Editing Gravity Research Foundation

{{Short description|Research organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = Gravity Research Center
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| logo                = 
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| image               = New boston babson monument.JPG
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| caption             = Monument to Babson in center of [[New Boston, New Hampshire]]
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| motto               = 
| formation           = {{start date and age|1948}}
| founder             = [[Roger Babson]]
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| tax_id              = <!-- or | vat_id = (for European organizations) -->
| registration_id     = <!-- for non-profit org -->
| status              = Active
| purpose             = Study of gravitation
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| website             = {{URL|https://www.GravityResearchFoundation.org/}}
}}

The '''Gravity Research Foundation''' is an organization established in 1948 by businessman [[Roger Babson]] (founder of [[Babson College]])<ref>"Sir Isaac Babson" (1948, August, 23). ''Newsweek'', '''32'''(8), p. 47.</ref> to find ways to implement [[gravitational shielding]].<ref>Babson, R. W. (1950). Chapter XXXV – Playing with Gravity, ''Actions and Reactions'' [Second Revised Edition]. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers [http://www3.babson.edu/Archives/research_publications/upload/A&RCh34-35Addenda.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210643/http://www3.babson.edu/Archives/research_publications/upload/A%26RCh34-35Addenda.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }} Page over to Chapter XXXV for [[Roger W. Babson]]'s description of the Gravity Research Foundation.</ref><ref>{{Citation | author1=Rideout, George M | title= 1949–2009 Sixty years Gravity Research Foundation P.O. Box 81389, Wellesley Hills, MA 02481-0004, USA| journal=General Relativity and Gravitation | year=2008 | volume= 40| issue= 12| pages= 2685–2686| doi=10.1007/s10714-008-0680-y| bibcode=2008GReGr..40.2685R | s2cid=189842536 }}</ref> Over time, the foundation turned away from trying to block gravity and began trying to understand it. It holds an annual contest rewarding essays by scientific researchers on gravity-related topics.<ref>Witten, L. (1998). Introductory remarks on the Gravity Research Foundation on its fiftieth anniversary. In N. Dadhich & J. Marlikar (Ed.). ''Gravitation and Relativity: At the Turn of the Millennium'' [p. 375]. 15th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation. Pune, India: Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics. {{ISBN|81-900378-3-8}}</ref> The contest, which awards prizes of up to $4,000, has been won by at least six people who later won the Nobel Prize in physics.

The foundation held conferences and conducted operations in [[New Boston, New Hampshire]] through the late 1960s, but that aspect of its operation ended following Babson's death in 1967.
 
It is mentioned on stone monuments, donated by Babson, at more than a dozen American universities.<ref>[http://chronicle.com/article/The-Antigravity-of-the/47082/ Chronicle of Higher Ed: "A Visionary's Dream of Antigravity"]</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Gravity Research Foundation pamphlet.jpg|thumb|right|A pamphlet issued by the foundation, date uncertain.]]
[[Thomas Edison]] apparently suggested the creation of the Gravity Research Foundation to Babson,<ref>Valone, T. (Ed.) (2001, January). ''Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology'' [p. 4]. Washington, DC: Integrity Research Institute.</ref> who established it in several scattered buildings in the small town of New Boston, New Hampshire.<ref name="Mooallem">Mooallem, J. (2007, October). A curious attraction. ''Harper's Magazine'', '''315'''(1889), pp. 84-91.</ref> Babson said he chose that location because he thought it was far enough from big cities to survive a nuclear war. Babson wanted to put up a sign declaring New Boston to be the safest place in North America if [[World War III]] came, but town fathers toned it down to say merely that New Boston was a safe place.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LW1D1dat2VkC&dq=babson+new+boston+safe+world+war+III&pg=PA113 New Boston Historical Society history of New Boston, page 113]</ref>

In an essay titled ''Gravity – Our Enemy Number One'', Babson indicated that his wish to overcome gravity dated from the childhood drowning of his sister. "She was unable to fight gravity, which came up and seized her like a dragon and brought her to the bottom", he wrote.<ref>See Appendix Intro. 3: Gravity – Our Enemy Number One. In Harry Collins (2004). ''Gravity's Shadow: The Search for Gravitational Waves''. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-11378-4}}</ref>

The foundation held occasional conferences that drew such people as [[Clarence Birdseye]] of frozen-food fame and [[Igor Sikorsky]], inventor of the helicopter.<ref name="Kaiser">Kaiser, D. (2000). Chapter 10 – Roger Babson and the Rediscovery of General Relativity. ''Making Theory: Producing Physics and Physicists in Postwar America'' [PhD Dissertation]. Harvard University, pp. 567-594.</ref> Sometimes, attendees sat in chairs with their feet higher than their heads, to counterbalance gravity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newbostonnh.gov/Pages/NewBostonNH_About/MoreGrav |title=Article on town website |access-date=2011-10-03 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425015636/http://www.newbostonnh.gov/Pages/NewBostonNH_About/MoreGrav |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of the foundation's work, however, involved sponsoring essays by researchers on gravity-related topics.<ref>"Trouble with Gravity, The" (1950, January, 2). ''Time'', '''55''', p. 54.</ref> It had only a couple of employees in New Boston.

The physical Gravity Research Foundation disappeared some time after Babson's death in 1967. Its only remnant in New Boston is a granite slab in a [[traffic island]] that celebrates the foundation's "active research for [[Anti-gravity|antigravity]] and a partial gravity insulator". The building that held the foundation's meetings has long held a restaurant, and for a time had a bar called Gravity Tavern, since renamed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unionleader.com/article/20120810/NEWS02/708109945%26source%3DRSS |title=Union-Leader Moly Stark name returns |access-date=2012-10-08 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233628/http://www.unionleader.com/article/20120810/NEWS02/708109945%26source%3DRSS |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The essay award lives on, offering prizes of up to $4,000. As of 2020, it is still administered out of [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]], by George Rideout, Jr., son of the foundation's original director.

Over time, the foundation shed its [[Crank (person)|crankish]] air, turning its attention from trying to block gravity to trying to understand it. The annual essay prize has drawn respected researchers, including physicist [[Stephen Hawking]], who won in 1971, mathematician/author [[Roger Penrose]] (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2020), who won in 1975, and astrophysicist and Nobel laureate [[George Smoot]], who won in 1993. Other notable award winners include [[Jacob Bekenstein]], [[Sidney Coleman]], [[Bryce DeWitt]], [[Julian Schwinger]] (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1965), [[Martin Lewis Perl|Martin Perl]] (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1995), [[Demetrios Christodoulou]], [[Dennis Sciama]], [[Gerard 't Hooft]] (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1999), [[Arthur E. Fischer]], [[Jerrold E. Marsden]], [[Robert Wald]], [[John Archibald Wheeler]] and [[Frank Wilczek]] (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004).<ref>[http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/winners_name.html#s GRF Award Winning Essays] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228174605/http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/winners_name.html |date=2012-12-28 }}</ref>

== Monuments ==
In the 1960s, Babson gave grants to a number of colleges that were accompanied by stone monuments.<ref>[http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-03/gravitys-sworn-enemy-roger-babson-and-gravity-research-foundation Popular Science: "Gravity's Sworn Enemy"]</ref> The monuments are inscribed with a variety of similar sayings, such as "It is to remind students of the blessings forthcoming when a semi-insulator is discovered in order to harness gravity as a free power and reduce airplane accidents" and "It is to remind students of the blessings forthcoming when science determines what gravity is, how it works, and how it may be controlled."<ref>[http://www.oddthingsiveseen.com/2010/03/anti-gravity-monuments.html Anti-Gravity Monuments (report of visit)]</ref>

Colleges that received monuments include:
* [[Bethune-Cookman College]] in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]]
* [[Colby College]] in [[Waterville, Maine]]
* [[Eastern University (United States)|Eastern Baptist College]] in [[St. Davids, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Eastern Nazarene College]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]
* [[Emory University]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]]<ref>[http://www.emoryhistory.emory.edu/facts-figures/places/landmarks/gravity.html Emory University: Gravity Monument]</ref>
* [[Gordon College (Massachusetts)|Gordon College]] in [[Wenham, Massachusetts]]
* [[Hobart and William Smith Colleges]] in [[Geneva, New York]]
* [[Keene State College]] in [[Keene, New Hampshire]]<ref>[http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMM4YV_Anti_Gravity_Monument_Keene_NH Waymarking.com: Keene State anti-gravity monument]</ref>
* [[Middlebury College]] in [[Middlebury (town), Vermont|Middlebury, Vermont]]
* [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
* [[Tufts University]] in [[Medford, Massachusetts]]<ref>[http://now.tufts.edu/articles/mark-spot-defying-gravity Tufts Now: Defying Gravity]</ref>
* [[Tuskegee Institute]] in [[Tuskegee, Alabama]]
* [[University of Tampa]] in [[Tampa, Florida]]
* [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] in [[Wheaton, Illinois]].
<!--Source: George Rideout, Jr. President, Gravity Research Foundation, personal email to dpbsmith--->

Hobart College's "H-Book" contains a description of the circumstances surrounding the placement of its Gravity Monument: <!--Alas, the inscription on the stone is not legible in low-res image in the online document---> "The location of the stone on campus was linked to a gift to the Colleges of 'gravity grant' stocks, now totaling more than $1 million, from Roger Babson, the founder of Babson College. The eccentric Babson was intrigued by the notion of anti-gravity and inclined to further scientific research in this area. The Colleges used these funds to help construct Rosenberg Hall in 1994. Two trees that shade the stone are said to be direct descendants of Newton’s famous apple tree."

The stone at Colby College was once in front of the Keyes Building on the main academic quadrangle but was moved to a more obscure location near the Schair-Swenson-Watson Alumni Center. Students would often knock it over in an ironic testament to gravity's power. At Tufts, the monument is the site of an "inauguration ceremony"<ref>[http://cosmos.phy.tufts.edu/ceremony/Christian.html Tufts "inauguration ceremony']</ref> for students who receive [[PhD]]s in [[Physical cosmology|cosmology]], in which a thesis advisor drops an apple on the student's head.

<gallery>
Image:GordonGravity.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument at [[Gordon College (Massachusetts)|Gordon College]]
Image:Tufts-gravity.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument at [[Tufts University]]
Image:5066_enc_gravity_monument-e-small.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument outside ''Shrader Hall'' at [[Eastern Nazarene College]]
Image:Gravity_monument.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument at [[Emory University]]
Image:Gravity_monument_Tampa.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument at the [[University of Tampa]]
Image:MiddleburyGravityResearchMonument.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument at [[Middlebury College]]
Image:GRF Monument Wheaton.jpg|The Gravity Research Foundation monument at [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Louis Witten]] (theoretical physicist associated with the foundation)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130529020125/http://gravityresearchfoundation.org/index.html (archive 2013-05-29)]
* [http://www.newbostonhistoricalsociety.com/gravity.html Article about Gravity Research Foundation on the New Boston Historical Society website]
* Babson, Roger W. (1950). Chapter XXXV – Playing with Gravity, ''Actions and Reactions'' [Second Revised Edition]. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers [http://www3.babson.edu/Archives/research_publications/upload/A&RCh34-35Addenda.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210643/http://www3.babson.edu/Archives/research_publications/upload/A%26RCh34-35Addenda.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }} Page over to Chapter XXXV for [[Roger W. Babson]]'s description of the Gravity Research Foundation.

=== Links about monument stones ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051108203517/http://emoryhistory.emory.edu/enigmas/Gravity.htm The story of the Emory Gravity Monument]
* [http://mahaffie.blogspot.com/2005/04/hey-gravity-monument-photo.html Colby's Gravity Monument]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.colby.edu/echo/article.php?vol=CXXVIII&issue=18&section=news&id=9|title="Anti-Gravity Stone" has a strange story and an even stranger history|author=John Debruicker|date=2006-03-09|accessdate=2006-06-04}} Article about Colby College monument

[[Category:Scientific foundations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-gravity]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in the United States]]