Editing Glockenspiel

{{Short description|Mallet percussion instrument}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}{{About|the musical instrument|other uses|Glockenspiel (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name           = Glockenspiel
| names          = {{hlist|Concert bells|orchestral bells|carillon}}
| image          = Glockenspiel-malletech.jpg
| image_capt     = A glockenspiel made by Malletech
| background     = percussion
| classification = [[Keyboard percussion]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 111.222
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sets of percussion plaques
| inventors      = 
| developed      = 
| range          = [[File:Glockenspiel range.svg|center|200px]]
| related        = {{hlist|[[Xylophone]]|[[song bells]]|[[keyboard glockenspiel]]}}
| musicians      = 
| builders       = 
| articles       = 
}}
{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = Telemann-40-102-2-Lilypond-Libre-art.ogg
| title = Sound of a glockenspiel
}}
The '''glockenspiel''' ({{IPAc-en|'|g|l|ɒ|k|ə|n|ʃ|p|iː|l}} {{respell|GLO|kən|shpeel}}; {{IPA|de|ˈɡlɔkənˌʃpiːl}} or {{IPA|de|ˈɡlɔkn̩ˌʃpiːl|}}, {{Lang|de|Glocken}}: bells and {{Lang|de|Spiel}}: play) or '''bells''' is a [[percussion instrument]] consisting of pitched [[aluminum]] or [[steel]] bars arranged in a [[Musical keyboard|keyboard layout]]. This makes the glockenspiel a type of [[metallophone]], similar to the [[vibraphone]].  

The glockenspiel is played by striking the bars with [[Percussion mallet|mallets]], often made of a hard material such as metal or plastic. Its clear, high-pitched tone is often heard in [[Orchestra|orchestras]], [[Concert band|wind ensembles]], [[Marching band|marching bands]], and in [[popular music]].

==Terminology==
In German, a [[carillon]] is also called a {{Lang|de|Glockenspiel}}, and in French, the glockenspiel is sometimes called a {{Lang|fr|carillon}}. It may also be called a {{Lang|fr|jeu de timbres}} ({{Lit|set of small bells}}) in French, although this term may sometimes be specifically reserved for the [[keyboard glockenspiel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Del Mar |first=Norman |url= |title=Anatomy of the Orchestra |publisher=University of California Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-520-04500-9 |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley |pages=407 |oclc=10561390}}</ref> In Italian, the term {{Lang|it|campanelli}} ({{Lit|little bells}}) is used.{{Sfn|Beck|2014|p=121}}

The glockenspiel is sometimes erroneously referred to as a [[xylophone]]. (The xylophone has wooden bars, unlike the glockenspiel which has metal bars.)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desiderio |first=Kelsey |date=July 13, 2015 |title=You Know More Now: Xylophone Vs. glockenspiel |url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/you-know-more-now-xylophone-vs-glockenspiel-msna637946 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> The [[Pixiphone]], a type of toy glockenspiel, was one such instrument sold as a xylophone.

==Range==
The glockenspiel is limited to the upper [[Register (music)|register]] and typically covers between {{frac|2|1|2}} and 3 [[octave]]s, though certain professional models may reach up to {{frac|3|1|2}} octaves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=R. J. |url= |title=Contemporary Orchestration: A Practical Guide to Instruments, Ensembles, and Musicians |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-80625-7|pages=263 |oclc=900827870}}</ref> The glockenspiel is often a [[transposing instrument]] and sounds two octaves above the written pitch, though this is sometimes remedied by using an [[octave clef]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reed |first1=H. Owen |url= |title=Scoring for Percussion and the Instruments of the Percussion Section |last2=Leach |first2=Joel T. |publisher=[[Belwin-Mills]] |year=1978 |isbn=0-13-796573-7 |edition=Revised |location= |pages=122 |oclc=4589 |author-link=H. Owen Reed}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Glockenspiel (c. 1910).jpg|thumb|A glockenspiel made around 1910 in Leipzig, Germany]]

Early glockenspiels were percussion instruments that produced notes via small bronze [[Bell (instrument)|bells]] that were tuned with a drumstick. The bells were replaced by metal sound plates in the 17th century. In the 18th century the instrument was played using a keyboard that struck the bottom of each plate with a hammer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blades |first=James |title=Percussion Instruments and Their History |publisher=Bold Strummer |year=1992 |isbn=0-933224-71-0 |edition=Rev. |location=Westport, CT |pages=398 |oclc=28230162}}</ref> The use of mallets evolved during the 19th century, coinciding with [[Romanticism]].<ref>"glockenspiel." ''The New Penguin Dictionary of Music'', Paul Griffiths, Penguin, 1st edition, 2006. ''Credo Reference.'' Accessed 19 Jan. 2022.</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:GlockenspielSousaphone.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[Mardi Gras]] musician playing a horizontal bell lyre]]

When used in a [[Marching band|marching]] or [[military band]], the bars are sometimes mounted in a portable case and held vertically, sometimes in a [[lyre]]-shaped frame. However, the bars may be held horizontally, using a harness similar to that found on a [[Snare drum|marching snare]]. In [[orchestra]]l use, the bars are mounted horizontally.

Larger sets of glockenspiel (i.e., sets three octaves or larger) are often equipped with a [[sustain pedal]], not unlike that of a [[vibraphone]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brief Description – Vienna Symphonic Library|url=https://www.vsl.co.at/en/Percussions/Glockenspiel|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.vsl.co.at}}</ref>

From 1918 to 1932, J.C. Deagan, Inc. manufactured bells equipped with a resonator under the name Parsifal bells.{{Sfn|Beck|2014|p=67}} Both [[Adams Musical Instruments|Adams]] and [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] model their professional-grade glockenspiels on the Deagan design.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Gary |title=Teaching Percussion |publisher=Cengage |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-337-67222-1|edition=3rd |pages=99 |oclc=1100674819}}</ref>

==Mallets==
The glockenspiel is played with unwrapped [[Percussion mallet|mallets]] made of hard material, such as metal (usually [[brass]] or [[Aluminium|aluminum]]) or a type of [[polymer]] (usually [[Polycarbonate|Lexan]], [[Acrylic resin|acrylic]], [[Phenolic resin|phenolic]], or [[nylon]]). Non-metal mallets are used for general playing, while metal mallets produce a more brilliant sound. Rubber mallets may be used for a warmer sound, although rubber that is too soft may struggle to excite the metal bars. Playing chords on a glockenspiel can be done with four mallets using a grip such as [[Stevens technique]].

==Bell-lyre==
[[File:"Lord Mayor's Show" London 2006 (295240726).jpg|thumb|upright|A vertical bell lyre in use by the [[National Marching Band of the RAF Air Cadets]]]]

In the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, a form of glockenspiel is called a bell lyre, bell lyra, or lyra-glockenspiel.<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Blades |first=James |title=Bell-lyra}}</ref> The bell lyre is a form of glockenspiel commonly used in [[Marching band|marching bands]].<ref>{{Britannica|235519|glockenspiel}} {{Retrieved|access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> 

One variation is played vertically and has an extendable spike that is held on a strap. The player marches with the strap over one's shoulder and plays the instrument upright with a mallet. Another variation of the bell lyre exists that is supported by a strap around the shoulders and back. This variation is played horizontally with two mallets. Since the middle of the 19th century this form has been used in military and civil bands in Germany, where it is called a ''Stahlspiel'' or ''Militär-Glockenspiel''. 

The all-percussion [[drum and lyre corps]] in the Philippines uses this as a main instrument. This form of glockenspiel is also popular in [[Colombia]]n marching band music.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banda de Guerra|url=https://www.fac.mil.co/banda-de-guerra|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Fuerza Aérea Colombiana|language=es|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620103914/https://www.fac.mil.co/banda-de-guerra|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many marching bands stopped using bell lyres with the introduction of the [[front ensemble]]. One of the few college marching bands with a glockenspiel section is UC Berkeley's [[University of California Marching Band]], where they are affectionately referred to as "glocks".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Jeremy |date=27 January 2013 |title=Glocks, Oboes and Violins? Oh, My! |url=https://halftimemag.com/features/glocks-oboes-and-violins-oh-my.html |website=[[Halftime Magazine]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Keyboard percussion instrument|Keyboard percussion]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=John H. |title=Encyclopedia of Percussion |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0415971232 |edition=2nd |oclc=939052116}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Glockenspiel |volume=11 |short=x}}
*"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_3QetFbF6c Glockenspiel Excerpts from ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'']" performed by William James of the [[St. Louis Symphony Orchestra]]

{{Percussion}}
{{Plaque percussion idiophones}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bells (percussion)]]
[[Category:German musical instruments]]
[[Category:Keyboard percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Pitched percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Metal percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Orchestral percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Plaque percussion idiophones]]
[[Category:Concert band instruments]]

[[cs:Zvonkohra]]