Editing Glossary of patience terms

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[[File:70092 Patience 435x675 Folienetui.jpg|thumb|300px|Patience or solitaire cards]]
Games of [[patience (game)|patience]], or [[patience (game)|(card) solitaires]] as they are usually called in North America, have their own 'language' of specialised terms such as [[#building down|"building down"]], [[#packing|"packing"]], [[#foundations|"foundations"]], [[#talon|"talon"]] and [[#tableau|"tableau"]].  Once learnt they are helpful in describing, succinctly and accurately, how the games are played. Patience games are usually for a single player, although a small number have been designed for two and, in rare cases, three or even four players. They are games of skill or chance or a combination of the two. There are three classes of patience grouped by object.<ref name=Hoffmann/>

The most frequent object is to arrange the cards either in [[#ascending sequence|ascending sequence]] (e.g. from Ace to King) or [[#descending sequence|descending sequence]]. Occasionally both forms of [[#sequence|sequence]] are aimed at in the same game. The card forming the starting point of the required sequence is known as the [[#foundation card|foundation card]] and the sequence or [[#family|family]] is said to be [[#build|'built up']] on such card. In some cases foundation cards are picked out and placed in position beforehand; in others they are only laid down as they come to hand in course of play. In some instances the cards forming the sequence must be of the same suit as the foundation card; in others suit is disregarded. Some games permit the provisional formation of [[#auxiliary sequence|auxiliary sequences]] (descending or ascending), i.e. groups of cards in succession but not yet ripe to be played to the families or sequences on the foundation cards. A second object of many patiences is merely to 'pair' cards. The cards thus paired are thrown aside and, if the player is able, under the limitations of the particular game, to throw out all the cards in this way, the game is won. A third object is to throw out or dispose of any two cards which together form a particular number, say eleven or thirteen–the player's success, as before, depending on being able to get rid of all the cards in this manner.<ref name=Hoffmann>Hoffmann, Professor (1892), pp. 1–6.</ref>

It will be obvious that the endeavour to arrange, pair, or combine the cards of a whole pack is a difficult task, varying in degree according to the rules of the particular game. The player must therefore be prepared for a good many failures even when close to success. Hence why the name 'patience games' has been give to recreations of this description.<ref name=Hoffmann/>

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== A ==
; {{anchor|alternating colour}} alternating colours, alternating color, alternate colours, alternate colors
: Placing [[#red|red]] on [[#black|black]] cards or black on red cards alternately.<ref name=Parlett>Parlett (1979), pp. 24–32.</ref>

; {{anchor|available}} available
: A card that is available may be picked up and laid down elsewhere.<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|available cards}} available cards
: Those that are not [[#blocked|blocked]] or [[#covered|covered]] by other cards, ''i.e.'', not forbidden by the particular rules of each game, to be used.<ref name=Cadogan>Cadogan (1874), p. xi.</ref><ref name=Dick/>

; {{anchor|auxiliary sequence}} auxiliary sequence
: A pile of cards that is [[#pack|packed]] on a [[#depot|depot]] within the [[#tableau|tableau]] in readiness for being [[#built|built]] in the reverse order on the [[#foundations|foundations]] when the time is right.

== B == 
; {{anchor|base card|base}} base, base card
: See [[#foundation card|foundation card]].<ref name=Jackson>Jackson (2001), pp. 7 ff.</ref>

; {{anchor|batch|batches}} batch
: A number of cards [[#deal|dealt]] at one time.

; {{anchor|below}} below
: A card is below another if it is nearer to the bottom of the playing [[#board|board]] or to the player.<ref name=Parlett/> See also [[#beneath|beneath]].

; {{anchor|beneath}} beneath 
: A card is beneath another if it is [[#covered|covered]] or [[#overlap|overlapped]] by it.<ref name=Parlett/> See also [[#below|below]].

; {{anchor|black}} black (suits)
: The suits of [[Clubs (suit)|Clubs]] and [[Spades (suit)|Spades]].

; {{anchor|blocked}} blocked
: The situation when no more legal [[#move|moves]] can be made. In some instances the game is automatically lost; in others a [[#grace|grace]] may be used to unblock the game.<ref name=Parlett/> Also chockered.

; {{anchor|build|building|built}} build
: To place one card on the top of the other in sequence, or otherwise, according to the rules.<ref name=Tarbart/> To place cards in their final location, in [[#stack|stacks]] or [[#cascade|cascades]] according to the rules.<ref name=Barry>Barry (2010), p. 11.</ref>

; {{anchor|build down|building down|built down}} build down
: To place cards one on top of another in [[#descending sequence|descending sequence]]. Cards may be 'built downward', e.g. from King to Ace.<ref name=Barry>Barry (2010), p. 11.</ref>

; {{anchor|build up|building up|built up}} build up
: To place cards one on top of another in [[#ascending sequence|ascending sequence]]. Cards may be 'built upward', e.g. from Ace to King.<ref name=Barry>Barry (2010), p. 11.</ref>

; {{anchor|buried}} buried
: See [[#covered|covered]].

== C ==
; {{anchor|cascade}} cascade
: Cards are built on one another, starting from the bottom up.  Each card's value and suit is face up, and should be able to be viewed by the player.  However, only the top card is available for play.  It is most commonly found in addition games.

; {{anchor|cells}} cells
: In computer games, such as [[freeCell]], cells allow only one card at a time to be placed in them. Any card can be put in a cell. Same as [[#space|space]] and formerly known as a [[#depot|depot]].

; {{anchor|chocker|chockered}} chockered
: See [[#blocked|blocked]]. {{efn|"Chockered" is used e.g. by Whitmore Jones and Bergholt.}}

; {{anchor|chocker|chockering}} chocker, chockering
: To become, or becoming, [[#chockered|chockered]] or [[#blocked|blocked]].{{efn|"Chockering" is used e.g. by Whitmore Jones.}}

; {{anchor|closed}} closed
: A game of incomplete information in which cards that cannot be played are discarded to a [[#wastepile|wastepile]].<ref name=Parlett/> See also [[#open|open]] and [[#half-open|half-open]].

; {{anchor|colour}} color, colour 
: In [[French-suited packs]] there are two 'colours': [[#red|red]], i.e. the [[#suit|suits]] of [[Hearts (suit)|Hearts]] and [[Diamonds (suit)|Diamonds]], and [[#black|black]], i.e. the suits of [[Clubs (suit)|Clubs]] and [[Spades (suit)|Spades]].

; {{anchor|column}} column
: A line of cards extending towards the player and usually [[#spread|spread]], i.e. [[#overlapping|overlapping]] so that all are identifiable, but only the [[#topmost|topmost]] card is [[#exposed|exposed]] and therefore [[#available|available]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|come out|out}} come out, out
: A game is 'out' or said to 'come out' when the player achieves its objective.<ref name=Parlett/> See also [[#get out|get out]].

; {{anchor|court card}} court card
: Picture card. The picture cards or face cards, being dressed in costume, were originally called coat cards. They are the King, Queen and Knave or Jack.<ref name=Cheney/>

; {{anchor|covered}} covered
: A card is covered when another card lies wholly or partially over it. It is not normally [[#available|available]]. Also buried.<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|crown}} crown
: A [[#suite|suite]] or [[#family|family]] is 'crowned' when the last card, often the King, is played to it.<ref name=Parlett/>

== D ==
; {{anchor|deal|deals|dealt}} deal
: To take cards from the top of  the [[#card pack|pack]] and lay them on the [[#tableau|tableau]], face up unless the rules state otherwise.<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|denomination}} denomination
: See [[#value|value]].

; {{anchor|depot}} depot, depôt
: Position in the layout comprising a [[#pile|pile]] of cards, one card or a space waiting for a card.<ref name=Parlett/> A depository to which cards not playable direct to foundations may be placed.<ref name=Tarbart/>

; {{anchor|discard}} discard
: To place a card on the [[#wastepile|wastepile]] instead of playing it to the [[#tableau|tableau]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|discard pile}} discard pile
: See [[#wastepile|wastepile]].

; {{anchor|down-card|downcard}} down-card, downcard
: A card lying face down.<ref name=Parlett/><ref name=Jackson/>

== E ==
; {{anchor|exposed|exposed card}} exposed
: A card is exposed when it is not [[#covered|covered]] or [[#overlap|overlapped]] by another. Exposed cards are usually [[#available|available]].<ref name=Parlett/>

== F ==
; {{anchor|face}} face
: To turn a [[#down-card|down-card]] face up.<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|face down|face-down}} face down
: A card is face down when its picture or pip side is hidden.<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|face up|face-up}} face up
: A card is face up when its picture or pip side is uppermost.<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|family|families}} family, families
: Cards [[#build|built]] in [[#sequence|sequence]] upon the [[#foundation card|foundation cards]].<ref name=Dick/>

; {{anchor|fan}} fan
: A few cards, usually three, laid in an [[#overlapping|overlapping]], crescent-shaped [[#row|row]] such that only one is [[#exposed|exposed]] and [[#available|available]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|fanned}} fanned
: When the cards in the [[#pile|pile]] are [[#overlapping|overlapping]], but part of each card can be seen. The [[#fan|fan]] is usually crescent-shaped and three in number.<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|foundation|foundations}} foundation, foundation pile
: A pile of cards, typically squared and face-up, and [[#built|built]] on the bottom card which is the [[#foundation card|foundation card]]. As the [[#tableau|tableau]] is cleared, cards are moved to the foundations.

; {{anchor|foundation card}} foundation card
: A card on which the Patience is formed. Foundations cards are generally Kings and Aces.<ref name=Dick>Dick (1884), pp. 7–8.</ref> Also base or base card.

; {{anchor|foundation row}} foundation row
: A [[#row|row]] of [[#foundation cards|foundation cards]] or the [[#spaces|spaces]] for them.<ref name=Jackson/>

== G ==
; {{anchor|gap}} gap
: See [[#space|space]].

; {{anchor|get out}} get out
: To win a patience game; to succeed in achieving the aim of the game.<ref name=Arnold/> See also [[#come out|come out]].

; {{anchor|goes through}} goes through
: Succeeds. See also [[#come out|come out]] and [[#get out|get out]].

; {{anchor|grace}} grace
: A special move that might otherwise be illegal.<ref name=Arnold>Arnold (2011), pp. 159–160.</ref><ref name=Jackson/> Also called a [[#privilege|privilege]]. See also [[#merci|merci]].

; {{anchor|grace card}} grace card
: A card which may be used as a [[#grace|grace]].{{efn|For example, see Parlett (1979), p. 178, in the game of [[Baroness (card game)|Baroness]].}}

== H ==
; {{anchor|half-open}} half-open
: A game which starts off [[#closed|closed]], i.e. with incomplete information because not all cards are visible on the table, and which becomes [[#open|open]] as play proceeds. Thus it is a combination of chance and skill.<ref name=Parlett/> See also [[#closed|closed]] and [[#open|open]].

; {{anchor|heel}} heel
: Cards set aside for later in the game.<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|honors|honours}} honors, honours
: The Aces together with the [[#court card|court cards]].<ref name=Cheney/>

== L ==
; {{anchor|lane}} lane
: An empty line of spaces in the [[#tableau|tableau]], which has been formed by the removal of an entire [[#row|row]] of cards.<ref name=Dick/>

[[File:Carpet patience 1.jpg|thumb|Layout for ''The Carpet'']]
; {{anchor|layout}} layout
: The arrangement of cards [[#deal|dealt]] to the table at the start of the game. Parlett carefully distinguishes it from the [[#tableau|tableau]].<ref name=Parlett/>

== M ==
; {{anchor|marriage}} marriage
: The placing a card ''of the same suit'' on the next one above or below it in value. Any number may be placed on each other in this way.<ref name=Cadogan/>

; {{anchor|master card}} master card
: See [[foundation card]].

; {{anchor|merci}} merci
: A rule that allows the [[#play|play]] of a card in certain circumstances in contravention of the normal rules of the patience concerned.<ref name=Tarbart>Tarbart (1905), pp. 1–4.</ref> Similar to [[#grace|grace]].

; {{anchor|move|moved}} move
: Any transfer of an [[#available|available]] card from one place to another allowed under the rules.

; {{anchor|multiples}} multiples
: Cards are placed in multiples when the [[#sequence|sequence]] is a multiple of a number other than one e.g. where cards may only be placed on the card two, three, or four; higher or lower. In multiples, a Jack counts as eleven, a Queen twelve, and a King thirteen. [[#wrapping|Wrapping]] is often applied, i.e. if building up by two is required, then the sequence 10 - Queen - Ace - 3 - 5 is permitted.

== O ==
; {{anchor|open}} open
: A game in which play begins with all cards face up on the table. Like chess, an open game is purely a game of skill.<ref name=Parlett/> See also [[#closed|closed]] and [[#half-open|half-open]].

; {{anchor|out|patience is out}} out
A game of patience or solitaire is said to be 'out' when it is solved successfully. Also called 'getting it out'.

;{{anchor|overlap|overlapping}} overlap, overlapping
: A [[#column|column]] of cards is overlapping when each succeeding card partly covers the preceding one such that it can be identified.<ref name=Parlett/>

== P ==
; {{anchor|pack|packing|card pack}} pack
#  To pack is to place cards in [[#sequence|sequence]] in an intermediate location, usually the [[#tableau|tableau]], until they can be placed on the [[#foundation|foundations]].<ref name=Arnold/>
#  A pack (also deck) is the set of cards in hand which are being dealt<ref name=Dick/> at the outset of the game. Normally 52 cards or a multiple thereof. However some patiences are played with a [[Piquet pack]] or Euchre pack of 32 cards.<ref name=Cheney/>

; {{anchor|packet}} packet
: A [[#squared|squared up]] [[#pile|pile]] of cards dealt at the start of a game. Sometimes dealt such that the top card is [[#face up|face up]] and [[#available|available]] while the ones [[#beneath|beneath]] are [[#face down|face down]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|pair}} pair
# Two cards of the same rank.<ref name=Arnold/>
# To combine two cards, either of the same rank or which total a given value e.g. 13, in order to discard or move them.

; {{anchor|pass}} pass
: A succession of [[#deal|deals]] that runs through the entire [[#stock|stock]] once. Some games allow several passes through the stock; others restrict it to one pass. If the game is not [[#out|out]] within the required number of passes, it is lost.

; {{anchor|patience}} patience
: The name of a type of card game, usually for one player, in Britain and many other countries.<ref name=Jackson/>

; {{anchor|peeking}} peeking
: Looking at the next card in the [[#stock|stock]] before deciding on the next [[#play|play]].<ref>Morehead & Mott-Smith (1950), p. 32.</ref>

; {{anchor|pile}} pile
: A stack of cards one on top of the other and [[#squared|squared]] such that only the [[#topmost card|topmost card]], whether [[#face up|face up]] or [[#face down|face down]] is visible.<ref name=Jackson/>

; {{anchor|pips}} pips
: The spots on the cards; that is, the figures of clubs, diamonds, etc.<ref name=Cheney>Cheney (1869), pp. 113 ff.</ref>

; {{anchor|play}} play (a card, cards)
: To place (a card) on the [[#foundation|foundations]] in contradistinction to placing them elsewhere.<ref name=Cadogan/> To take up and use it in the game for [[#build|building]], [[#packing|packing]] or filling a [[#space|space]] as opposed to discarding it to a [[#wastepile|wastepile]].<ref name=Jackson/><ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|privilege}} privilege
: See [[#grace|grace]].

== R ==
; {{anchor|rank}} rank
: The [[#value|value]] or [[#denomination|denomination]] of a card.<ref name=Jackson/>

; {{anchor|red}} red (suits)
: The suits of [[Hearts (suit)|Hearts]] and [[Diamonds (suit)|Diamonds]].

; {{anchor|redeal|re-deal}} redeal, re-deal
# When the [[#stock|stock]] is empty, to take the [[#wastepile|wastepile]], turn it over, and use it to reform the stock. Sometimes it must be [[shuffled]].
# A second or follow-on deal.

; {{anchor|released cards}} released cards
: Those that, by the removal of the cards that blocked them, have now become [[#available|available]].<ref name=Cadogan/><ref name=Dick/>

; {{anchor|reserve}} reserve 
:Cards [[#available|available]] for [[#play|play]] that are not part of the [[#foundation|foundations]], [[#talon|talon]], [[#tableau|tableau]] or [[#discard pile|discard piles]].<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|reversing}} reversing
: In two-[[#pack|pack]] patiences, when it is allowed to [[#build|build]] [[#sequences|sequences]] simultaneously, ascending on Ace [[#foundation|foundations]] and descending on King foundations, so that when the tops cards of two foundations are in sequence (e.g. a Six and a Seven), cards may be transferred from one to the other.<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|round the corner|around the corner|round-the-corner}} round the corner, around the corner
: A [[#sequence|sequence]] of cards that is [[#built|built]] 'around the corner' is one where the King and Ace are seen consecutive. e.g. Q K A 2 or 2 A K Q.<ref name=Parlett/> Also called [[#wrapping|wrapping]].

; {{anchor|row}} row
: A line of cards placed side by side. May or may not be [[#overlap|overlapped]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|rubbish heap|rubbish-heap}} rubbish heap, rubbish-heap
: See [[#wastepile|wastepile]].

== S ==
; {{anchor|sequence|ascending sequence|descending sequence}} sequence, ascending sequence, descending sequence
: A [[#cascade|cascade]], [[#pile|pile]] or [[#row|row]] of cards in order of [[#rank|rank]]. Often the aim is to form a full sequence in each [[#suit|suit]], typically from [[Ace]] (low) to [[King (playing card)|King]] (high). The regular succession of cards ascending from Ace to King or descending from King to Ace; a sequence need not be of one suit.<ref name=Cadogan/>

; {{anchor|shuttling}} shuttling
: A feature in some games whereby placing a card under an existing pile releases the top card which must be now played next. See, e.g. [[Travellers (card game)|Travellers]] and its variants.<ref>Parlett (1979), p. 185.</ref>

; {{anchor|singleton}} singleton
: A single care of any [[#suit|suit]].<ref name=Jackson/>

; {{anchor|solitaire}} solitaire
: North American name for games of patience.<ref name=Arnold/>

; {{anchor|space}} space
: A gap in the [[#tableau|tableau]] due to the removal of a singleton card or a [[#pile|pile]] of cards. Same as vacancy.<ref name=Parlett/> A gap or [[#vacancy|vacancy]] in the layout into which cards may be played or from which cards have been removed.<ref name=Parodi>Parodi (2004), pp. 9 ff.</ref> An empty [[#depot|depot]]. Also [[#gap|gap]] or [[#vacancy|vacancy]].

; {{anchor|spots}} spots
: See [[#pips|pips]].

; {{anchor|spread}} spread
: To [[#overlap|overlap]] cards in a [[#row|row]] or [[#column|column]] such that each card can be made out, but only the [[#topmost card|topmost card]] is [[#exposed|exposed]] and therefore [[#available|available]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|squared}} squared
: When the cards in the pile are directly on top of one another.

; {{anchor|stack|stacked}} stack, stacked
: See [[#pile|pile]].

; {{anchor|stock}} [[Stock (cards)|stock]]
: See [[#talon|talon]].

; {{anchor|suit}} [[Suit (cards)|suit]]
: One of the four families of cards in a [[#card pack|pack]] all sharing the same symbol e.g. [[Clubs (suit)|Clubs]], [[Spades (suit)|Spades]], [[Hearts (suit)|Hearts]] and [[Diamonds (suit)|Diamonds]] or [[Acorns (suit)|Acorns]], [[Leaves (suit)|Leaves]], Hearts and [[Bells (suit)|Bells]].<ref name=Cadogan/>

; {{anchor|suite}} suite
: A [[#pile|pile]] of cards that has been [[#build|built]] in [[#sequence|sequence]] on a [[#foundation card|foundation card]]. Same as foundation pile. An Ace-suite is one [[#base|based]] on an Ace, etc.<ref name=Parlett/> A full sequence of 13 cards of one suit.<ref name=Barry/><ref name=Parodi/>

; {{anchor|suitable cards}} suitable cards
: Those whose value and suit fit them to be played or placed in the tableaux.<ref name=Cadogan/>

== T ==
; {{anchor|tableau}} tableau 
: An arrangement of cards on the table, typically comprising several [[#depot|depots]] i.e. places where [[#column|columns]] of [[#overlap|overlapping]] cards may be formed, the [[#packing|packing]] taking place on the [[#available|available]] cards on the columns. It is thus distinct from a [[#layout|layout]], [[#reserve|reserve]], [[#talon|talon]] or [[#wastepile|wastepile]].<ref name=Parlett/> The main part of the [[#layout|layout]] on the table.<ref name=Arnold/> Sometimes equated, confusingly, to layout.

; {{anchor|talon}} [[Talon (cards)|talon]]
: The remaining stack of cards, typically squared and face-down, that is left after the [[#layout|layout]] has been populated. These cards can be turned over into the [[#waste|waste]], usually one-by-one, but sometimes in groups of two or three (depending on rules), whenever the player wishes. Also [[#stock|stock]].  Sometimes equated, confusingly, to waste pile.<ref name=Parlett/>

;{{anchor|top card}} {{anchor|topmost card}} top card, topmost card
: See [[#uppermost card|uppermost card]].

; {{anchor|turn the corner|turning the corner}} turn the corner, turning the corner
: In [[#building|building]] or [[#packing|packing]] to continue the [[#sequence|sequence]] after ascending to the King or descending to the Ace e.g. to run J Q K A 2 3.

== U ==
; {{anchor|upcard|up-card}} up-card, upcard
: A card lying [[#face up|face up]], usually at the top of a [[#pile|pile]].<ref name=Parlett/><ref name=Arnold/><ref name=Jackson/> See also [[#down-card|down-card]].

; {{anchor|uppermost card}} uppermost card
: The [[#exposed|exposed]] card on the top, or surface of a packet.<ref name=Dick/> Also top or topmost card.

== V ==
; {{anchor|vacancy}} vacancy
: See [[#space|space]].<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|value}} value
: The figures of the [[court card]]s and the number of points, pips or spots of the minor cards.<ref name=Cadogan/><ref name=Dick/>

== W ==
; {{anchor|waste}} waste (heap)
: See [[#wastepile|wastepile]].

; {{anchor|wastepile|waste pile}} wastepile, waste pile
: A stack or pile of cards, usually from the [[#stock|stock]] or [[#talon|talon]], that is formed when they are turned up but cannot be played immediately. The pile is usually [[#squared|squared]] and [[#face-up|face-up]] and only the topmost card is [[#available|available]]. Also rubbish heap, waste heap or discard pile.

; {{anchor|wing}} wing
: The left or right half of the [[#tableau|tableau]] when it is divided in two by a clear space.<ref name=Parlett/>

; {{anchor|worrying back}} worrying back
: Putting a card already built on a foundation back onto one of the [[#depots|depots]] in the [[#tableau|tableau]].<ref name=Arnold/> Not allowed in many patiences. First introduced in [[Emperor (card game)|Emperor Patience]] in 1890.<ref>Whitmore Jones (1890), pp. 72–74.</ref>

; {{anchor|wrap|wrapping}} wrapping 
# Building [[#around the corner|around the corner]].
# Using [[modular arithmetic]] to build the sequence, e.g. Queen-King-Ace-2-3, 10-Queen-Ace-3-5, 8-Jack-Ace-4-7.

== See also ==
*[[Glossary of card game terms]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Arnold, Peter (2011). ''Card Games for One''. London: Chambers. {{ISBN|978-0550-10201-0}}
* Barry, Sheila Anne (2010). ''Great Card Games for One''. NY: Puzzlewright. {{ISBN|978-1402-77116-3}}
* [[Cadogan, Lady Adelaide]] (1872). ''Illustrated Games of Patience''.
* [[Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney|Cheney, Ednah Dow Littlehale]] (1869). ''Patience: A Series of Games with Cards''. Boston: Lee & Shepard.
* [[Dick, William Brisbane]] (1883). ''Dick's Games of Patience, Or, Solitaire with Cards.'' NY: Dick & Fitzgerald. 
* [[Hoffmann, Professor]] [Angelo Lewis] (1892). ''The Illustrated Book of Patience Games''. London, NY, Glasgow and Manchester: George Routledge.
* Jackson, Robin (2001). ''Solitaire: Over 30 Challenging Solitaire Games''. NY: Barnes & Noble.
* [[Morehead, Albert]] and [[Geoffrey Mott-Smith]] (1950). ''The Complete Book of Patience''. London: Faber & Faber.
* [[Parlett, David]] (1979). ''The Penguin Book of Patience''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|0-7139-1193-X}}
* Parodi, Francesca (2004). ''Big Book of Solitaire''. NY: Sterling.
* "Tarbart" (1905). ''Games of Patience'', 2nd edition. London: Thos. De La Rue.
* [[Whitmore Jones, Mary]] (1890). ''Games of Patience for One or More Players''. 2nd Series. London: L. Upcott Gill. NY: Scribner’s.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111025184344/http://bicyclecards.com/card-games/glossary Glossary of card game terms] provided by [[The United States Playing Card Company]]

{{Patience}}

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