Editing Grasse

{{short description|Subrefecture of Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name               = Grasse
|commune status     = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
| native name        = {{native name|oc|Grassa}}
|image              = Vue de Grasse.jpg
|caption            = A view of Grasse
|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Grasse (Alpes Maritimes).svg
|arrondissement     = Grasse
|canton             = [[Canton of Grasse-1|Grasse-1]] and [[Canton of Grasse-2|2]]
|INSEE              = 06069
|postal code        = 06130
|mayor              = Jérôme Viaud<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=6 June 2023|language=fr}}</ref>
|term               = 2020&ndash;2026
|party              = [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
|intercommunality   = [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Grasse|CA Pays de Grasse]]
|coordinates        = {{coord|43.6667|6.9167|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m        = 333
|elevation min m    = 80
|elevation max m    = 1061
|area km2           = 44.44
|population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
'''Grasse''' ({{IPA|fr|ɡʁas}}; [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] {{langx|oc|Grassa}} <sub>in classical norm</sub> or {{lang|oc|Grasso}} <sub>in [[Mistralian norm]]</sub> {{IPA|oc|ˈɡɾasɔ|}}; traditional {{langx|it|Grassa}}) is the only [[Subprefectures in France|subprefecture]] of the [[Alpes-Maritimes]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur]] [[Regions of France|region]] on the [[French Riviera]]. In 2017, the [[Communes of France|commune]] had a population of 50,396.

Considered the world's capital of [[perfume]],<ref>[http://www.ville-grasse.fr/tourisme/bienvenue.html Page Bienvenue] sur le site de la ville de Grasse (in French)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Ross|title=The Scents of a City|url=https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rcollins/travel/Grasse.html|website=www.ndsu.edu|publisher=Fargo-Moorhead Forum|access-date=9 May 2016|date=January 1995}}</ref> Grasse obtained two flowers in the ''[[Concours des villes et villages fleuris]]''<ref>[http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P06.htm Palmarès du Concours des villes et villages fleuris dans les Alpes-Maritimes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224045927/http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P06.htm |date=2009-02-24 }} (in French)</ref> and was made ''Ville d'Art et d'Histoire'' (City of Art and History).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vpah.culture.fr/vpah/paca/grasse-pr.htm|author=Ministère de la Culture|title=Fiche de Grasse appartenant aux villes du réseau ''ville d'art et d'histoire''|access-date=3 June 2007|language=fr|archive-date=3 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103072225/http://www.vpah.culture.fr/vpah/paca/grasse-pr.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festivals==
There is an annual ''Fête du Jasmin'' or ''La Jasminade'', at the beginning of August. The first festival was on August 3–4, 1946. Decorated [[Float (parade)|floats]] drive through the town, with young women in skimpy costumes on board, throwing flowers into the crowd. Garlands of jasmine decorate the town centre, and the fire department fills a fire truck with jasmine-infused water to spray on the crowds.<ref>Grasse Office De Tourism, [http://www.grasse.fr/la-fete-du-jasmin/ Jasmine Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104200804/http://www.grasse.fr/la-fete-du-jasmin/ |date=2015-01-04 }}.</ref><ref>Yes I Cannes, [http://yesicannes.com/65th-jasmine-festival-in-grasse/ Jasmine Festival 2013 Announcement].</ref> There are fireworks, free parties, [[folk music]] groups and street performers. There is also an annual international exhibition of roses ("Expo Rose") held in May each year.<ref>Grasse Office De Tourism, [http://www.grasse.fr/Expo-Rose Expo Rose Announcement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104200604/http://www.grasse.fr/Expo-Rose |date=2015-01-04 }}.</ref>

==Transport==
[[Grasse station]] offers railway connections with [[Cannes]], [[Nice]] and [[Ventimiglia, Italy|Ventimiglia]].  From 1909 to 1938, the town centre was connected to the railway station by the [[Grasse Funicular]].

==Perfume==
[[File:Grasse - Parfumeur.JPG|thumb|185px|Bronze Parfumeur]]
[[File:Parfumerie Bruno Court 1923.jpg|thumb|Share of the S. A. de la Parfumerie Bruno Court, issued 1 January 1923]]

Grasse has had a prospering perfume industry since the end of the 18th century. Grasse is the centre of the French perfume industry and is known as the world's perfume capital (''la capitale mondiale des parfums''). Many "noses" (or, in French, "les nez" (plural)/"le nez" (singular)) are trained or have spent time in Grasse to distinguish over 2,000 kinds of scents. Grasse produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). This industry turns over more than 600 million euros a year. {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Grasse's particular [[microclimate]] encouraged the flower farming industry. It is warm and sufficiently inland to be sheltered from the sea air. There is an abundance of water, thanks to its location in the hills and the 1860 construction of the [[Siagne]] canal for [[irrigation]] purposes. The town is {{convert|350|m|2|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] and {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the coast ([[Côte d'Azur]]). [[Jasmine]], a key ingredient of many perfumes, was brought to southern France by the [[Moors]] in the 16th century. Twenty-seven tonnes of jasmine are now harvested in Grasse annually. There are numerous old 'parfumeries' in Grasse, such as [[Galimard]], [[Molinard]] and [[Fragonard (fragrance)|Fragonard]], each with tours and a museum.

The trade in [[leather]] and [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] work developed during the twelfth century around the small canal that runs through the city. This activity produced a strong unpleasant odour. At the time of the [[Renaissance]] perfume manufacturers began production of gloves, handbags and belt (clothing), to meet the new fashion from Italy with the entourage of Queen [[Catherine de Medici]].

The countryside around the city began to grow fields of flowers, offering new scents from the city. In 1614, the king recognized the new corporation of "glovers perfumers".
In the middle of the eighteenth century, the perfumery was experiencing a very important development. Leading companies dating from this period includes the oldest French perfumerie, and third oldest parfumerie in Europe, [[Galimard]] established in 1747. Introduction of new production methods turned perfume making into a real industry that could adapt to new market demands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/travel/grasse-france-perfume-fragrance-gardens-capital.html|title=A Perfume Devotee in the Land of French Fragrance|first=Colleen|last=Creamer|date=8 August 2017|access-date=3 April 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

In the nineteenth century, the raw materials began to be imported from abroad. During the twentieth century the creation of synthetic products brought the democratization and affordability of perfumes and their spin-offs; ([[shampoos]] and [[deodorants]], [[cream (pharmaceutical)]] and [[detergents]], food flavouring for cookies, ice cream and dairy products, beverages, [[convenience food]]s, [[confectionery]], preserves and syrups).
In 1905, six hundred tons of flowers were harvested while in the 1940s, five thousand tons were produced annually. However, in early 2000, production was less than 30 tons for all flowers combined.

===Historical activity===
In the [[Middle Ages]], Grasse specialised in leather tanning. Once tanned, the hides were often exported to [[Genoa]] or [[Pisa]], cities that shared a commercial alliance with Grasse. Several centuries of this intense activity witnessed many technological advances within tanning industries. The hides of Grasse acquired a reputation for high quality. But the leather smelled bad, something that did not please the glove wearing [[nobility]]. This is when Jean de [[Galimard]], a [[tanner (occupation)|tanner]] in Grasse, came up with the idea of scented leather gloves. He offered a pair of scented gloves to [[Catherine de' Medici]], who was seduced by the gift. Thereafter, the product spread through the Royal Court and high society, and this made a worldwide reputation for Grasse. The seventeenth century became the heyday of "Glovers Perfumers"; however, high taxes on leather and competition from [[Nice]] brought a decline for the leather industry in Grasse, and production of leather [[fragrance]] ceased. The rare scents from the Grasse ([[lavender]], [[Myrtaceae|myrtle]], jasmine, [[rose]], [[orange blossom]] and wild [[mimosa]]) did win the title for the Grasse as the perfume capital of the world. Harvesting jasmine was a labour-intensive business only a few decades ago. Flowers had to be hand picked at dawn, when their scent is the most developed and immediately to be treated by cold [[enfleurage]].{{Citation needed | reason=No sources listed, though the existing citations might cover this. | date=September 2020}}

===Modern industry===
[[File:Fragonard - PARFUMEUR Parfums Diamant.jpg|thumb|left|114px|Fragonard Diamant]]
A network of sixty companies employs 3,500 people in the city and surrounding area. Additionally, about 10,000 residents of Grasse are indirectly employed by the perfume industry. Almost half of the [[business tax]] for the city comes from the perfume sector and that is ahead of tourism and services. The main activity of perfumery in Grasse is in the production of natural raw materials ([[essential oils]], [[Concrete (extraction)|concretes]], [[Absolute (fragrance)|absolutes]], [[resinoid]]s and [[molecular distillation]]) and the production of concentrate, also called the juice. A concentrate is the main product that when diluted in at least 80% alcohol provides a perfume. Also, food flavourings, which have developed since the 1970s, account for over half of production output today.

This represents almost half of the production of French perfumes and aromas and around 7-8% of total global activity. However, during the 1960s and 1970s large international groups gradually bought up local family factories ([[Léon Chiris|Chiris]], [[Givaudan]]-[[Roure (company)|Roure]] and [[Lautier]], for example). Soon after their production was often relocated overseas. Just 30 years ago most companies were focused on the production of raw materials. However, an overwhelming majority of the modern fragrances contain synthetic chemicals in part or in whole. Grasse perfume companies have therefore adapted by turning to aromatic synthesis and especially to food flavourings and successfully ended a long stagnation. The Grasse perfume industry cannot compete against large chemical multinationals, but it benefits greatly from the advantage of its knowledge of raw materials, facilities, contractors, etc. In addition, major brands such as [[Dior]] and [[Chanel]] have their own plantations of roses and jasmine in the vicinity of Grasse.{{Citation needed | reason=No sources listed, though the existing citations might cover this. | date=September 2020}}

===Perfumeries===
Three perfumeries, Fragonard, Molinard and Galimard opened their doors to the public and offer free tours that explain the processes of producing a perfume. It is possible to create one's own perfume, eau de perfume or [[eau de toilette]] and participate in all stages of manufacture from picking flowers to bottling.

* '''[[Galimard]] Perfumery''', established in 1747 by Jean de Galimard, provided the Royal Court with ointments and perfumes. It is the third oldest perfume company in the world after [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz|Farina gegenüber]] and [[Floris of London]] and was revived after the war by Gaston de Fontmichel and Joseph Roux.
* '''[[Molinard]]''' was established in 1849 and their perfume bottles were made of [[Baccarat (company)|Baccarat]] [[Lead glass|crystal]] and [[Lalique]] glass. Clients can create their own personalised perfume during the Tarinology fragrance course workshop.
* The '''[[Fragonard (fragrance)|Fragonard]] Perfumery''' was established in 1926 in one of the oldest factories in the city. Its museum {{Ill|Villa Musée Fragonard|fr|Villa Fragonard}} displays rare objects that explain the history of perfumery, covering 5,000 years.
* '''International Perfume Museum'''. Opened in 1989, the museum traces the evolution of techniques during the 5,000-year history of perfumery and the large contribution of the Grasse area to perfume making. It was renovated and expanded (doubling in size) between 2007 and 2008.{{Citation needed | reason=No sources listed, though the existing citations might cover this. | date=September 2020}}
* '''Perfume Art Creation''', perfumed art-producing company combining authentic fragrances from Grasse, and an [[art gallery]] based in [[Zollikon|Zollikerberg]], [[Switzerland]]. Its fragrance-infused artworks and paintings are the copyright concept of Perfume Art Creation, which allows the viewer visually to explore the artwork, to smell it, allowing for holistic stimulation of the senses. Working and creating commonly with the artists, the paintings are infused with the preferred collector's perfume and scent, and his or her individual or corporate fragrance is introduced into the art.<ref>[https://evenice.it/mostre/le-colonete LE COLONETE. Perfume Art Creation Gallery]</ref>

==Population==

{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|16069|Grasse}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-06069#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |11604
|1800 |12521
|1806 |12262
|1821 |12553
|1831 |12716
|1836 |12825
|1841 |10906
|1846 |11676
|1851 |11802
|1856 |11764
|1861 |12015
|1866 |12241
|1872 |12560
|1876 |13087
|1881 |12087
|1886 |12157
|1891 |14015
|1896 |15020
|1901 |15429
|1906 |20305
|1911 |19704
|1921 |16923
|1926 |19765
|1931 |21027
|1936 |20481
|1946 |21217
|1954 |22187
|1962 |26258
|1968 |30907
|1975 |34579
|1982 |37673
|1990 |41388
|1999 |43874
|2007 |50257
|2012 |51021
|2017 |50396
}}

==Religion==
The town is home to [[Grasse Cathedral]], the seat of the [[Roman Catholic]] former [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Grasse|Diocese of Grasse]] which was headed by the [[Bishop of Grasse|Bishops of Grasse]].

==Education==
The town is home to the [[Lycée Amiral-de-Grasse]] and since 2019 one of two seats of the higher education engineering college [[ECAM-EPMI]].

==Sport==
[[RC Grasse]] is the local [[association football|football]] club, whereas [[RO Grasse]] the local [[rugby union]] club.

==In popular culture==
The town is the setting in the final chapters of the novel ''[[Perfume (novel)|Perfume]]'' by [[Patrick Süskind]]. It was featured in the film based on the novel [[Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)|''Perfume: The Story of a Murderer'']] (2006).

==Main sights==
Three perfume factories offer daily tours and demonstrations, which draw in many of the region's visitors. In addition to the perfumeries, Grasse's other main attraction is the Cathedral, dedicated to Notre Dame du Puy and founded in the 11th century. In the interior, are three works by [[Rubens]] and one by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], the French painter native of the town.<ref>Fodor's Travel Guide, [http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/france/the-french-riviera/places/nice-and-the-eastern-cote-dazur/grasse Grasse, France Review], accessdate=2015-03-24.</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:Grasse - Parfumerie 3.JPG|Grasse – Parfumerie 
File:Grasse, Parfumerie Molinard.jpg| Parfumerie [[Molinard]]
File:Napoleon Memorial, Grasse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France - panoramio.jpg|Napoleon Memorial
File:Fleur de jasmin.JPG|Fleur de jasmin
File:France-002804 - Blessed Sacrament chapel (15816473130).jpg|Blessed Sacrament chapel
File:Villa Musée Fragonard.jpg|{{Ill|Villa Musée Fragonard|fr|Villa Fragonard}}
</gallery>

Other sights include:
* Saracen Tower, standing at 30m.
* Monumental gate of the ''[[Hôtel de Ville, Grasse|Hôtel de Ville]]'' (town hall)<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00080740}}</ref>
* International Museum of Perfume
* ''Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Provence''
* Church of Plascassier, built in 1644
<gallery class="center">
File:The Portal - panoramio.jpg|Monumental gate of the ''[[Hôtel de Ville, Grasse|Hôtel de Ville]]''
File:18 rue Amiral de Grasse Entree de l'Hotel Court de Fontmichel.JPG| Hotel Court de Fontmichel
File:Grasse palais des congrès2.jpg|Palais des congrès
File:Boulevard du Jeu de Ballon, Grasse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France - panoramio (1).jpg|Boulevard du Jeu de Ballon
File:France-002835 - Place aux Aires (people) (16004140382).jpg| Place aux Aires
File:France-002830 - Side Street in Old Town (15382535214).jpg| Side street in Old Town
</gallery>

==Notable people==
Grasse was the birthplace of:
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Louis Bellaud]] (1543–1588), also known as Bellaud de la Bellaudière, poet
* [[Claude-Marie Courmes]] (1770–1865), trader, shipowner and politician. Mayor of Grasse, deputy for Var and General Councilor of Var Canton of Grasse-Nord.
* [[Mélanie Bernier]] (born 1985), actress
* [[Adam Bessa]], (born 1992), actor<ref name="grasse">{{Cite web |last=Duponchel |first=Marilou |date=4 November 2022 |title=La trajectoire tourmentée d'Adam Bessa, l'acteur lumineux de "Harka" |url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/cinema/la-trajectoire-tourmentee-dadam-bessa-lacteur-lumineux-de-harka-511055-04-11-2022/ |website=[[Les Inrockuptibles]] |language=French}}</ref>
* [[Frédéric Bourdillon]] (born 1991), French-Israeli basketball player in the [[Israel Basketball Premier League]]
* [[Jacques Cavallier]] (born 1962), perfumer<ref name="Cavallier">{{cite web|title=Jacques Cavallier|url=http://perfumer.s-perfume.com/JJC/|website=perfumer.s-perfume.com|access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> 
* [[Albert Charpin]] (1842&ndash;1924), painter
* [[Olivier Cresp]] (born 1955), perfumer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nstperfume.com/perfumers-a-to-e/olivier-cresp/|title=Olivier Cresp :: Perfumers :: Now Smell This|website=www.nstperfume.com|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jean-Claude Ellena]] (born 1947), perfumer
* [[Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard]] (1780–1850), painter and sculptor
* [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] (1732&ndash;1806), painter<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fragonard, Jean-Honoré |volume= 10 |last= Konody |first= Paul George  |author-link= Paul George Konody |pages=772-773 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Jean Claude Gandur]] (born 1949), businessman<ref name=Fg>{{cite web|title=Jean Claude Gandur|url=http://fg-art.org/en/jeanclaudegandur.html|website=Fg-art.org|access-date=6 November 2014|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121951/http://fg-art.org/en/jeanclaudegandur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Gazan de la Peyrière]] (1765–1845), general during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
* [[Valentine Goby]] (born 1974), writer
* [[Marcel Journet]] (1868&ndash;1933), operatic baritone
* [[Vincent Koziello]] (born 1995), footballer
* [[Eugénie Le Sommer]] (born 1989), footballer
* [[Pierre-Louis Lions]] (born 1956), mathematician 
* [[Gilles Marini]] (born 1976), actor
* [[Michèle Mouton]] (born 1951), rally driver
* [[Charles Pasqua]] (1927–2015), businessman and politician
* [[Thomas Pinault]] (born 1981), footballer
* [[Théo Pourchaire]] (born 2003), racing driver
{{clear left}}
[[File:Bar-le-Duc - Statue du comte de Grasse -295.jpg|thumb|175px|Statue [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse]], admiral de Grasse]]
{{clear left}}
Grasse was the death place of:
* [[Dirk Bogarde]] (1921–1999), actor, lived in Grasse 
* [[Ivan Bunin]] (1870–1953), Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], 1933; lived in Grasse
* [[Christian Calmes]] (1913–1995), Luxembourgish civil servant, lawyer and historian
* [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse]] (1723–1788) admiral, commanded of the French fleet at the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]], which led directly to the [[Siege of Yorktown]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Comte de |volume = 12 |last= |first= |author-link= |page=369 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[David Douglas Duncan]] (1916–2018), American photojournalist
* [[Prince Eugen of Bavaria]] (1925–1997), member of the Bavarian Royal House of [[Wittelsbach]]
* [[Lolo Ferrari]] (1963–2000), dancer, actress and singer with breast implants
* [[Édith Piaf]] (1915–1963), singer
* [[Frederic Prokosch]] (1906–1989), American writer
* [[Yvonne Rozille]] (1900–1985), film actress
* [[Eugène Sémérie]] (1832–1884), positivist activist

Other notables associated with Grasse:
* [[Gérard Philipe]] (1922–1959), actor, brought up in Grasse
* [[Alice Charlotte von Rothschild]] (1847–1922), patron of the arts; art collection was donated to the town of Grasse
* [[H. G. Wells]] (1866–1946), British writer

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}

Grasse is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Jumelages|url=http://www.ville-grasse.fr/jumelages.html|website=ville-grasse.fr|publisher=Grasse|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany, since 1963
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Carrara]], Italy, since 1995
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Vila Real, Portugal]], since 1975
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Murcia]], Spain, since 1990
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Marblehead, Massachusetts]], USA, since 1986
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Opole]], Poland, since 1964
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Kazanlak]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Pardes Hanna-Karkur]], Israel
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Route Napoléon]]
* [[Ancient Diocese of Grasse]]
* [[Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department]]
* [[Famille Courmes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [http://www.ville-grasse.fr/ Grasse city council website] (in French)
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Grasse |volume= 12 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort  |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge |page=369 |short=1}}

{{Alpes-Maritimes communes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Grasse| ]]
[[Category:Communes of Alpes-Maritimes]]
[[Category:French Riviera]]
[[Category:Subprefectures in France]]