Editing Gordian II

{{short description|Roman emperor in 238}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = File:Gordiano II - ritratto da sesterzio.jpg
| image_size   = 250px
| alt          = Grey coin depicting Gordian II
| caption      = [[Sestertius]] featuring Gordian II. The inscription reads {{Smallcaps|{{Abbreviation|imp|IMPERATOR}} {{Abbreviation|caes|CAESAR}} {{Abbreviation|m|MARCUS}} {{Abbreviation|ant|ANTONIUS}} gordianvs {{Abbreviation|afr|AFRICANUS}} {{Abbreviation|avg|AUGUSTUS}}}}.
| succession   = [[Roman emperor]]
| reign        = {{circa}} March – April 238<ref name=Rea>The exact chronology of events is unknown. See: Rea, J. (1972). "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/20180380 O. Leid. 144 and the Chronology of A.D. 238]". ''[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|ZPE]]'' '''9''', 1-19.</ref>
| predecessor  = [[Maximinus Thrax]]
| successor    = [[Pupienus]] and [[Balbinus]]
| regent       = [[Gordian I]]
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|Co-emperor}}
| birth_date   = {{circa}} 192
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = April 238 (aged {{circa}} 46)
| death_place  = [[Battle of Carthage (238)|Carthage]], [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Proconsularis]]
| burial_place = 
| full name    = Marcus Antonius Gordianus<ref>{{cite book |last=Cooley |year=2012 |first=Alison E. |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=497|isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Alison E. Cooley }}</ref>
| regnal name  = Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus<ref>{{cite book |last=Cooley |year=2012 |first=Alison E. |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=497|isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Alison E. Cooley }}</ref>
| dynasty      = [[Gordian dynasty|Gordian]]
| father       = [[Gordian I]]
| mother       = Unknown, possibly Fabia Orestilla.<ref name="Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 17:4">Historia Augusta, ''The Three Gordians'', 17:4</ref>
}}
{{Year of Six Emperors}}
'''Gordian II''' ({{langx|la|Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus}}; {{circa}} 192 – April 238) was briefly [[Roman emperor]] with his father [[Gordian I]] in 238, the [[Year of the Six Emperors]]. Seeking to overthrow [[Maximinus Thrax]], he died in battle outside [[Carthage]]. Since he died before his father, Gordian II had [[List of shortest-reigning monarchs|the shortest recorded reign of any Roman emperor]], at about 22 days.<ref>Possibly second only to [[Quintillus]], who, according to some sources, reigned for just 17 days. However, sources of his reign are contradictory, and Quintillus more likely ruled at least one month. {{Cite book|last=Syvänne|first=Ilkka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Aurelian and Probus|publisher=[[Pen and Sword]]|year=2020|isbn=9781526767530|pages=65}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born {{circa}} 192, Gordian II was the only known son of [[Gordian I]], who was said to be related to prominent senators.{{sfn|Birley|2005|p=340}} His praenomen and nomen ''Marcus Antonius'' suggest that his paternal ancestors received Roman citizenship under the triumvir [[Mark Antony]], or one of his daughters, during the late [[Roman Republic]].{{sfn|Birley|2005|p=340}} Gordian's cognomen "Gordianus" suggests that his family origins were from [[Anatolia]], especially [[Galatia]] and [[Cappadocia]].<ref>Peuch, Bernadette, "Orateurs et sophistes grecs dans les inscriptions d'époque impériale", (2002), pg. 128</ref>

According to the notoriously unreliable ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', his mother was a Roman woman called [[Fabia Orestilla]],<ref name="Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 17:4"/> born circa 165, who the ''Historia'' claims was a descendant of emperors [[Antoninus Pius]] and [[Marcus Aurelius]] through her father Fulvus Antoninus.<ref name="Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 17:4"/> Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false.{{sfn|Syme|1971|pp=100–101}} There is some evidence to suggest that Gordian's mother might have been the granddaughter of the Greek Sophist, consul and tutor [[Herodes Atticus]].{{sfn|Meckler|2001}} His younger sister was [[Maecia Faustina]], who was the mother of Emperor [[Gordian III]].

Although the memory of the Gordians would have been cherished by the Senate and thus appear sympathetic in any senatorial documentation of the period, the only account of Gordian's early career that has survived is contained within the ''Historia Augusta'', and it cannot be taken as an accurate or reliable description of his life story prior to his elevation to the purple in 238.{{sfn|Syme|1971|pp=1–16}} According to this source, Gordian served as [[quaestor]] in [[Elagabalus]]' reign<ref>Historia Augusta, ''The Three Gordians'', 18:4</ref> and as [[praetor]] and [[consul|consul suffect]] with Emperor [[Severus Alexander]].<ref>Historia Augusta, ''The Three Gordians'', 18:5</ref>{{sfn|Birley|2005|p=341. An inscription confirming this fact has been found at [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].}} In 237 or 238, Gordian went to the province of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Proconsularis]] as a [[legatus]] under his father, who served as [[proconsul]]ar governor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=Timothy D.|date=September 1968|title=Philostratus and Gordian|journal=Latomus|volume=27|pages=587, 590}}</ref>

==Revolt against Maximinus Thrax==
Early in 235, Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother [[Julia Avita Mamaea]] were assassinated by mutinous troops at [[Mainz|Moguntiacum]] (now Mainz) in [[Germania Inferior]].{{sfn|Potter|2004|p=167}} The leader of the rebellion, [[Maximinus Thrax]], became Emperor, despite his low-born background and the disapproval of the [[Roman Senate]].{{sfn|Southern|p=83}} Confronted by a local elite that had just killed Maximinus's [[procurator (Roman)|procurator]],{{sfn|Southern|p=86}} Gordian's father was forced to participate in a full-scale revolt against Maximinus in 238, probably at the end of March.{{sfn|Meckler|2001}} Due to Gordian I's advanced age, the younger Gordian, said to be 46 years old,<ref>Historia Augusta, ''The Three Gordians'', 15:2</ref> was attached to the imperial throne and acclaimed ''[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]'' too. Like his father, he too was awarded the ''[[Roman naming conventions|cognomen]]'' "Africanus".{{sfn|Meckler|2001}}

Father and son saw their claim to the throne ratified both by the Senate<ref>[[Herodian]], 7:7:2</ref> and most of the other provinces, due to Maximinus' unpopularity.{{sfn|Potter|2004|p=170}}

Opposition would come from the neighbouring province of [[Numidia]].{{sfn|Potter|2004|p=170}} [[Capelianus]], governor of Numidia, a loyal supporter of Maximinus Thrax, and who held a grudge against Gordian,{{sfn|Potter|2004|p=170}} renewed his allegiance to the reigning emperor{{sfn|Southern|p=86}} and invaded [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa (province)]] with the only legion stationed in the region, [[Legio III Augusta|III ''Augusta'']], and other veteran units.<ref>[[Herodian]], 7:9:3</ref> Gordian II, at the head of a militia army of untrained soldiers, lost the [[Battle of Carthage (238)|Battle of Carthage]] and was killed.{{sfn|Meckler|2001}} According to the ''Historia Augusta'', his body was never recovered.<ref>Historia Augusta, ''The Three Gordians'', 16:1</ref> Hearing the news, his father killed himself.{{sfn|Meckler|2001}} The Gordians ruled only 22 days.<ref>[[Filocalus]], ''[[Chronograph of 354]]'', [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_16_chronicle_of_the_city_of_rome.htm Part 16]: "The two Gordians ruled for 20 days. They died in Africa."</ref><ref>''[[Laterculus]] [[iarchive:chronicaminorasa00momm/page/436/mode/1up|Imperatorum Malalianus]]'' (7th century): "Gordian ruled 22 days."</ref><ref>[[Zonaras]] ({{Circa}} 1120) ''[[Epitome]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT42 xvii.17]: "According to some they reigned about twenty-two days, but according to others not quite three months". He confuses the Gordians with [[Balbinus]] and [[Pupienus]].</ref> This first rebellion against Maximinus Thrax was unsuccessful, but by the end of 238 Gordian II's nephew, [[Gordian III]], would be recognised as emperor by the whole Roman world.{{sfn|Southern|p=87}}

According to [[Edward Gibbon]], in the first volume of ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' (1776–89), "Twenty-two acknowledged concubines, and a library of sixty-two thousand volumes, attested to the variety of [Gordian's] inclinations; and from the productions that he left behind him, it appears that the former as well as the latter were designed for use rather than ostentation."<ref>Quoted in "From the Editor. Ambition, Style and Sacrifices", ''[[History Today]]'', June 2017, p. 3.</ref>

==Family tree==
{{Gordian dynasty family tree}}

==See also==
*[[Villa Gordiani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Sources==

===Primary sources===
* [[Aurelius Victor]], [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm ''Epitome de Caesaribus'']
* [[Herodian]], [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/herodian-s-roman-history/ ''Roman History, Book 7'']
* [[Historia Augusta]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Gordiani_tres*.html ''The Three Gordians'']
* [[Joannes Zonaras]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521191250/http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Post/1049415 ''Compendium of History'']
* [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus01_book1.htm ''Historia Nova'']

===Secondary sources===
* {{cite book | last = Birley | first = Anthony | title =The Roman Government in Britain| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-19-925237-4}}
* [[Gibbon, Edward]] (1888). ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]''
* {{cite web|last1=Meckler|first1=David Stone|title=Gordian II (238 A.D.)|date=2001|website=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/gordo2.htm}}
* {{cite book| last = Potter| first = David Stone| title =The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395| publisher = Routledge| year = 2004}}
* {{cite book |last=Southern |year=2015 |first=Pat |title=The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |place=London |orig-year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-73807-1 |url={{googlebooks|2p9hCQAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |author-link=Pat Southern |ref={{sfnref|Southern}} }}
* {{cite book| last = Syme| first = Ronald| title =Emperors and Biography| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1971}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gordianus II}}
* [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/gordian_II/t.html Gordian II coinage]

{{S-start}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef | before=[[Maximinus Thrax]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[List of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]]
        | years=238
        | with=[[Gordian I]] }}
{{S-aft | after=[[Pupienus]]|after2=[[Balbinus]]}}
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{{Roman Emperors}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:190s births]]
[[Category:238 deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Crisis of the Third Century]]
[[Category:Roman emperors killed in battle]]
[[Category:Deified Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Antonii]]
[[Category:Gordian dynasty]]
[[Category:Sons of Roman emperors]]