Editing Gliwice

{{short description|City in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{Redirect|Gleiwitz|the false flag attack that precceeded World War II|Gleiwitz incident}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Gliwice
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| native_name = {{nativename|szl|Glywice}}
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1
| perrow = 2/2/1
| image1 = Ratusz gliwicki 01.JPG{{!}}Town Hall
| image2 = Bank Polski 01.JPG{{!}}Weichmann's Textile House by Erich Mendelsohn
| image3 = Gliwice, ulica Zwycięstwa.jpg{{!}}Victory (Zwycięstwa) Street
| image4 = Radiostacja - panoramio (3).jpg{{!}}Gliwice Radio Tower
| image5 = Gliwice - Dworzec Kolejowy V.jpg{{!}}Main Train Station
}}
| image_caption      = {{hlist|Left to right: Gliwice Town Hall and Old Town||Weichmann House by Erich Mendelsohn|Zwycięstwa (Victory) Street|[[Gliwice Radio Tower]]|Main Train Station}}
| image_flag         = POL_Gliwice_flag.svg
| image_shield       = POL Gliwice COA.svg
| pushpin_map        = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = top
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Silesian Voivodeship|name=Silesian}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties of Poland|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = ''city county''
| leader_title       = City mayor
| leader_name        = Katarzyna Kuczyńska-Budka [[Civic Coalition (Poland)|(KO)]]
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 13th century
| established_title3 = City rights
| established_date3  = 1250
| elevation_min_m    = 200
| elevation_max_m    = 278
| area_total_km2     = 134.2
| population_as_of   = 31 December 2021
| population_total   = 175,102 {{decrease}} ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|19th]])<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=24 July 2022|publisher=Statistics Poland|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422210113/https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|url-status=live}} Data for territorial unit 2466000.</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 1330
| population_urban   = 2746000
| population_metro   = 4620624
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| coordinates        = {{coord|50|17|N|18|40|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 44-100 to 44-164
| area_code          = +48 32
| blank_name         = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info         = SG
| blank1_name        = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info        = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
| blank_name_sec2    = Primary airport
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Katowice Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[File:A1-PL.svg|32px|link=A1 autostrada (Poland)]] [[File:A4-PL.svg|32px|link=A4 autostrada (Poland)]]
| website            = http://www.gliwice.eu/
}}
'''Gliwice''' ({{IPA|pl|ɡliˈvit͡sɛ|lang|Pl-Gliwice.ogg}}; {{langx|szl|Glywice}}, {{langx|de|Gleiwitz}}) is a [[city]] in [[Upper Silesia]], in southern [[Poland]]. The city is located in the [[Silesian Highlands]], on the [[Kłodnica]] river (a tributary of the [[Oder River|Oder]]). It lies approximately 25&nbsp;km west from [[Katowice]], the regional capital of the [[Silesian Voivodeship]].

Gliwice is the westernmost city of the [[Metropolis GZM]], a conurbation of 2.0 million people, and is the third-largest city of this area, with 175,102 permanent residents as of 2021.<ref name="population" /> It also lies within the larger [[Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area]] which has a population of about 5.3 million people and spans across most of eastern Upper Silesia, western [[Lesser Poland]] and the [[Moravian-Silesian Region]] in the [[Czech Republic]]. Gliwice is bordered by three other cities and towns of the metropolitan area: [[Zabrze]], [[Knurów]] and [[Pyskowice]]. It is one of the major [[college town]]s in Poland, thanks to the [[Silesian University of Technology]], which was founded in 1945 by academics of [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lwów University of Technology]]. Over 20,000 people study in Gliwice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polsl.pl/en/Pages/About_us.aspx|title=About us|website=www.polsl.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223320/https://www.polsl.pl/en/Pages/About_us.aspx|archive-date=2018-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Gliwice is an important industrial center of Poland. Following an [[economic transformation]] in the 1990s, Gliwice shifted from [[Steel mill|steelworks]] and [[coal mining]] to [[Automotive industry|automotive]] and [[machine industry]].

Founded in the 13th century, Gliwice is one of the oldest settlements in [[Upper Silesia]], with a preserved Old Town core. Gliwice's most historical structures include [[Old Saint Bartholomew church|St Bartholomew's Church]] (15th century), [[Gliwice Castle]] and city walls (14th century), [[:pl:Kościół Trójcy Świętej w Gliwicach|Armenian Church]] (originally a hospital, 15th century) and [[:pl:Kościół Wszystkich Świętych w Gliwicach|All Saints Old Town Church]] (15th century). Gliwice is also known for its [[Gliwice Radio Tower|Radio Tower]], where the [[Gleiwitz incident]] took place shortly before the outbreak of [[World War II]] and which is thought to be the world's tallest wooden construction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muzeum.gliwice.pl/radio_station/|title=Radio Station Gliwice - Muzeum w Gliwicach|date=22 February 2013|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201144805/http://www.muzeum.gliwice.pl/radio_station/|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as Weichmann Textile House, one of the first buildings designed by world-renowned architect [[Erich Mendelsohn]]. Gliwice hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019]] which took place on 24 November 2019.<ref name="Gliwice">{{cite news|url=https://eurovoix.com/2019/03/06/junior-eurovision-2019-gliwice-silesia/|title=Junior Eurovision 2019 to Be Held in Gliwice-Silesia|date=6 March 2019|last=Herbert|first=Emily|work=Eurovoix|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306183154/https://eurovoix.com/2019/03/06/junior-eurovision-2019-gliwice-silesia/|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the city is derived from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] root {{lang|sla|gliw}} or {{lang|sla|gliv}}, suggesting terrain characterized by [[loam]] or [[wetland]].

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Gliwice, kościół św. Bartłomieja, widok od pd-zach. (2).JPG|thumb|left|Medieval [[Fortified church|fortified]] [[Old Saint Bartholomew church]], one of the oldest structures of Gliwice]]
Gliwice was first mentioned as a town in 1276, however, it was granted [[town rights]] earlier by Duke [[Władysław Opolski]] of the [[Piast dynasty]].<ref name=dzieje>{{cite web|url=https://gliwice.eu/miasto/o-gliwicach/dzieje-miasta|title=Dzieje miasta|website=Miasto Gliwice|author=Edward Wieczorek|access-date=15 March 2020|language=pl|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023849/https://gliwice.eu/miasto/o-gliwicach/dzieje-miasta|url-status=live}}</ref> It was located on a [[trade route]] connecting [[Kraków]] and [[Wrocław]] and was part of various [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled duchies of [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty#Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)|fragmented Poland]]: [[Duchy of Opole|Opole]] until 1281, [[Duchy of Bytom|Bytom]] until 1322, from 1322 to 1342 Gliwice was a capital of an eponymous duchy, afterwards again part of the Duchy of Bytom until 1354, later it was also ruled by other regional Polish Piast dukes until 1532,<ref name=dzieje/> although in 1335 it fell under the suzerainty of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]], passing with that crown under suzerainty of the [[Austria]]n [[Habsburg]]s in 1526.

According to 14th-century writers, the town seemed defensive in character, when under rule of [[Siemowit of Bytom]].<ref name = history>{{Cite web |url=http://www.um.gliwice.pl/index.php?id=123%2F1 |title=Official website of Gliwice - Dzieje miasta |access-date=2019-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071211/http://www.um.gliwice.pl/index.php?id=123%2F1 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]] the city prospered mainly due to trade and crafts, especially [[brewing]].<ref name=dzieje/>

On 17 April 1433, Gliwice was captured by the [[Duchy of Głogówek and Prudnik|Duke]] [[Bolko V the Hussite|Bolko V]], who joined the [[Hussites]] after they captured [[Prudnik]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dominiak|first=Wojciech|title=Prudnik w średniowieczu: studia nad początkami miasta|publisher=Muzeum Ziemi Prudnickiej|year=2016|isbn=978-83-63260-62-0|location=Prudnik}}</ref>

===Early Modern Age===
[[File:Gliwice Feb 2014 038.JPG|thumb|An 1863 Polish plaque at the Town Hall commemorating Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] to 200th anniversary of the [[Battle of Vienna]]]]
After the dissolution of the [[Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]] in 1532, it was incorporated as Gleiwitz into the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. Because of the vast expenses incurred by the Habsburg monarchy during their [[Ottoman wars in Europe|16th century wars]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], Gleiwitz was [[lease]]d to Friedrich Zettritz for the amount of 14,000 [[thaler]]s. Although the original lease was for a duration of 18 years, it was renewed in 1580 for 10 years and in 1589 for an additional 18 years. Around 1612, the Reformed Franciscans came from [[Kraków]], and then their monastery and Holy Cross Church were built.<ref name=db>{{cite web|url=https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/gliwice-zespol-klasztorny-reformatow-ob-redemptorystow|title=Zespół klasztorny reformatów, ob. redemptorystów|website=Zabytek.pl|author=Dorota Bajowska|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=pl|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725075918/https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/gliwice-zespol-klasztorny-reformatow-ob-redemptorystow|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was besieged or captured by various armies during the [[Thirty Years' War]].<ref name=dzieje/> In 1645 along with the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz it returned to Poland under the [[House of Vasa]], and in 1666 it fell to Austria again. In 1683, Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] stopped in the city before the [[Battle of Vienna]].<ref name=dzieje/> In the 17th and 18th century, the city's economy switched from trading and brewing beer to clothmaking, which collapsed after the 18th-century [[Silesian Wars]].<ref name=dzieje/>

During the mid 18th century [[Silesian Wars]], Gleiwitz was taken from the Habsburg monarchy by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] along with the majority of Silesia. After the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Gleiwitz was administered in the [[Districts of Prussia|Prussian district]] of Tost-Gleiwitz within the [[Province of Silesia]] in 1816.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} The city was incorporated with Prussia into the [[German Empire]] in 1871 during the [[unification of Germany]]. In 1897, Gleiwitz became its own Stadtkreis, or urban district.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Industrialization===
The first coke-fired [[blast furnace]] on the European continent was constructed in Gleiwitz in 1796 under the direction of [[John Baildon]]. Gleiwitz began to develop into a major city through [[industrialization]] during the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} The town's [[ironworks]] fostered the growth of other industrial fields in the area. The city's population in 1875 was 14,156. However, during the late 19th century Gleiwitz had: 14 [[Distillation|distilleries]], 2 [[brewery|breweries]], 5 [[Mill (grinding)|mills]], 7 [[brick]] [[Factory|factories]], 3 [[sawmill]]s, a [[Roof shingle|shingle]] factory, 8 [[chalk]] factories and 2 [[Glassblowing|glassworks]].

Other features of the 19th-century era industrialized Gleiwitz were a [[gasworks]], a [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]] factory, a beer [[bottling company]], and a plant for asphalt and paste. Economically, Gleiwitz opened several [[bank]]s, [[savings and loan association]]s, and [[Bond (finance)|bond]] centers. Its [[tram]] system was completed in 1892, while its [[theater]] was opened in 1899; until [[World War II]], Gleiwitz's theatre featured actors from throughout Europe and was one of the most famous theatres in the whole of [[Germany]]. Despite [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] policies, the [[Polish people|Poles]] established various Polish organizations, including the [[Polish Sokół movement|"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society]], and published local Polish newspapers.<ref name=dzieje/>
[[File:Wappen von Gleiwitz.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms of Gleiwitz]]

===20th century===
According to the [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]], Gleiwitz's population in 1905 was 61,324. By 1911, it had two [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and four [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] churches, a [[synagogue]], a mining school, a [[convent]], a [[hospital]], two [[orphanage]]s, and a [[barracks]]. Gleiwitz was the center of the [[mining]] industry of [[Upper Silesia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} It possessed a royal [[foundry]], with which were connected machine factories and boiler works.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Ballestremsche Verwaltung Gleiwitz.jpg|thumb|left|The present Administrative Court building in the 1920s]]
After the end of [[World War I]], clashes between [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Germans]] occurred during the [[Silesian Uprisings|Polish insurrections]] in Silesia. Some ethnically Polish inhabitants of Upper Silesia wanted to incorporate the city into the [[Second Polish Republic]], which just regained independence. On 1 May 1919, a Polish rally was held in Gliwice.<ref name="ips">{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wincenty-styczynski|title=Wincenty Styczyński|website=Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny|access-date=15 March 2020|language=pl|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030911/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wincenty-styczynski|url-status=live}}</ref> Seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict, the [[League of Nations]] held a [[1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite|plebiscite]] on 20 March 1921 to determine which country the city should belong to. In Gleiwitz, 32,029 votes (78.7% of given votes) were for remaining in Germany, Poland received 8,558 (21.0%) votes, and 113 (0.3%) votes were declared invalid. The total voter turnout was listed as 97.0%. This prompted another insurrection by Poles. The League of Nations determined that three Silesian cities: Gleiwitz (Gliwice), [[Zabrze|Hindenburg (Zabrze)]] and [[Bytom|Beuthen (Bytom)]] would remain in Germany, and the eastern part of [[Upper Silesia]] with its main city of [[Katowice|Katowice (Kattowitz)]] would join restored Poland. After delimiting the border in Upper Silesia in 1921, Gliwice found itself in Germany, but near the border with [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] &ndash; nearby [[Knurów]] was already in Poland.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

During the [[interbellum]] the city witnessed not only [[Anti-Polish sentiment|anti-Polish]], but also [[Francophobia|anti-French]] incidents and violence by the Germans. In 1920, local Polish doctor and city [[councillor]] {{interlanguage link|Wincenty Styczyński|pl}}, protested against the German refusal to treat [[French people|French]] soldiers stationed in the city.<ref name="ips"/> In January 1922, he himself treated French soldiers shot in the city.<ref name="ips" /> On 9 April 1922, 17 Frenchmen died in an explosion during the liquidation of a German militia weapons warehouse in the present-day [[Sośnica, Gliwice|Sośnica]] district.<ref name="ips"/> Styczyński, who defended the rights of local Poles and protested against German acts of violence against Poles, was himself murdered by a German radical/militant on 18 April 1922.<ref name="ips" /> Nevertheless, various Polish organizations and enterprises still operated in the city in the interbellum, including a local branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]], Polish banks and a [[scout troop]].{{sfn|Cygański|1984|pp=24, 31, 33}}

On 9 June 1933, Gliwice was the site of the first conference of the Nazi anti-Polish organization [[Bund Deutscher Osten]] in Upper Silesia.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=49}} In a secret ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' report from 1934, Gliwice was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=60}} Polish activists were increasingly persecuted starting in 1937.{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=24}}

[[File:Radiostacja Gliwice - przemasban101.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Gliwice Radio Tower]]]]
The [[Gleiwitz incident]] was a false-flag attack on a radio station in Gleiwitz on 31 August 1939, staged by the German secret police, which served as a pretext, devised by [[Reinhard Heydrich]] under orders from Hitler, for [[Nazi Germany]] to [[Invasion of Poland|invade Poland]], and which marked the start of the [[Second World War]]. Shortly after the outbreak of the war, on 4 September 1939, the ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe I]]'' entered the city to commit [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against Poles]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=58}}</ref> After the invasion of Poland, the assets of local Polish banks were confiscated by Germany.{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=33}} The Germans formed a ''[[Kampfgruppe]]'' unit in the city.<ref>Wardzyńska, pg. 127</ref> It was also the [[cremation]] site of many of around 750 Poles murdered in Katowice in September 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska, pg. 130</ref>

In early 1940, the advanced [[shaped charge]] explosive developed for the attack on [[Fort Ében-Émael]] as part of the ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' attack on the [[Maginot Line]] on May 10, 1940 were tested at places in Gleiwitz to ensure secrecy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lucas|first=James|year=2022|title=Storming Eagles |language=En|location=London|publisher=Canelo|page=23|isbn=978-1-80032-985-0}}</ref>

During the war, the Germans operated a ''Dulag'' transit camp for Polish prisoners of war,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=526|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> and a Nazi prison in the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1535|title=Gefängnis Gleiwitz|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=1 November 2020|language=de}}</ref> and established numerous [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps,<ref name="dzieje" /> including a ''[[Polenlager]]'' camp solely for Poles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1538|title=Polenlager Gleiwitz-Petersdorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=de|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007202654/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1538|url-status=live}}</ref> a camp solely for [[Jews]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1536|title=Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Gleiwitz-Steigern|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=de|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725075925/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1536|url-status=live}}</ref> a penal "education" camp,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1537|title=Straf- bzw. Arbeitserziehungslager Gleiwitz-Laband|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=de|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725075922/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1537|url-status=live}}</ref> a subcamp of the prison in [[Strzelce Opolskie]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000414|title=Außenkommando des Zuchthauses und der Haftanstalt Groß Strehlitz in Laband beim Preßwerk Laband|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=25 July 2021|language=de|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725075920/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000414|url-status=live}}</ref> and six subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner of war camp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Stalag VIIIB 344 Lamsdorf|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 1943, the Germans brought a large transport of [[Italian Military Internees|Italian POWs]] to a forced labour camp in today's Łabędy district.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Marcinkiewicz|first=Stefan Michał|year=2024|title=Stalag I B Kommando Prostken (I B/PR). Włoscy żołnierze w obozie jenieckim w Boguszach/Prostkach (1943–1945)|magazine=Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy|volume=25|issue=3|language=pl|page=148}}</ref> From July 1944 to January 1945, Gliwice was the location of four subcamps of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].<ref>[http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/Gleiwitz.htm Infosite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512052442/http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/Gleiwitz.htm |date=12 May 2011 }}; retrieved 24 April 2011.</ref> In the largest subcamp, whose prisoners were mainly Poles, [[Jews]] and [[Russians]], nearly 100 either died of hunger, mistreatment and exhaustion or were murdered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/gleiwitz-i/|title=Gleiwitz I|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190958/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/gleiwitz-i/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the evacuation of another subcamp, the Germans burned alive or shot 55 prisoners who were unable to walk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/gleiwitz-iv/|title=Gleiwitz IV|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101092026/http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/gleiwitz-iv/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two mass graves of the victims of the early 1945 [[Death marches during the Holocaust|death march]] from Auschwitz in the city, both commemorated with monuments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auschwitz.org/historia/ewakuacja/szlakiem-marszow-smierci|title=Szlakiem Marszów Śmierci|website=Miejsce Pamięci i Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=1 November 2020|language=pl|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105113939/http://auschwitz.org/historia/ewakuacja/szlakiem-marszow-smierci|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the final stages of the war, 124 inhabitants committed suicide fearing the advancing [[Red Army]].<ref name=ah>{{cite journal|last=Hanich|first=Andrzej|year=2012|title=Losy ludności na Śląsku Opolskim w czasie działań wojennych i po wejściu Armii Czerwonej w 1945 roku|journal=Studia Śląskie|volume=LXXI|location=Opole|language=pl|page=216|issn=0039-3355}}</ref> On 24 January 1945, Gliwice was occupied by the Red Army. Soviet troops then murdered over 1,000 civilians, mostly women, children and elders.<ref name=ah/> In February 1945, the Soviets carried out deportations of local men to Soviet mines.<ref name=ig/> Under borders changes dictated by the Soviet Union at the [[Potsdam Conference]], Gliwice fell inside Poland's new borders after Germany's defeat in the war. It was incorporated into Poland's [[Silesian Voivodeship]] on 18 March 1945, after almost 300 years of being outside of Polish rule.

In 1956, Gliwice was the site of a manifestation of solidarity with the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], and local Poles raised funds and donated blood for the Hungarian insurgents (see also ''[[Hungary–Poland relations]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gliwice.gosc.pl/gal/pokaz/1811855.Tablica-pamiatkowa-na-gliwickim-rynku/|title=Tablica pamiątkowa na gliwickim rynku|date=12 December 2013|access-date=29 November 2023|language=pl|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814191510/https://gliwice.gosc.pl/gal/pokaz/1811855.Tablica-pamiatkowa-na-gliwickim-rynku|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population development===
The earliest population estimate of Gliwice from 1880, gives 1,159 people in 1750.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_II/593|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom II - wynik wyszukiwania - DIR|website=dir.icm.edu.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220160715/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_II/593|archive-date=2013-12-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The same source cites population to have been 2,990 in 1810, 6,415 in 1838, and 10,923 in 1861. A census from 1858 reported the following ethnic makeup: 7,060 - [[Germans|German]], 3,566 - [[Polish people|Polish]], 11 - [[Moravians|Moravian]], 1 - [[Czechs|Czech]]. Since the [[Industrial Revolution]], Gliwice saw rapid economic growth which fuelled fast population increase. In 1890, Gliwice had 19,667 inhabitants, and this number has increased over twofold over the next 10 years to 52,362 in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de:80/gleiwitz.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208111950/http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/gleiwitz.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-12-08|title=Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Schlesien, Kreis Gleiwitz|date=2017-12-08|access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> Gliwice gained its status of a large city (''[[:de:Großstadt|Großstadt]]'' in German) in 1927, when population reached 102,452 people.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1945, with the approaching Red Army, a significant number of residents were either evacuated or fled the city at their own discretion. Following the [[Yalta Conference]], Gliwice, along most of [[Silesia]], was incorporated into [[Polish People's Republic|communist Poland]], and the remaining German population was [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|expelled]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} Ethnic Poles, some of them themselves [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|expelled]] from [[Kresy|the Polish Kresy]] (which were incorporated into [[Soviet Union]]), started to settle down in Gliwice.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

As of December 31, 2016, Gliwice's population stood at 182,156 people, a decrease of 1,236 over the previous year.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Nationality, ethnicity and language===
Historically, Gliwice was ethnically diverse, initially inhabited by [[Polish people|Poles]], later it had a [[Germans|German]] majority as a result of German [[Drang nach Osten|colonization]], with a significant autochthonous Polish minority. In the [[Upper Silesia plebiscite|Upper Silesian Plebiscite]] in 1921, 78.9 percent of voters opted for Germany (however 15.1 percent of the vote in Gliwice was cast by non-residents, who are believed to overwhelmingly vote for Germany across the region). After Germany's defeat in World War II, the Germans either fled or were displaced to Allied-occupied Germany in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. Polish inhabitants remained in Gliwice, and were joined by Poles [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|displaced]] from former [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]], including the city of [[Lviv|Lwów]] (Lviv),<ref name=ig>{{Cite web |url=https://infogliwice.pl/historia-gliwic/ |language=pl |title=Historia Gliwic |website=infogliwice.pl |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209113039/https://infogliwice.pl/historia-gliwic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Volhynia]], [[Polesie]], the [[Vilnius|Wilno]] region (Vilnius region) and the [[Grodno]] region. In addition, Poles from other regions of Poland, including the vicinity of [[Kielce]], [[Rzeszów]], [[Łódź]] or [[Poznań]], as well as Poles from other countries, settled in Gliwice.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} Many of these new inhabitants were academics from the [[Lviv Polytechnic|Lwów Polytechnic]] who created the [[Silesian University of Technology]].

According to the [[Polish census of 2011|2011 Polish Census]], 93.7 percent of people in Gliwice claimed Polish nationality, with the biggest minorities being [[Silesians]] (or both Poles and Silesians at the same time) at 9.7 percent (18,169 people) and Germans at 1.3 percent (2,525). 0.3 percent declared another nationality, and the nationality of 2.1 percent of people could not be established.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/nsp-2011-wyniki/struktura-narodowo-etniczna-jezykowa-i-wyznaniowa-ludnosci-polski-nsp-2011,22,1.html|title=Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski - NSP 2011|last=GUS|work=stat.gov.pl|access-date=2018-10-07|language=pl-pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717154121/http://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2011/nsp-2011-wyniki/struktura-narodowo-etniczna-jezykowa-i-wyznaniowa-ludnosci-polski-nsp-2011,22,1.html|archive-date=2018-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref> These numbers do not sum up to 100 percent as responders were allowed to choose up to two nationalities. The most common languages used at home were [[Polish language|Polish]] (97.7 percent), [[Silesian ethnolect|Silesian]] (2.3 percent), [[German language|German]] (0.7 percent) and [[English language|English]] (0.4 percent).<ref name=":1" />

===Religion===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| caption_align     = center
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 320
| header            = Selected historic churches of Gliwice
| image1            = Kościół katedralny pw. świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła (BUCHMANN).JPG
| image2            = Gliwice_Szobiszowice_church.jpg
| image3            = Kościół_parafialny_Wszystkich_Świętych_w_Gliwicach.JPG
| image4            = Były_kościół_ewangelicki_-_obecnie_kościół_garnizonowy_pod_wezwaniem_świętej_Barbary_2_(BUCHMANN).JPG
| caption1          = [[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Gliwice|Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral]]
| caption2          = Saint Bartholomew Church
| caption3          = All Saints church
| caption4          = Saint Barbara Church
}}

Except for a short period immediately after [[Reformation]], Gliwice has always had a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] majority, with sizeable Protestant and Jewish minorities. According to the population estimate in 1861, 7,476 people (68.4 percent) were [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], 1,555 (14.2 percent) [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and 1,892 [[Jews|Jewish]] (17.3 percent, highest share in city history).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/100-demografia/20735-demografia|title=Demografia {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl|website=sztetl.org.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008062803/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/100-demografia/20735-demografia|archive-date=2018-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently, as of 2011 census, 84.7 percent of inhabitants claim they belong to a religion. The majority &ndash; 82.73 percent &ndash; belongs to the Catholic Church. This is significantly lower than the Polish average, which is 89.6 and 88.3 percent, respectively. According to the [[Catholic Church in Poland]], weekly mass attendance in the Diocese of Gliwice is at 36.7 percent of obliged, on par with Polish average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iskk.pl/images/stories/Instytut/dokumenty/Annuarium_Statisticum_2018.pdf|title=Annuarium Statisticum 2018, p. 34|date=2018-10-07|website=Instytut Statystyki Kościoła Katolickiego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831200506/http://iskk.pl/images/stories/Instytut/dokumenty/Annuarium_Statisticum_2018.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Other larger denominations include [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.56 percent or 1,044 adherents) and [[Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland|Protestants]] (0.37 percent or 701 adherents).<ref name=":1" />{{Historical populations|1950|119968|1960|135300|1970|172000|1980|197467|1990|214202|2000|205092|2010|195472|2020|177049|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gliwice | title=Gliwice (śląskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia | access-date=2022-06-10 | archive-date=2022-06-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083400/https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gliwice | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Gliwice is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice]], which has 23 parish churches in the city. Gliwice is also the seat of one of the three [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]] parishes in Poland (the other being in [[Warsaw]] and [[Gdańsk]]), which is subject to the [[Holy See]] directly. Other denominations present in the city include a [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic Church]] parish, an [[Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland|Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession]] parish, a [[Methodism|Methodist]] parish, 9 [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah Witnesses]] halls (including one offering English-language services), several [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] churches, a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple and a [[Judaism|Jewish]] prayer house.

====Jews in Gliwice====
Gliwice's Jewish population reached its height in 1929 at approximately 2,200 people, but started to decline in the late 1930s, as the [[Nazi Party]] gained power in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], of which Gliwice was then a part. In 1933, there were 1,803 Jews living in the city; this number had dropped by half (to 902) by 1939 due to emigration.<ref name="Jewish Community in Gliwice">{{cite web |title=Jewish Community in Gliwice |url=https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/UOW-0359/1/ |website=-: Jewish Community in Gliwice, -: - -. |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=de |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926113342/https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/UOW-0359/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1933 and 1937, Jews living in Upper Silesia enjoyed somewhat less [[Nuremberg Laws|legal persecution]] compared to Jews in other parts of Germany, thanks to the Polish-German Treaty of Protection of Minorities' Rights in Upper Silesia. This regional exception was granted thanks to the [[Bernheim petition]] that Gliwice citizen Franz Bernheim filed against [[Nazi Germany]] with the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bernheim-petition|title=Bernheim Petition|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022818/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bernheim-petition|archive-date=2018-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Brugel|first=J.W.|date=July 1983|title=The Bernheim petition: A challenge to Nazi Germany in 1933|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=17|issue=3|pages=17–25|doi=10.1080/0031322x.1983.9969715|issn=0031-322X}}</ref> The [[New Synagogue, Gliwice|New Synagogue]] was destroyed in 1938 during the Nazi November pogroms known as [[Kristallnacht]]. During [[the Holocaust]], Jews from Gliwice were transported to [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] in 1942 and 1943.<ref name="Jewish Community in Gliwice"/>

Only 25 Jews from Gliwice's pre-war Jewish population survived World War II in the city, all of them being in mixed marriages with gentiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/99-historia-spolecznosci/137296-historia-spolecznosci#footnote81_j8us6rp|title=Historia społeczności {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl|website=sztetl.org.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904230916/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/99-historia-spolecznosci/137296-historia-spolecznosci#footnote81_j8us6rp|archive-date=2019-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Immediately after the war, Gliwice became a congregation point for Jews who had survived [[the Holocaust]], with the Jewish population standing at around a 1,000 people in 1945. Since then, the number of Jews in Gliwice has declined as survivors moved to larger cities or emigrated to [[Israel]], the [[United States]], and other western countries.<ref name=":2" /> Currently, Gliwice's Jewish community is estimated at around 25 people and is part of the Katowice Jewish Religious Community.

Gliwice has one [[:pl:Synagoga w Gliwicach|Jewish prayer house]], where religious services are held every [[Sabbath]] and on holidays. It is located in the house that the Jewish Religious Community elected in 1905.

Notable members of the Jewish community in Gliwice include:
* [[Wilhelm Freund]] (1806–1894), philologist and director of the Jewish school.
* [[Oscar Troplowitz]] (1863–1918), German pharmacist, owner of [[Beiersdorf|Beiersdorf AG]] and inventor of [[Nivea|Nivea skin cream]].
* [[Eugen Goldstein]] (1850–1930), German physicist, discoverer of anode rays, sometimes credited for the discovery of the proton.
* [[Julian Kornhauser]] (b. 1946), Polish poet and father of current [[First Lady of Poland|first lady]] [[Agata Kornhauser-Duda]], born in Gliwice to a Jewish father and Polish Silesian mother from [[Chorzów]].

==Sights and architecture==
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=370 |header=Various sights of Gliwice
| image1 = Gliwice, centrum - panoramio (14).jpg
| image2 = Gliwice old town.jpg
| image3 = Gliwice - Zamek 01.jpg
| image4 = Pomnik Józefa Piłsudskiego w Gliwicach.jpg
| image5 = Okolice Placu Piłsudskiego - panoramio.jpg
| image6 = JKRUK 20180524 PALMIARNIA MIEJSKA GLIWICE DSC 3909.jpg
| image7 = GLIWICE, AB. 117.JPG
| image8 = Gliwice - panoramio (61).jpg
| caption1 = Colourful townhouses at the Market Square
| caption2 = Town Hall at the Market Square
| caption3 = [[Gliwice Castle|Piast Castle]]
| caption4 = [[Józef Piłsudski]] monument
| caption5 = Administrative Court
| caption6 = Municipal Palm House
| caption7 = Chopin Park
| caption8 = Mickiewicz Square with the [[Adam Mickiewicz]] monument
}}
*Market Square (''Rynek'') with the Town Hall (''Ratusz''), Neptune Fountain and colourful historic townhouses, located in the Old Town
*The [[Gliwice Radio Tower]] of ''Radiostacja Gliwicka'' ("Radio Station Gliwice") in [[Szobiszowice]] is the only remaining radio tower of wood construction in the world, and with a height of 118 meters, is perhaps the tallest remaining construction made out of wood in the world. It is listed as a [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monument of Poland]] and now it is a branch of the local museum.
*[[Gliwice Castle|Piast Castle]] dates back to the Middle Ages and hosts a branch of the local museum.
*Museum in Gliwice (''[[:pl:Muzeum w Gliwicach|Muzeum w Gliwicach]]''), a local museum
*[[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Gliwice|Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral]], the cathedral church of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice]], and other historic churches
*Medieval [[Fortified church|fortified]] [[Old Saint Bartholomew church]]
*Medieval town walls
*[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] Holy Cross Church and [[Redemptorist]] monastery from the 17th century (former Reformed Franciscan monastery)<ref name=db/>
*Piłsudski Square with a monument of pre-war Polish leader [[Józef Piłsudski]]
*Chopin Park with a monument to the Polish composer [[Fryderyk Chopin]] and the Municipal Palm House
*[[Culture and Recreation Park in Gliwice]]
*Various historic public buildings, including the Main Post Office, Voivodeship Administrative Court, the district court
*Teatr Miejski (''Municipal Theatre'')
*[[Bolesław I the Brave|Chrobry]] Park
*Monuments to [[Adam Mickiewicz]] and [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]
*Gliwice Trynek narrow-gauge station is a protected monument. The narrow-gauge line to Racibórz via Rudy closed in 1991 although a short section still remains as a museum line.
*The Weichmann Textile House was built during the Summers of 1921 and 1922 . It was never referred to as Weichmann Textile House from its completion in Summer 1922 until its closing in 1943. Rather it was founded under the name Seidenhaus Weichmann (“[[Silk]] House Weichmann) by a Jewish [[World War I|WWI]] veteran, Erwin Weichmann(1891–1976), who had been awarded the [[Iron Cross|Iron Cross 2nd Class]] by Germany. Erwin Weichmann a long time friend of [[Erich Mendelsohn]], commissioned the [[architect]] to design Seidenhaus Weichmann. Today a monument can be seen near the entrance to the bank, that now occupies the building. Seidenhaus Weichmann is a two-floor structure. The second floor was initially a bachelor's pad for Erwin Weichmann, as he did not marry until 1930. In 1936 the newly created [[Nuremberg Laws]] forced Erwin Weichmann to sell Seidenhaus Weichmann and move temporarily to Hindenberg ([[Zabrze]]) before emigrating to the [[United States]] in July 1938. The individual, who had purchased Seidenhaus Weichmann in 1936, never saw a profit, as the economic strain of [[World War II|WWII]] severely reduced the market demand for nonessentials, which included the fine imported silks of sold by Seidenhaus Weichmann. Then in 1943, the purchaser of Seidenhaus was killed in an [[Allied bombing of Germany|Allied bombing raid]], which marked the end of Seidenhaus Weichmann.

==Higher education and science==
[[File:Gliwice Strzody Czerwona Chemia 04 09 2011 P9049533.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Silesian University of Technology]], Faculty of Chemistry]]
Gliwice is a major applied science hub for the [[Metropolis GZM]]. Gliwice is a seat of:
* [[Silesian University of Technology]] with about 32,000 students (''Politechnika Śląska'')
* Akademia Polonijna of [[Częstochowa]], branch in Gliwice
* Gliwice College of Entrepreneurship (''Gliwicka Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwsp.gliwice.pl/ |title=GWSP.gliwice.pl |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723074456/http://www.gwsp.gliwice.pl/ |archive-date=2009-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] (''Polska Akademia Nauk'')
** Institute of Theoretical And Applied [[Computer Science|Informatics]]
** Institute of [[Chemical Engineering]]
** [[Carbochemistry]] branch
*[[WSB University]], branch in Gliwice
* Other (commercial or government funded) applied research centers:
** [[Oncological]] Research Center (Centrum Onkologii)
** [[Inorganic Chemistry]] Research Institute (Instytut Chemii Nieorganicznej)
** Research Institute of [[Refractory]] Materials (Instytut Materiałów Ogniotrwałych)
** Research Institute for [[Ferrous and non-ferrous metals|Non-Ferrous Metals]] (Instytut Metali Nieżelaznych)
** Research Institute for [[Ferrous]] [[Metallurgy]] ({{langx|pl|Instytut Metalurgii Żelaza}})
** [[Welding]] Research Institute (Instytut Spawalnictwa)

==Transport==
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=450 |
| image1 = Gliwice - Dworzec Kolejowy I.jpg
| image2 = Wezelsosnicafromthesky.JPG
| caption1 = Main train station
| caption2 = Gliwice-Sośnica interchange
}}
The Polish north–south [[A1 autostrada (Poland)|A1]] and east–west [[A4 autostrada (Poland)|A4]] motorways, which are parts of the European routes [[European route E75|E75]] and [[European route E40|E40]], respectively, run through Gliwice, and their junction is located in the city. In addition the Polish [[National roads in Poland|National roads]] 78 and 88 also run through the city.

===Water transport===
The [[Gliwice Canal]] (''Kanał Gliwicki'') links the harbour to the [[Oder|Oder River]] and thus to the waterway network across much of Germany and to the [[Baltic Sea]]. There is also an older [[Kłodnica Canal]] (''Kanał Kłodnicki'') which is no longer operational.

==Sports==
[[File:Hala-gliwice-20170620.jpg|thumb|[[Gliwice Arena]] multi-purpose [[indoor arena]] with a seating capacity of 13,752]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Professional sports teams
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Trophies
|-
|[[Piast Gliwice]]
|Men's [[Association football|football]]
|[[Ekstraklasa]]
|1 Polish Championship ([[2018–19 Ekstraklasa|2019]])
|-
|[[Piast Gliwice]]
|Men's [[futsal]]
|[[Ekstraklasa (futsal)|Ekstraklasa]]
|1 Polish Championship (2022)
|-
|[[GTK Gliwice]]
|Men's [[basketball]]
|[[Polish Basketball League]]
|0
|-
|[[Sośnica Gliwice]]
|Women's [[Handball in Poland|handball]]
|Liga Centralna Kobiet
|3 Polish Championships<br>3 Polish Cups
|}
Other notable clubs:
* Gliwice Cricket Club<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=112675022086339&ref=mf#!/pages/Gliwice-Cricket-Club/141875175836261|title=Facebook|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218093415/https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=112675022086339&ref=mf#!/pages/Gliwice-Cricket-Club/141875175836261|url-status=live}}</ref>
* K.S. Kodokan Gliwice <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mma.gliwice.pl|title=Klub Sprotowy - Kodokan - Gliwice|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101248/http://mma.gliwice.pl/|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> – martial arts team and club
* Gliwice LIONS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gliwicelions.pl|title=Dzieci i szkoła - Pedagogika|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421183400/http://gliwicelions.pl/|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> – American Football team

==Politics==
[[File:Gliwice Subdivisions.svg|thumb|Districts of Gliwice]]

The city's President (i.e. Mayor) is Adam Neumann. He succeeded Zygmunt Frankiewicz who was mayor for 26 years (1993–2019) before being elected as a Polish Senator.

Gliwice has 21 city districts, each of them with its own ''Rada Osiedlowa''. They include, in alphabetical order: Bojków, Brzezinka, Czechowice, Kopernik, Ligota Zabrska, Łabędy, Obrońców Pokoju, Ostropa, Politechnika, Sikornik, [[Sośnica, Gliwice|Sośnica]], Stare Gliwice, [[Szobiszowice]], Śródmieście, Żwirki I Wigury, Trynek, Wilcze Gardło, Wojska Polskiego, Wójtowa Wieś, Zatorze, Żerniki.

=== Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency ===
Members of Parliament ([[Sejm]]) elected from Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency include: Brzeziński Jacek (PO), Chłopek Aleksander (PiS), Gałażewski Andrzej (PO), Głogowski Tomasz (PO), Kaźmierczak Jan (PO), Martyniuk Wacław (LiD), Religa Zbigniew (PiS), Sekuła Mirosław (PO), Szarama Wojciech (PiS), Szumilas Krystyna (PO).

==Notable people==
* [[John Baildon]] (1772–1846), Scottish engineer
* [[Helmut Bartuschek]] (1905–1984), translator and poet
* [[Horst Bienek]] (1930–1990), German author of novels about [[Upper Silesia]]
* [[William Blandowski]] (1822–1878), German explorer, zoologist, photographer
* [[Sebastian Boenisch]] (born 1987), Polish-German footballer who plays for the [[Poland national football team]]
* [[Lothar Bolz]] (1903–1986), German politician, foreign affairs minister of the communist [[German Democratic Republic]]
* [[Agata Buzek]] (born 1976), Polish actress, daughter of [[Jerzy Buzek]]
* [[Jerzy Buzek]] (born 1940), professor of chemistry, [[Prime Minister of Poland]] 1997–2001, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] since 2004 and president of [[European Parliament]] since 2009
* [[Ernst Degner]] (1931–1983), German Grand Prix motorcycle racer and designer
* [[Robert Dziekański]], Polish immigrant to Canada who was tasered 5 times and killed by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] at [[Vancouver International Airport]] 
* [[Gottfried Bermann Fischer]] (1897–1995), German publisher
* [[Christian Ganczarski]] (born 1966), German citizen of Polish descent, convert to [[Islam]] and convicted terrorist
* [[Eugen Goldstein]] (1850–1930), German physicist
* [[Sophia Grojsman]] (Khodosh) (born 1945), internationally famous American perfumer
* [[Hans Hanke]] (1912–1981), German military officer (World War Two)
* [[Rudolf Herrnstadt]] (1903–1966), German [[journalist]]
* Adalbert Kelm (1856–1939), architect, important for the enlargement of the town in the 1890s.<ref>Jolanta Rusinowska –Trojca: [https://www.baufachinformation.de/dissertation/St%C3%A4dtebau-und-Wohnarchitektur-des-19/2006069021444 Städtebau und Wohnarchitektur des 19. Jahrhunderts in Gleiwitz (Gliwice)]. Bonn, 2005. p. 48</ref> Famous for the [[Naval Academy Mürwik]] in [[Flensburg]]-[[Mürwik]].
* [[Wojciech Kocyan]], Polish pianist
* [[Włodzimierz Lubański]] (born 1947), Polish football player
* [[Adam Matuszczyk]] (born 1989), Polish football player
* [[Zbigniew Messner]] (1929–2014), professor and former rector of Economic Academy in Katowice, deputy prime minister of [[People's Republic of Poland]] 1983–1985, prime minister 1985–1988
* [[Gustav Neumann]] (1838–1881), German chess player
* [[Lukas Podolski]] (born 1985), Polish-German football player
* [[Wojciech Pszoniak]] (1942–2020), Polish film and theatre actor
* [[Tadeusz Różewicz]] (1921–2014), Polish poet and writer
* [[Zofia Rydet]] (1911–1997), Polish photographer
* [[Stanisław Sojka]] (born 1959), Polish musician
* [[Oscar Troplowitz|Oskar Troplowitz]] (1863–1918), German pharmacist and owner of [[Beiersdorf]] AG, inventor of [[Nivea]] and other products
* [[Richard Wetz]] (1875–1935), German composer
* [[Erich Peter Wohlfarth]] (1924–1988), German physicist
* [[Leo Yankevich]] (1961–2018), American poet and translator
* [[Adam Zagajewski]] (1945–2021), Polish poet
* [[Krystian Zimerman]] (born 1956), Polish pianist and conductor

==International relations==
===Consulates===
{{multiple image|align=right|caption_align=center|perrow=2|total_width=280
| image1 = 2024-08-12 Rynek 6 (Gliwice) 1040823.jpg
| image2 = Konsulat Honorowy Republiki Kirgiskiej w Gliwicach (02).jpg
| footer = Honorary consulates of Slovakia and Kyrgyzstan}}
There are honorary consulates of [[Germany]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Slovakia]] in Gliwice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/misje-dyplomatyczne-urzedy-konsularne-i-organizacje-miedzynarodowe-w-polsce|title=Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce|website=Portal Gov.pl|language=pl|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Gliwice is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Miasta partnerskie|url=https://gliwice.eu/miasto/miasta-partnerskie|website=gliwice.eu|publisher=Gliwice|language=pl|access-date=2020-03-10|archive-date=2023-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929084715/https://gliwice.eu/miasto/miasta-partnerskie|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bottrop]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Doncaster]], England, United Kingdom
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Kežmarok]], Slovakia
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Nacka Municipality|Nacka]], Sweden
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Salgótarján]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Valenciennes]], France
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Gliwice County]]
* [[Gliwice incident]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal|last=Cygański|first=Mirosław|year=1984|title=Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 – 1945|journal=Przegląd Zachodni|issue=4|language=pl}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rosenbaum|first1=Sebastian|last2=Węcki|first2=Mirosław|title=Nadzorować, interweniować, karać. Nazistowski obóz władzy wobec Kościoła katolickiego w Zabrzu (1934–1944). Wybór dokumentów|year=2010|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|location=[[Katowice]]|language=pl|isbn=978-83-8098-299-4}}
{{Commons}}
{{EB1911 poster|Gleiwitz}}

==External links==
* [http://www.um.gliwice.pl/ Um.gliwice.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022165129/http://www.um.gliwice.pl/ |date=2018-10-22 }}
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/gliwice/ Jewish Community in Gliwice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423142529/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/gliwice/ |date=2015-04-23 }} on Virtual Shtetl
* [http://www.polsl.pl/ Polsl.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223091437/http://www.polsl.pl/ |date=2008-12-23 }}
* [http://www.gliwice.pl/ Gliwice.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627101204/http://www.gliwice.pl/ |date=2014-06-27 }}
* [http://www.gliwice.com/ Gliwice.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205195506/http://gliwice.com/ |date=2021-12-05 }}
* [http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl/ Gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223135054/http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl/ |date=2020-02-23 }}
* [http://www.forumgliwice.com/ Forumgliwice.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024225342/http://forumgliwice.com/ |date=2006-10-24 }}
* [http://www.gliwice.info.pl/ Gliwice.info.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201142124/http://www.gliwice.info.pl/ |date=2009-12-01 }}
* [http://www.aegee-gliwice.org/www/en:documents:travel_guide Aegee-gliwice.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307215150/http://aegee-gliwice.org/www/en:documents:travel_guide |date=2016-03-07 }}, Travel Guide

==Further reading==
* Max Lamla: ''Merkwürdiges aus meinem Leben (1917–1999)'', Saarbrücken 2006, {{ISBN|3-00-018964-5}}
* Boleslaw Domanski (2000) "The Impact of Spatial and Social Qualities on the Reproduction of Local Economic Success: The Case of the Path Dependent Development of Gliwice", in: Prace Geograficne, zeszyt 106, Cracow, pp 35–54.
* B. Nietsche, ''Geschichte der Stadt Gleiwitz'' (1886)
* Seidel, ''Die königliche Eisengiesserei zu Gleiwitz'' (Berlin, 1896)
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