Editing Gododdin

{{Short description|Sub-Roman kingdom of Northern Britain}}
{{For|the medieval Welsh poem|Y Gododdin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Gododdin
| common_name            = Gododdin
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| image_map              = Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg
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| religion               = [[Celtic Christianity]]
| government_type        = Monarchy
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| year_start             = ''circa'' 4th century
| flag_alt               = <!-- Alt text for flag -->
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| image_map_alt          = Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650
| image_map_caption      = Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650
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| common_languages       = [[Common Brittonic|Brythonic]]
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| p1                     = Hen Ogledd
| s1                     = Kingdom of Northumbria
| flag_p1                = <!-- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) -->
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| p2                     = Votadini
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| era                    = [[Early Middle Ages]]
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}}
The '''Gododdin''' ({{IPA|cy|ɡɔˈdɔðɪn}}) were a [[Britons (historical)|Brittonic]] people of north-eastern [[Roman Britain|Britannia]], the area known as the [[Hen Ogledd]] or Old North (modern south-east [[Scotland]] and north-east England), in the [[sub-Roman Britain|sub-Roman]] period.  Descendants of the [[Votadini]], they are best known as the subject of the 6th-century [[Welsh language|Welsh]] poem ''[[Y Gododdin]]'', which memorialises the [[Battle of Catraeth]] and is attributed to [[Aneirin]].

The name ''Gododdin'' is the [[Welsh language|Modern Welsh]] form, but the name appeared in [[Old Welsh]] as ''Guotodin'' and derived from the tribal name ''[[Votadini]]'' recorded in Classical sources, such as in [[Greek language|Greek]] texts from the Roman period.<ref>[[Claudius Ptolemaeus]], "''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]''" (ca. 2nd century)</ref>

==Kingdom==
It is not known exactly how far the kingdom of the Gododdin extended, possibly from the [[Stirling]] area to the kingdom of ''[[Bernicia|Bryneich]]'' (Bernicia), and including what are now the [[Lothian]] and [[Scottish Borders|Borders]] regions of eastern [[Scotland]]. It was bounded to the west by the Brittonic [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]], and to the north by the [[Picts]]. Those living around [[Clackmannanshire]] were known as the [[Manaw Gododdin]].<ref>Watson, 1926 {{page needed|date=June 2015}}</ref><ref>Jackson, 1969 {{page needed|date=June 2015}}</ref> According to tradition, local kings of this period lived at both [[Traprain Law]] and [[Din Eidyn]] ([[Edinburgh]], whose English name is ultimately a [[calque]], with the [[Old English]] ''{{lang|ang|-[[burh]]}}'' corresponding to the Welsh ''{{lang|xcb|[[Dun (fortification)|din]]}}''; in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] it is still known as ''{{lang|gd|Dùn Èideann}}''), and probably also at ''{{lang|xcb|Din Baer}}'' ([[Dunbar]], Scottish Gaelic ''{{lang|gd|Dùn Bàrr}}''). Gododdin included districts such as [[Manaw Gododdin]] and [[Eidyn]] south of the [[Firth of Forth]].

[[Cunedda]], legendary founder of the [[Kingdom of Gwynedd]] in north [[Wales]], is supposed to have been a Manaw Gododdin warlord who migrated southwest during the 5th century.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.html ''Historia Britonum''], retrieved 4 April 2009.</ref>

==Later history==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Brittonic and Old English place names in the pre-1974 counties of Northumbria Durham Selkirkshire Roxburghshire Berwickshire Peeblesshire and the Lothians.png|320px|thumb|Map of place-names between the [[Firth of Forth]] and the [[River Tees]]: in green, names probably containing Brittonic elements; in red and orange, names probably containing the Old English elements -''ham'' and -''ingaham'' respectively. Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the [[Lammermuir Hills|Lammermuir]] and [[Moorfoot Hills]] and may reflect the territory of the Gododdin.<ref>Map by [[Alaric Hall]], first published [http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/placenames/frames.htm here] as part of Bethany Fox, '[http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland]', ''The Heroic Age'', 10 (2007).</ref>]]
In the 6th century, Bryneich was invaded by the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] and became known as [[Bernicia]]. The Angles continued to press north. In around 600 the Gododdin raised a force of about 300 men to assault the Angle stronghold of [[Catraeth]], perhaps [[Catterick, North Yorkshire]]. The battle, which ended disastrously for the Britons, was memorialised in the poem ''[[Y Gododdin]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-16 |title=King Arthur in History |url=https://sianechard.ca/web-pages/king-arthur-in-history/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Siân Echard |publisher=Department of English Language and Literatures, University of British Columbia |language=en}}</ref>

In 638, Eidyn, modern Edinburgh, was under siege and fell to the Angles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Edinburgh Castle |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Edinburgh-Castle/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> for the Gododdin seem to have come under the rule of Bernicia around this time. To what extent the native population was replaced or assimilated is unknown. Bernicia became part of [[Northumbria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Northumberland and Borders |url=https://history.earthsci.carleton.ca/uk/ukhistory.htm |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=history.earthsci.carleton.ca}}</ref> Shortly afterwards this came under a unified England, then in 1018 [[Malcolm II]] brought the region as far as the [[River Tweed]] under Scottish rule.

==See also==
*[[Mynyddawg Mwynfawr]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* Kenneth H. Jackson (1969). ''The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish poem'' (Edinburgh: University Press) * W.J. Watson (1926, 1986). ''The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland: being the Rhind lectures on archaeology (expanded) delivered in 1916.'' (Edinburgh, London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1926; Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1986, reprint edition). {{ISBN|1-874744-06-8}}
* W.J. Watson (1926, 1986). ''The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland: being the Rhind lectures on archaeology (expanded) delivered in 1916.'' (Edinburgh, London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1926; Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1986, reprint edition). {{ISBN|1-874744-06-8}}
* Davies, John. "Dinas Powys, Catraeth, and Llantwit Major." ''A History of Wales''. London: Allen Lane :, 1993. 61–62. Print.
* Davies, Norman. "The Germanico-Celtic Isles." ''The Isles: A History''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. 165–166, 185–187, 195, 207. Print.

==Further reading==
* Ian Armit (1998). ''Scotland's Hidden History'' (Tempus [in association with Historic Scotland]) {{ISBN|0-7486-6067-4}}
* Stuart Piggott (1982). ''Scotland Before History'' (Edinburgh: University Press) {{ISBN|0-85224-348-0}}
*{{cite book|editor-first=Alex|editor-last=Woolf|title=Beyond the Gododdin: Dark Age Scotland in Medieval Wales. Proceedings of a Day Conference Held on 19 February 2005|date=2013|publisher=The Committee for Dark Age Studies, University of St Andrews|location=St Andrews, UK|isbn=978-0-9512573-8-8}}

==External links==
*{{Citation
|last=Skene
|first=William Forbes
|author-link=William Forbes Skene
|year=1869
|title=The Gododdin Poems
|publisher=Forgotten Books
|publication-date=2007
|pages=108
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ6ytxW0EwwC
|access-date=2008-08-09
|isbn=1-60506-167-0
}}

{{Hen ogledd}}
{{Medieval Scotland}}

[[Category:Former countries in the British Isles]]
[[Category:Celtic Britons]]
[[Category:Tribes of ancient Scotland]]
[[Category:Lothian]]
[[Category:Culture of Scotland]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 5th century]]
[[Category:Hen Ogledd]]
[[Category:Historical Celtic peoples]]