel Basquiat|last=Laing|first=Olivia|date=8 September 2017|website=[[the Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref>
* In the 1980 ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'' episode "Laura Ingalls Wilder Part 1", Mrs. Harriet Oleson ([[Katherine MacGregor]]) is seen reading ''Gray's Anatomy'' in a perturbed manner.
* In the 1991 movie ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'', Granny ([[Judith Malina]]) reads ''Gray's Anatomy'' while Gomez ([[Raul Julia]]) is playing with his train sets.
* In [[Diana Gabaldon]]'s 1994 novel ''[[Voyager (novel)|Voyager]]'', Claire Fraser references a description of maxillary muscles in ''Gray's Anatomy.''
* The 1996 [[Steven Soderbergh]] film ''[[Gray's Anatomy (film)|Gray's Anatomy]]'', featuring monologuist [[Spalding Gray]], also takes its name from the title of the book, as does ''Gray's Anatomy: Selected Writings'', a 2009 book by British political philosopher [[John N. Gray]].
* In the 1998 ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' episode "[[Message in a Bottle (Star Trek: Voyager)|Message in a Bottle]]", the new [[Emergency Medical Hologram]] designed by Ensign Kim begins reciting the contents of ''Gray's Anatomy'' when activated, beginning with a description of the [[Cell (biology)|cell]].
* The American [[medical drama]] ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' (2005–present) is a [[play on words]] referring to both the textbook and the name of the series' lead character, [[Meredith Grey]].<ref>Roschke, Ryan (30 November 2017). [https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/What-Does-Grey-Anatomy-Mean-44214116 "In Case You Didn't Know, This Is How Grey's Anatomy Got Its Title"]. [[PopSugar]].</ref><ref>Standring, Susan (November 2005). [http://www.ajnr.org/content/26/10/2703 "Gray's Anatomy, 39th Edition: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice"]. ''[[American Journal of Neuroradiology]]''. 26 (10) 2703-2704.</ref>
* The name of Jim Leonard Jr.'s 2006 play ''[[Anatomy of Gray]]'', which centers on a doctor visiting a small town in Indiana in 1880, takes its title as a play on ''Gray's Anatomy''.
* In [[Dan Brown]]'s 2013 novel ''[[Inferno (Brown novel)|Inferno]]'', Sienna Brooks, as a child, reads all 1,600 pages of ''Gray's Anatomy'' in ten days.
* In the ABC television series ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]'' (2017–2024), the lead character, Dr. Shaun Murphy, an [[savant syndrome|autistic savant]], often visualizes illustrations from ''Gray's Anatomy'' as he mentally diagnoses a patient's condition.
* In the series ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' (season 2, episode 2), Willow found the book in the locker of a student who is suspected of digging up a body in a graveyard.
* In [[Andrew Joseph White]]'s 2023 novel ''The Spirit Bares it's Teeth'', Silas Bell recalls reading ''Gray's Anatomy'' after receiving it as a gift from his brother.

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |year=1858 |author=Gray, Henry |title=Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical |place=London |publisher=John W. Parker and Son |ol=24780759M }} Online- and PDF versions of the 1st edition at [[Open Library]]/[[Internet Archive]]. Several other editions are also available at this site.
* {{citation|title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice |edition=40th |year= 2008 |publisher= Churchill-Livingstone, Elsevier |isbn= 978-0-443-06684-9}}
* {{citation |year=2005 |author=Richardson, Ruth |chapter=A Historical Introduction to Gray's Anatomy |chapter-url= http://www.graysanatomyonline.com/content/0443066760/suppfiles/HistoricalIntro.pdf |title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice |edition=39th (electronic version) |editor=Susan Standring |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingston |access-date=16 October 2011 |postscript=,}}&nbsp;a brief history of the British Edition of the book.
* {{citation |author= Richardson, Ruth |title= The Making of Mr. Gray's Anatomy |year= 2008 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-955299-3 |url= https://archive.org/details/makingofmrgraysa00rich }}
* {{citation |author= Hayes, Bill |title= The Anatomist: A True story of Gray's Anatomy |year= 2007 |publisher= Ballantine |isbn= 978-0-345-45689-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/anatomisttruesto00haye }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gray's Anatomy plates}}
* {{IA|graysanatomy1924|The complete 21st U.S. edition of Gray's ''Anatomy of the Human Body'', published in 1924.}} N.B.: This is the most recent American version that is in the public domain.
* [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ Online version of ''Gray's Anatomy''] – The complete 20th U.S. edition of Gray's ''Anatomy of the Human Body'', published in 1918.
* [https://librivox.org/group/535 ''Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th US Edition (1918)''] at [[LibriVox]] (public domain audiobooks)
* [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24780759M/Anatomy_descriptive_and_surgical First edition of ''Gray's Anatomy''], 1858 ([https://archive.org/download/anatomydescripti1858gray/anatomydescripti1858gray.pdf direct PDF link])
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04gvbdt ''Gray's Anatomy'']. 2014. Episode 5 of the [[BBC]] TV series ''The Beauty of Anatomy''.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKUIxaLEGhc Video of @Google Talk by Bill Hayes on ''Gray's Anatomy'']
* [http://www.cppdigitallibrary.org/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=48&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=contains&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Gray%2C+Henry%2C+1825-1861.+Anatomy Selected images from the 1st edition of ''Gray's Anatomy''] from The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library
* {{Worldcat|oclc=265657274|name=Gray's Anatomy for Students}}

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