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{{short description|Largest city in Scotland}} {{about|the city in Scotland}} {{distinguish|Port Glasgow}} {{pp-pc}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Use British English|date=May 2011}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Glasgow | native_name = {{Unbulleted list |{{native name|gd|Glaschu}} |{{native name|sco|Glesga}} }} | settlement_type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]], [[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland|lieutenancy]] and [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|council area]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border=infobox |total_width=280 |image_style=border:1; |perrow=1/2/2/2 | image1 = Glasgow - aerial - 2025-04-17 10.jpg | caption1 = Glasgow skyline from [[Caledonian Railway Bridge]] | image2 = A sunny Saturday in Glasgow (50202260668).jpg | caption2 = [[George Square]] | image3 = Finnieston Crane From Squinty Bridge.JPG | caption3 = [[Finnieston Crane|Finnieston Clydeport Crane]] | image4 = Glasgow Science Centre and Tower.jpg | caption4 = [[Glasgow Science Centre]] and [[Glasgow Tower]] | image5 = Glasgow University (49078377092) (cropped).jpg | caption5 = [[University of Glasgow]] | image6 = Doulton Fountain - Glasgow Green.jpg | caption6 = The [[Doulton Fountain]] at [[Glasgow Green]] | image7 = 2018 at Glasgow Central station - along the west side.JPG | caption7 = [[Glasgow Central railway station|Glasgow Central]] }} | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_shield = Glasgow Coat of Arms 1996.svg | shield_alt = | shield_link = Coat of arms of Glasgow | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_link = | etymology = | nickname = The Dear Green Place, {{langx|gd|Baile Mòr nan Gàidheal}} | motto = Let Glasgow Flourish | image_map = Glasgow UK location map.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Glasgow City shown within [[Scotland]] | pushpin_map = Scotland##United Kingdom | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Scotland]]##Location within the [[United Kingdom]] | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|55|51|40|N|04|15|00|W|region:GB_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Scotland]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland|Lieutenancy area]] | subdivision_name3 = Glasgow City | subdivision_type4 = [[Administrative division|Subdivisions]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Wards of Glasgow|23 Wards]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = Late-6th century | established_title1 = [[Scottish burgh|Burgh charter]] | established_date1 = 1170s<ref>(Between 1175–78, exact date unknown) {{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/glasgow.html |title=A brief history of Glasgow |website=localhistories.org |first=Tim |last=Lambert |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512111343/http://www.localhistories.org/glasgow.html |archive-date=12 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> | established_title2 = Unitary authority | established_date2 = [[Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994|1 April 1996]] | named_for = | seat_type = Administrative{{nbsp}}HQ | seat = [[Glasgow City Chambers]] | parts_type = | parts = <!-- Government --> | government_footnotes = <ref name="Council leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/1546/Councillors-and-Committees |title=Councillors and Committees |website=Glasgow City Council |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> | government_type = [[Local government in Scotland|Council]] | governing_body = [[Glasgow City Council]] | leader_title = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|Control]] | leader_name = {{UK council control|GSS=S12000049}} | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MPs]] | leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title=6 MPs |[[Zubir Ahmed]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Maureen Burke]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Patricia Ferguson]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[John Grady (politician)|John Grady]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Gordon McKee (politician)|Gordon McKee]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Martin Rhodes]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) }} | leader_title4 = [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSPs]] | leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list |title=15 MSPs |[[Bill Kidd]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[James Dornan]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Kaukab Stewart]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Bob Doris]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Humza Yousaf]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Ivan McKee]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[John Mason (Scottish politician)|John Mason]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Nicola Sturgeon]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Clare Haughey]] ([[Scottish National Party|SNP]]) |[[Pam Duncan-Glancy]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Sandesh Gulhane]] ([[Conservative Party (UK)|C]]) |[[Patrick Harvie]] ([[Scottish Greens|G]]) |[[Pauline McNeill]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Anas Sarwar]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Paul Sweeney]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) |[[Annie Wells (politician)|Annie Wells]] ([[Conservative Party (UK)|C]]) }} <!-- Area --> <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = {{UK subdivision area|GSS=S12000049}} | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_rank = [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|{{Scottish council area rank|GSS=S12000049}}]] <!-- Population --> | population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats" /> | population_as_of = {{UK subdivision statistics year}} | population_total = {{UK subdivision population|GSS=S12000049}} | population_rank = [[Subdivisions of Scotland#Council areas|{{Scottish council population rank|GSS=S12000049}}]] | population_density_km2 = {{UK subdivision density|GSS=S12000049}} | population_demonym = Glaswegian <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | timezone1 = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +1 <!-- Codes --> | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode areas]] | postal_code = [[G postcode area|G]] | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|Dialling codes]] | area_code = 0141 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-GLG]] | blank1_name = [[GSS coding system|GSS code]] | blank1_info = S12000049 | website = {{URL|glasgow.gov.uk}} | image_blank_emblem = Flag of Glasgow, from image.svg | blank_emblem_type = Flag of<br>Glasgow City Council }} '''Glasgow'''{{efn|{{langx|gd|Glaschu}} {{IPA|gd|ˈkl̪ˠas̪əxu|}}; {{langx|sco|Glesca}} {{IPA|sco|ˈɡleskə|}} or {{lang|sco|Glesga}} {{IPA|sco|ˈɡlezɡə|}}, among other spellings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/glesca|title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: glesca}}</ref>}} is the [[Cities of Scotland|most populous city in Scotland]], located on the banks of the [[River Clyde]] in [[Strathclyde|west central]] [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scottish Cities {{!}} Scotland.org |url=https://www.scotland.org/about-scotland/scotlands-cities |website=Scotland |access-date=11 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is the [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|third-most-populous city]] in the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web |title=United Kingdom - Largest cities |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/275359/largest-cities-in-the-united-kingdom/ |website=Statista |access-date=11 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and the 27th-most-populous city in [[Europe]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101883/largest-european-cities/ |title=Largest European cities 2020 |website=Statista |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205155047/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101883/largest-european-cities/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and comprises [[Wards of Glasgow|23 wards]] which represent the areas of the city within [[Glasgow City Council]]. Glasgow is a leading city in Scotland for finance, shopping, industry, culture and fashion, and was commonly referred to as the "second city of the [[British Empire]]" for much of the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian era]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml |title=Victorian Glasgow |access-date=14 September 2010 |publisher=BBC History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/The+Second+City.htm |title=About Glasgow: The Second City of the Empire – the 19th century |access-date=9 July 2007 |publisher=Glasgow City Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402171109/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/The%2BSecond%2BCity.htm |archive-date=2 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fraser |first=W H |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914 |access-date=7 January 2008 |publisher=University of Glasgow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105124204/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McIlvanney |first=W |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/vibrant6-glasgow.html |title=Glasgow – city of reality |access-date=7 January 2008 |publisher=Scotland – the official online gateway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204064459/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/vibrant6-glasgow.html |archive-date=4 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In {{Scottish settlement population citation|year}}, it had an estimated population as a defined locality of {{Scottish locality population|name|POP=Glasgow}}. More than 1,000,000 people live in the [[Greater Glasgow]] contiguous urban area, while the wider [[Glasgow City Region]] is home to more than 1,800,000 people (its defined [[functional urban area]] total was almost the same in 2020),<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by age and sex - Cities and FUAs |url=https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_FUA_DEMO%40DF_AGE_SEX&df[ag]=OECD.CFE.EDS&fs[0]=Topic%2C1%7CRegions&pg=0&fc=Topic&bp=true&snb=17&pd=%2C&dq=UK001F%2BUK002F%2BUK003F%2BUK004F%2BUK006F%2BUK007F%2BUK008F%2BUK009F%2BUK010F%2BUK011F%2BUK012F%2BUK013F%2BUK014F%2BUK016F%2BUK017F%2BUK018F%2BUK019F%2BUK021F%2BUK022F%2BUK023F%2BUK024F%2BUK025F%2BUK026F%2BUK027F%2BUK029F%2BUK031F%2BUK033F%2BUK034F%2BUK041F%2BUK043F%2BUK044F%2BUK045F%2BUK046F%2BUK047F%2BUK050F%2BUK051F%2BUK055F%2BUK056F%2BUK059F%2BUK062F%2BUK506F%2BUK510F%2BUK513F%2BUK515F%2BUK516F%2BUK517F%2BUK518F%2BUK520F%2BUK525F%2BUK528F%2BUK531F%2BUK532F%2BUK533F%2BUK535F%2BUK539F%2BUK542F%2BUK543F%2BUK545F%2BUK546F%2BUK548F%2BUK549F%2BUK550F%2BUK551F%2BUK552F%2BUK553F%2BUK554F%2BUK556F%2BUK557F%2BUK558F%2BUK559F%2BUK560F%2BUK561F%2BUK562F%2BUK566F%2BUK567F%2BUK568F%2BUK569F%2BUK571F%2BUK572F%2BUK573F%2BUK575F%2BUK576F%2BUK580F%2BUK582F%2BUK583F%2BUK586F%2BGBR.A..._T...CTRY%2BFUA&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&lo=5&lom=LASTNPERIODS&vw=tb&ly[rw]=REF_AREA%2CTERRITORIAL_LEVEL&ly[cl]=TIME_PERIOD |website=OECD Data Explorer |publisher=OECD|quote=Glasgow...1,847,200}}</ref> around a third of Scotland's population.<ref name="NRS">{{Scottish settlement population citation}}</ref> The city has a population density of 3,562 people per km<sup>2</sup>, much higher than the average of 70/km<sup>2</sup> for Scotland as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |title=GCHSCP Demographics and Needs Profile |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/6088/Population-Projections-and-Population-Characteristics |publisher=Glasgow City Council |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref> Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement close to [[Glasgow Cathedral]] and descending to the [[River Clyde]] to become the largest seaport in Scotland, and the tenth-largest by tonnage in Britain. Expanding from the [[medieval]] [[Archbishop of Glasgow|bishopric]] and episcopal [[burgh]] (subsequently [[royal burgh]]), and the later establishment of the [[University of Glasgow]] in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] in the 18th century. Glasgow became a [[county of city|county]] in 1893, the city having previously been in the [[Shires of Scotland|historic county]] of [[Lanarkshire]], and later growing to also include settlements that were once part of [[Renfrewshire]] and [[Dunbartonshire]]. It now forms the Glasgow City Council area, one of the 32 [[council areas of Scotland]], and is administered by [[Glasgow City Council]]. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Glasgow's population grew rapidly, reaching a peak of 1,127,825 people in 1938 (with a higher density and within a smaller territory than in subsequent decades).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/4population.pdf |title=Factsheet 4: Population |publisher=Glasgow City Council |access-date=9 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703130648/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/4population.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2007}}</ref> The population was greatly reduced following comprehensive [[urban renewal]] projects in the 1960s which resulted in large-scale relocation of people to designated [[new town]]s, such as [[Cumbernauld]], [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]], [[East Kilbride]] and peripheral suburbs, followed by successive boundary changes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comprehensive Development Areas - Times Past |url=https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/libraries/family-history/stories-and-blogs-from-the-mitchell/times-past-blogs/comprehensive-development-areas-times-past |website=Glasgow Life |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alison |first1=Campsie |title=Livingston at 60: A New Town forged in ambition and hopes for a better life |url=https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/livingston-at-60-a-new-town-forged-in-ambition-and-hopes-for-a-better-life-3656283 |publisher=The Scotsman |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref> Glasgow's major cultural institutions enjoy international reputations. They include the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]], the [[Burrell Collection]], [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], the [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]], [[Scottish Ballet]] and [[Scottish Opera]]. The city was the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 1990 and is notable for its [[Architecture of Glasgow|architecture]], [[Culture in Glasgow|culture]], [[Media in Glasgow|media]], [[List of bands from Glasgow|music scene]], [[Sport in Glasgow|sports clubs]] and [[Transport in Glasgow|transport connections]]. It is the fifth-most-visited city in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/popular-uk-cities-for-international-visitors-1661845 |title=Top 20 Most Popular Cities in the UK for International Visitors| access-date=9 July 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709150510/https://www.tripsavvy.com/popular-uk-cities-for-international-visitors-1661845| archive-date=9 July 2019| url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is also well-known in the sporting world for [[association football]], particularly for the [[Old Firm]] rivalry. ==Etymology and heraldry== {{main|Coat of arms of Glasgow}} The name Glasgow is [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]] in origin. The first element ''glas'', meaning "grey-green, grey-blue" both in [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]], [[Scottish Gaelic]] and modern day [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and the second ''*cöü'', "hollow" (cf. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''glas-cau''),<ref name="bliton">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |website=SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307061257/https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> giving a meaning of "green-hollow".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glaschu.net/placenames-project-university-of-glasgow/ |title=Glaschu |website=Glaschu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031412/https://glaschu.net/placenames-project-university-of-glasgow/ |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> It is often said that the name means "dear green place" or that "dear green place" is a translation from Gaelic ''Glas Caomh''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Our Dear Green Place |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=42440&p=0 |website=glasgow.gov.uk |publisher=Glasgow City Council |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124010832/https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=42440&p=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> "The dear green place" remains an affectionate way of referring to the city. The modern Gaelic is ''Glaschu'' and derived from the same roots as the Brittonic. The settlement may have an earlier Brittonic name, '''Cathures'''; the modern name appears for the first time in the Gaelic period (1116), as ''Glasgu''.{{cn|date=March 2025}} It is also recorded that the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|King of Strathclyde]], [[Rhydderch Hael]], welcomed Saint Kentigern (also known as [[Saint Mungo]]), and procured his consecration as bishop about 540. For some thirteen years Kentigern laboured in the region, building his church at the [[Molendinar Burn]] where [[Glasgow Cathedral]] now stands, and making many converts. A large community developed around him and became known as ''Glasgu''. The [[coat of arms]] of the City of Glasgow was granted to the [[royal burgh]] by the [[Lord Lyon King of Arms|Lord Lyon]] on 25 October 1866.<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1973) ''Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. {{ISBN|978-0900455247}}.</ref> It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's patron saint, Mungo, which had been used on official seals prior to that date. The emblems represent miracles supposed to have been performed by Mungo<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=17325 |title=The City Crest |website=Glasgow City Council |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235309/https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=17325 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and are listed in the traditional rhyme: ::::''Here's the bird that never flew'' ::::''Here's the tree that never grew'' ::::''Here's the bell that never rang'' ::::''Here's the fish that never swam'' St Mungo is also said to have preached a sermon containing the words ''Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name''. This was abbreviated to "Let Glasgow Flourish" and adopted as the city's motto. In 1450, John Stewart, the first [[Lord Provost]] of Glasgow, left an endowment so that a "St Mungo's Bell" could be made and tolled throughout the city so that the citizens would pray for his soul. A new bell was purchased by the magistrates in 1641 and that bell is still on display in the [[People's Palace, Glasgow|People's Palace]] Museum, near [[Glasgow Green]]. The supporters are two salmon bearing rings, and the crest is a half-length figure of Saint Mungo. He wears a bishop's mitre and liturgical vestments and has his hand raised in "the act of [[benediction]]". The original 1866 grant placed the crest atop a helm, but this was removed in subsequent grants. The current version (1996) has a gold [[mural crown]] between the shield and the crest. This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status. The arms were re-matriculated by the City of [[Glasgow District Council]] on 6 February 1975, and by the present area council on 25 March 1996. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms.<ref>Urquhart, R.M. (1979). ''Scottish Civic Heraldry''. London. Heraldry Today. {{ISBN|978-0900455261}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Urquhart |first=R.M. |title=Scottish Civic Heraldry |publisher=School Library Association |location=Swindon |year=2001 |orig-year=1979 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0900649233}}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Glasgow}} {{further|History of Scotland}} {{For timeline|Timeline of Glasgow history}} ===Early history=== [[File:Glasgow-Cathedral-old-photo.jpg|thumb|right|The Cathedral of [[Glasgow Cathedral|St Mungo's]]. Saint Mungo is reputed to have founded the city in the 6th century]] The area around Glasgow has hosted communities for millennia,{{specify|reason="millennia" is the plural of millennium. Two millennia, ten millennial, 17 millennia?|date=July 2024}} with the [[River Clyde]] providing a natural location for fishing. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] later built outposts in the area and, to protect Roman [[Britannia]] from the [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic speaking]] ([[Insular Celts|Celtic]]) [[Caledonians]], constructed the [[Antonine Wall]]. Items from the wall, such as altars from [[Castra|Roman forts]] like [[Balmuildy]], can be found at the [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery|Hunterian Museum]] today. Glasgow itself was reputed to have been founded by the Christian [[missionary]] [[Saint Mungo]] in the 6th century. He established a church on the [[Molendinar Burn]], where the present [[Glasgow Cathedral]] stands, and in the following years Glasgow became a religious centre. Glasgow grew over the following centuries as part of the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. The [[Glasgow Fair]] reportedly began in 1190.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=Sir John |title=The City of Glasgow : its origin, growth and development; with maps and plates |date=1921 |publisher=Royal Scottish Geographical Society |location=Edinburgh |page=26 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cityofglasgowits00newb#page/26/mode/2up/search/1190 |access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> A bridge over the River Clyde was recorded from around 1285, where [[Victoria Bridge, Glasgow|Victoria Bridge]] now stands. As the [[lowest bridging point]] on the Clyde it was an important crossing. The area around the bridge became known as Briggait. The founding of the [[University of Glasgow]] adjoining the cathedral in 1451 and elevation of the [[Diocese|bishopric]] to become the [[Archdiocese of Glasgow]] in 1492 increased the town's religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe and the Mediterranean.<ref name="ReferenceA">The City of Glasgow – The Third Statistical Account of Scotland, published 1958</ref> By the fifteenth century the urban area stretched from the area around the cathedral and university in the north down to the bridge and the banks of the Clyde in the south along [[High Street, Glasgow|High Street]], [[Saltmarket]] and Bridgegate, crossing an east–west route at [[Glasgow Cross]] which became the commercial centre of the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Glasgow Central Conservation Area Appraisal |date=2012 |publisher=Glasgow City Council |location=Glasgow |page=6 |url=https://glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=10838&p=0 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> ===Scottish Reformation=== Following the European Protestant [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]] and with the encouragement of the [[Convention of Royal Burghs]], the 14 incorporated trade crafts federated as the Trades House in 1605 to match the power and influence in the town council of the earlier Merchants' Guilds who established their Merchants House in the same year.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of [[Royal Burgh]] in 1611.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10359752|title=Glasgow Burgh|publisher=Vision of Britain|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> [[Daniel Defoe]] visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book ''[[A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain]]'', that Glasgow was "the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built city in Britain, London excepted". At that time the city's population was about 12,000, and the city was yet to undergo the massive expansionary changes to its economy and urban fabric, brought about by the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] and Industrial Revolution. The city prospered from its involvement in the [[triangular trade]] and the [[Atlantic slave trade]] that the former depended upon. Glasgow merchants dealt in slave-produced [[cash crop]]s such as sugar, tobacco, cotton and linen.<ref name="Lambert 2021">{{cite web |last=Lambert |first=Tim |title=A History of Glasgow |website=Local Histories |date=14 March 2021 |url=https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-glasgow/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102201701/https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-glasgow/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Slavery, Glasgow Plantation Owners in Jamaica">{{cite web |title=Glasgow Plantation Owners in Jamaica – Legacies of Slavery in Glasgow Museums and Collections |website=Legacies of Slavery in Glasgow Museums and Collections |date=29 August 2018 |url=https://glasgowmuseumsslavery.co.uk/2018/08/29/glasgow-plantation-owners-in-jamaica/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102202107/https://glasgowmuseumsslavery.co.uk/2018/08/29/glasgow-plantation-owners-in-jamaica/ |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1717 to 1766, Scottish [[slave ship]]s operating out of Glasgow transported approximately 3,000 enslaved Africans to the Americas (out of a total number of 5,000 slaves carried by ships from Scotland). The majority of these slaving voyages left from Glasgow's satellite ports, [[Greenock]] and [[Port Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://it.wisnae.us/glasgow-and-the-slave-trade/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20slaves%20transported,last%20slaving%20voyage%20from%20Scotland | title=Glasgow and the Slave Trade – It Wisnae Us }}</ref> ===Economic growth=== [[File:John Atkinson Grimshaw - Shipping on the Clyde (1881).jpg|thumb|right|''Shipping on the Clyde'', [[John Atkinson Grimshaw|Atkinson Grimshaw]], 1881. Shipbuilding became a symbol of Glasgow's economic importance]] After the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in 1707, Scotland gained further access to the vast markets of the new British Empire, and Glasgow became prominent as a hub of international trade to and from the Americas, especially in sugar, tobacco, cotton, and manufactured goods. Starting in 1668, the city's [[Tobacco Lords]] created a deep water port at [[Port Glasgow]] about {{cvt|20|mi|km}} down the [[River Clyde]], as the river from the city to that point was then too shallow for seagoing merchant ships.<ref>[http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ Abolition of the Slave Trade] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103172434/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ |date=3 January 2012}}. [[Learning and Teaching Scotland]] Online. Retrieved 26 September 2007</ref> By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on the River Clyde, with more than {{cvt|47000000|lb|tonnes}} of tobacco being imported each year at its peak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSCE03 |title=The Glasgow Story: Industry and Technology – Food, Drink and Tobacco |publisher=[[The Glasgow Story]] |year=2004 |access-date=29 July 2008 |first=Ian |last=Donnachie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206081206/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSCE03 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton.<ref>Harris, Nathaniel (2000). ''Heritage of Scotland'', p. 70. Checkmark Books, London. {{ISBN|0816041369}}.</ref> From the mid-eighteenth century the city began expanding westwards from its medieval core at Glasgow Cross, with a [[grid plan|grid-iron street plan]] starting from the 1770s and eventually reaching George Square to accommodate much of the growth, with that expansion much later becoming known in the 1980s onwards as the [[Merchant City]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Glasgow Central Conservation Area Appraisal |date=2012 |publisher=Glasgow City Council |location=Glasgow |page=9 |url=https://glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=10838&p=0 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> The largest growth in the city centre area, building on the wealth of trading internationally, was the next expansion being the grid-iron streets west of Buchanan Street riding up and over [[Blythswood Hill]] from 1800 onwards.<ref>Glasgow's Blythswood, by Graeme Smith, 2021 https://www.blythswoodsmith.co.uk/</ref> The opening of the [[Monkland Canal]] and basin linking to the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] at [[Port Dundas]] in 1795, facilitated access to the extensive iron-ore and coal mines in [[Lanarkshire]]. After extensive [[river engineering]] projects to dredge and deepen the River Clyde as far as Glasgow, shipbuilding became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, pioneered by industrialists such as [[Robert Napier (engineer)|Robert Napier]], [[John Elder (shipbuilder)|John Elder]], [[George Thomson (shipbuilder)|George Thomson]], [[Sir William Pearce, 1st Baronet|Sir William Pearce]] and [[Alfred Yarrow|Sir Alfred Yarrow]]. The River Clyde also became an important source of inspiration for artists, such as [[John Atkinson Grimshaw]], [[John Knox (artist)|John Knox]], [[James Kay (artist)|James Kay]], [[Sir Muirhead Bone]], [[Robert Eadie]] and [[L.S. Lowry]], willing to depict the new industrial era and the modern world, as did [[Stanley Spencer]] downriver at [[Port Glasgow]]. ===Population growth=== [[File:Gezicht in Glasgow The Clyde from Sailors Home (titel op object), RP-F-F01864.jpg|thumb|left|Glasgow in 1864 during the height of its population surge]] With the population growing, the first scheme to provide a public water supply was by the Glasgow Company in 1806. A second company was formed in 1812, and the two merged in 1838, but there was some dissatisfaction with the quality of the water supplied.{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |p=190}} The Gorbals Gravitation Water Company began supplying water to residents living to the south of the River Clyde in 1846, obtained from reservoirs, which gave 75,000 people a constant water supply,{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |p=190}} but others were not so fortunate, and some 4,000 died in an outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1848/1849.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1244 |title=Loch Katrine and aqueducts |publisher=Engineering Timelines |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110358/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1244 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> This led to the development of the [[Glasgow Corporation Water Works]], with a project to raise the level of [[Loch Katrine]] and to convey clean water by gravity along a {{cvt|26|mi|km|adj=on}} aqueduct to a holding reservoir at Milngavie, and then by pipes into the city.{{sfn |Binnie |1981 |pp=191–192}} The project cost £980,000<ref name=timeline/> and was opened by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1859.{{sfn |Cross-Rudkin |Chrimes |2008 |p=62}} In the early 19th century an eighth of the people lived in single-room accommodation.<ref>Schama, S. 2009 ''A History of Britain The Fate of the Empire. 1776–2000.''p.337 {{ISBN|978-0786868995}}</ref> The engineer for the project was [[John Frederick Bateman]], while James Morris Gale became the resident engineer for the city section of the project, and subsequently became Engineer in Chief for Glasgow Water Commissioners. He oversaw several improvements during his tenure, including a second aqueduct and further raising of water levels in Loch Katrine.{{sfn |Cross-Rudkin |Chrimes |2008 |p=325}} Additional supplies were provided by Loch Arklet in 1902, by impounding the water and creating a tunnel to allow water to flow into Loch Katrine. A similar scheme to create a reservoir in [[Glen Finglas]] was authorised in 1903, but was deferred, and was not completed until 1965.<ref name=timeline/> Following the [[2002 Glasgow floods]], the waterborne parasite [[cryptosporidium]] was found in the reservoir at Milngavie, and so the new [[Milngavie water treatment works]] was built. It was opened by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] in 2007, and won the 2007 Utility Industry Achievement Award, having been completed ahead of its time schedule and for £10 million below its budgeted cost.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.waterbriefing.org/home/company-news/item/614-queen-opens-milngavie-water-treatment-works-in-scotland |title=Queen opens Milngavie water treatment works in Scotland |publisher=Water Briefing |date=8 August 2008}}</ref> Good health requires both clean water and effective removal of sewage. The [[Caledonian Railway]] rebuilt many of the sewers, as part of a deal to allow them to tunnel under the city, and sewage treatment works were opened at Dalmarnoch in 1894, Dalmuir in 1904 and Shieldhall in 1910. The works experimented to find better ways to treat sewage, and a number of experimental filters were constructed, until a full activated sludge plant was built between 1962 and 1968 at a cost of £4 million.<ref name=timeline2>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1250 |title=Dalmarnock Sewage Treatment Works |publisher=Engineering Timelines |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005118/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1250 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Treated sludge was dumped at sea, and Glasgow Corporation owned six sludge ships between 1904 and 1998,<ref name=shieldhall>{{cite web |url=https://www.ss-shieldhall.co.uk/Glasgow_fleet |title=History of the Glasgow Sludge Fleet |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212533/https://www.ss-shieldhall.co.uk/Glasgow_fleet |archive-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> when the EU [[Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive]] ended the practice.{{sfn |Lobina |Terhorst |2005 |p=30}} The sewerage infrastructure was improved significantly in 2017, with the completion of a tunnel {{cvt|3.1|mi|km}} long, which provides {{cvt|20|e6impgal|Ml|sigfig=1}} of storm water storage. It will reduce the risk of flooding and the likelihood that sewage will overflow into the Clyde during storms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44998611 |title=Shieldhall Tunnel now operational as Scotland's biggest sewer |publisher=BBC |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214644/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-44998611 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2002, clean water provision and sewerage have been the responsibility of [[Scottish Water]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/old-education/all-about-water/history-of-water |title=The History of Water |publisher=Scottish Water |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829120846/http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/old-education/all-about-water/history-of-water |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Members of the water committee of the Glasgow Corporation Water Works for a tunnel to Loch Katrine (cropped).png|thumb|right|Members of the water committee of the [[Milngavie water treatment works|Glasgow Corporation Water Works]] (1876)]] Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. The development of civic institutions included the [[City of Glasgow Police]] in 1800, one of the first municipal [[police]] forces in the world. Despite the crisis caused by the [[City of Glasgow Bank]]'s collapse in 1878, growth continued and by the end of the 19th century it was one of the cities known as the "Second City of the Empire" and was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914 |publisher=The Glasgow Story |year=2004 |access-date=9 July 2008 |first=W. Hamish |last=Fraser |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517131153/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a quarter of all locomotives in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |title=Industrial decline – the 20th Century |publisher=Glasgow City Council |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517131153/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/storyd.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to its pre-eminence in shipbuilding, engineering, industrial machinery, bridge building, chemicals, explosives, coal and oil industries it developed as a major centre in textiles, garment-making, carpet manufacturing, leather processing, furniture-making, pottery, food and drink, cigarette making, printing and publishing. Shipping, banking, insurance and professional services expanded at the same time.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Glasgow became one of the first cities in Europe to reach a population of one million. The city's new trades and sciences attracted new residents from across the [[Lowlands of Scotland|Lowlands]] and the [[Highlands of Scotland]], from [[Ireland]] and other parts of Britain and from [[Continental Europe]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civil engineering projects, such as the [[Milngavie water treatment works]], [[Glasgow Subway]], [[Glasgow Corporation Tramways]], [[Glasgow City Chambers|City Chambers]], [[Mitchell Library]] and [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]] were being funded by its wealth. The city also held a series of [[List of world's fairs|International Exhibitions]] at [[Kelvingrove Park]], in [[International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry|1888]], [[Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)|1901]] and [[Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry|1911]], with Britain's last major International Exhibition, the [[Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938|Empire Exhibition]], being subsequently held in 1938 at [[Bellahouston Park]], which drew 13 million visitors.<ref>Glasgow's Great Exhibitions by Perilla Kinchin and others, published 1988</ref> ===War years and regeneration=== [[File:A Middle East Soldier Revisits Britain- Life in Wartime Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 1943 D15608.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Sauchiehall Street]] during [[World War II]] (1943)]] The 20th century witnessed both decline and renewal in the city. After [[World War I]], the city suffered from the impact of the [[Post–World War I recession]] and from the later [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the "[[Red Clydeside]]" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of [[World War II]]. The city saw [[Strategic bombing|aerial bombardment]] by the [[Luftwaffe]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/29/a4095029.shtml |title=Blitz in Glasgow |publisher=BBC |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/29/a4095029.shtml |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> during the [[Clydebank Blitz]], during the war, then grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. By the 1960s, growth of industry in countries like Japan and [[West Germany]], weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries. As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid de-industrialisation, leading to high unemployment, [[urban decay]], population decline, [[welfare dependency]] and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial ''[[Bruce Report]]'', which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city. The report led to a huge and radical programme of rebuilding and regeneration efforts that started in the mid-1950s and lasted into the late 1970s. This involved the mass demolition of the city's infamous slums and their replacement with large suburban housing estates and tower blocks.<ref name="Staples">{{cite web |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119043309/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=986122002 |archive-date=19 January 2005 |title=Secret plot to strip Glasgow of influence |website=The Scotsman |location=UK |date=5 September 2002 |access-date=11 December 2007 |first=John |last=Staples}}</ref> The city invested heavily in roads infrastructure, with an extensive system of arterial roads and motorways that bisected the central area. There are also accusations that the [[Scottish Office]] had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and political influence in post-war Scotland by diverting inward investment in new industries to other regions during the [[Silicon Glen]] boom and creating the [[New towns#United Kingdom|new towns]] of Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, Irvine, Livingston and [[East Kilbride]], dispersed across the [[Scottish Lowlands]] to halve the city's population base.<ref name="Staples"/> By the late 1980s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes. The "[[Glasgow's miles better]]" campaign, launched in 1983, and opening of the [[Burrell Collection]] in 1983 and [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]] in 1985 facilitated Glasgow's new role as a European centre for business services and finance and promoted an increase in tourism and inward investment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7468870.stm |title=Why Glasgow was 'miles better' |work=BBC News |date=23 June 2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |first=Reevel |last=Alderson |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7468870.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The latter continues to be bolstered by the legacy of the city's [[Glasgow Garden Festival]] in 1988, its status as [[European Capital of Culture]] in 1990,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uneecc.org/european-capitals-of-culture/history/ |title=European Capital of Culture |publisher=UNEECC.org |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717134431/https://uneecc.org/european-capitals-of-culture/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and concerted attempts to diversify the city's economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://openscotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/27153210/10 |title=Interim Evaluation of the Cities Growth Fund: A Report to the Scottish Executive – Appendix 4: Glasgow |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |date=March 2007 |access-date=26 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302023804/http://openscotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/27153210/10 |archive-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> However, it is the industrial heritage that serves as key tourism enabler.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Richard |last2=Curran |first2=Ross |last3=O'Gorman |first3=Kevin D. |date=1 September 2013 |title=Pro-Poor Tourism in a First World Urban Setting: Case Study of Glasgow Govan |journal=International Journal of Tourism Research |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=443–457 |doi=10.1002/jtr.1888 |issn=1522-1970}}</ref> Wider economic revival has persisted and the ongoing [[Urban renewal|regeneration]] of inner-city areas, including the large-scale [[Clyde Waterfront Regeneration]], has led to more affluent people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow, fuelling allegations of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_41198_en.pdf |title=Housing regeneration in Glasgow: Gentrification and upward neighbourhood trajectories in a post-industrial city |publisher=eSharp |year=2006 |access-date=10 July 2008 |first=Zhan |last=McIntyre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910115209/http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_41198_en.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the city was listed by [[Lonely Planet]] as one of the world's top 10 tourist cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/oct/15/glasgow-scotland |title=Lonely Planet guide rates Glasgow as one of the world's top 10 cities |access-date=15 October 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Severin |last=Carrell |date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119015641/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/oct/15/glasgow-scotland |archive-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Recent and contemporary history=== [[File:The Aftermath - geograph.org.uk - 485211.jpg|thumb|right|[[Glasgow Airport]] following the [[2007 Glasgow Airport attack|2007 terrorist attack]]]] In 2007, the city's [[Glasgow Airport|primary airport]] was the target of a [[terrorist attack]] when a [[Jeep Cherokee]] filled with propane gas cylinders and petrol cans was [[2007 Glasgow Airport attack|driven at considerable speed into the entrance of the main terminal building]]. This was the first time that a terrorist attack had targeted Scotland specifically, and was the second terrorist attack to occur in Scotland following the explosion of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over the town of [[Lockerbie]] in the [[Scottish Borders]] in December 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=The day terror came to Glasgow Airport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-40416026 |website=BBC News |access-date=3 July 2024 |date=29 June 2017}}</ref> Immediately following the incident, a close link was established between the attack in Glasgow and an attack in [[2007 London car bombs|London the previous day]]. One of the perpetrators of the attack, [[Kafeel Ahmed]], was the only reported casualty, with a following five people sustaining injuries from the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=NBC: U.K. terror suspects include 2 doctors |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19522388 |website=NBC News |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=30 June 2007}}</ref> In 2008 the city was ranked at 43 for Personal Safety in the [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] index of top 50 safest cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1307990 |title=Quality of living global city rankings – Mercer survey |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318052855/http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1307990 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Mercer report was specifically looking at Quality of Living, yet by 2011 within Glasgow, certain areas were (still) "failing to meet the Scottish Air Quality Objective levels for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10)".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingglasgow.com/indicators/environment/air_quality |title=Air quality | The Glasgow Indicators Project |publisher=Understandingglasgow.com |access-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205192534/http://www.understandingglasgow.com/indicators/environment/air_quality |archive-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city hosted the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] (COP26) at its main events venue, the [[SEC Centre]]. Glasgow hosted the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], and will host the [[2026 Commonwealth Games|2026 edition of the games]]. Glasgow also hosted the first [[European Championships (multi-sport event)|European Championships]] in 2018, was one of the host cities for [[UEFA Euro 2020]], and will be a host city of the [[UEFA Euro 2028]]. The UK's first official consumption room for illegal drugs including [[heroin]] and [[cocaine]] was set to open on 21 October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK's first drugs consumption room to open in October |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg4n8g331do |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> however this was delayed,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delay in opening of UK's first drugs consumption room |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx203de2mdlo |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> eventually opening on 13 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow opens UK's first safer drug consumption facility |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/11760/Glasgow-opens-UK-s-first-safer-drug-consumption-facility#:~:text=The%20UK's%20first%20safer%20drug,365%20days%20of%20the%20year. |website=Glasgow City Council |access-date=27 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ==Government and politics== {{main|Politics of Glasgow}} ===Government=== {{See also|Glasgow City Council}} [[File:Glasgow City Chambers - geograph.org.uk - 4865332.jpg|thumb|right|[[Glasgow City Chambers]], located on [[George Square]], is the headquarters of Glasgow City Council and the seat of local government in the city, circa 1900.]] Although Glasgow [[Municipal corporation|Corporation]] had been a pioneer in the [[Municipal socialism|municipal socialist]] movement from the late-nineteenth century, since the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]], Glasgow increasingly supported [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] ideas and politics at a national level. The [[Politics of Glasgow|city council]] was controlled by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] for more than thirty years, since the decline of the [[Progressives (Scotland)|Progressives]]. Since 2007, when local government elections in Scotland began to use the [[single transferable vote]] rather than the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post system]], the dominance of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] within the city started to decline. As a result of the [[2017 United Kingdom local elections]], the [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] was able to form a minority administration ending Labour's thirty-seven years of uninterrupted control.<ref>{{cite web|title=Councillor Eva Bolander chosen as Glasgow's Lord Provost|url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=21216|website=Glasgow City Council|access-date=20 May 2017|language=en|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] and the [[German Revolution of 1918–19]], the city's frequent strikes and militant organisations caused serious alarm at [[Her Majesty's Government|Westminster]]. A huge demonstration in the city's [[George Square]] on 31 January 1919 ended in violence, known as the [[Battle of George Square]], and the [[Riot Act]] was read. The Sheriff of Lanarkshire called for military aid and 10,000 troops were deployed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barclay|first=Gordon|date=2018|title='Duties in aid of the civil power': the Deployment of the Army to Glasgow, 31 January to 17 February 1919|work=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 38.2, 2018, 261-292|volume=38|issue=2|pages=261–292|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/jshs.2018.0248|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817000000/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/jshs.2018.0248|archive-date=17 August 2020|doi=10.3366/jshs.2018.0248}} [https://www.academia.edu/40520744 Alt URL]</ref> [[Industrial action]] at the shipyards gave rise to the "[[Red Clydeside]]" epithet. During the 1930s, Glasgow was the main base of the [[Independent Labour Party]]. Towards the end of the twentieth century, it became a centre of the struggle against the [[Poll tax (Great Britain)|poll tax]]; which was introduced in Scotland a whole year before the rest of the United Kingdom and also served as the main base of the [[Scottish Socialist Party]], another left-wing political party in Scotland. The city has not had a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP since the [[1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election|1982 Hillhead by-election]], when the [[Social Democratic Party|SDP]] took the seat, which was in Glasgow's most affluent area. The fortunes of the Conservative Party continued to decline into the twenty-first century, winning only one of the 79 councillors on Glasgow City Council in [[2012 Glasgow City Council election|2012]], despite having been the controlling party (as the [[Progressives (Scotland)|Progressives]]) from 1969 to 1972 when Sir Donald Liddle was the last non-Labour [[Lord Provost of Glasgow|Lord Provost]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSS00035 |title=Sir Donald Liddle |date=2004 |website=The Glasgow Story |access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> ===Politics=== {{Main|Glasgow Parliamentary Constituencies}} {{See also|Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)}} [[File:Susan Aitken, Glasgow City Council.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Susan Aitken]], current leader of [[Glasgow City Council]]]] Glasgow is represented in both the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in [[London]], and the [[Scottish Parliament]] in Holyrood, [[Edinburgh]]. At Westminster, it is represented by seven [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs), all elected at least once every five years to represent individual constituencies, using the first-past-the-post system of voting. In Holyrood, Glasgow is represented by sixteen [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|Members of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSPs), of whom nine are elected to represent individual constituencies once every four years using first-past-the-post, and seven are elected as additional regional members, by proportional representation. Since the [[2021 Scottish Parliament election]], Glasgow is represented at Holyrood by 9 [[Scottish National Party]] MSPs, 4 [[Scottish Labour Party|Labour]] MSPs, 2 [[Scottish Conservative Party|Conservative]] MSPs and 1 [[Scottish Green Party|Scottish Green]] MSP. In the European Parliament, the city formed part of the [[Scotland (European Parliament constituency)|Scotland constituency]], which elected six [[Member of the European Parliament|Members of the European Parliament]] (MEPs) prior to [[Brexit]].<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-48044192| publisher=BBC | title=Who are the MEP candidates in Scotland? | date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Since Glasgow is covered and operates under two separate central governments, the [[Scottish Government]] and the UK Government, they determine various matters that Glasgow City Council is not responsible for. The [[Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Glasgow electoral region of the Scottish Parliament]] covers the Glasgow City council area, a north-western part of [[South Lanarkshire]] and a small eastern portion of [[Renfrewshire]]. It elects nine of the parliament's 73 [[first past the post]] constituency members and seven of the 56 [[Mixed member proportional representation|additional members]]. Both kinds of member are known as [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs)]]. The system of election is designed to produce a form of [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.scot/-/media/files/spice/factsheets/parliamentary-business/scottish-parliament-electoral-system-12-may-2021.pdf|title=Scottish Parliament electoral system|publisher=Scottish Parliament|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> The first past the post seats were created in 1999 with the names and boundaries of then existing [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] ([[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]) constituencies. In 2005, the number of Westminster [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) representing Scotland was cut to 59, with new constituencies being formed, while the existing number of [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSPs]] was retained at Holyrood. [[File:Glasgow City Chambers The Council Chamber.jpg|thumb|right|Debating chamber within the City Chambers]]In the [[2011 Scottish Parliament election]], the boundaries of the Glasgow region were redrawn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/1st_holyrood/rev_rec_regions/regions_revised_recommendations_map_A2.pdf |title=First Periodic Review of Scottish Parliament Boundaries. Public Consultation |publisher=Boundary Commission for Scotland |access-date=3 July 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122058/http://www.bcomm-scotland.independent.gov.uk/1st_holyrood/rev_rec_regions/regions_revised_recommendations_map_A2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[Scottish independence referendum]], Glasgow voted "Yes" by a margin of [[2014 Scottish independence referendum#By area|53.5% to 46.5%]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results |date=18 September 2014 |website=BBC News |access-date=18 September 2014 |title=Scottish independence referendum – Results}}</ref> In the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|Brexit referendum]], results varied from constituency to constituency. Glasgow North recorded the biggest remain vote with 78% opting to stay in the EU whilst in Glasgow East this figure dropped to 56%.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/14583516.display/ |title=EU referendum: Here is how Glasgow voted |newspaper=[[Glasgow Times|The Evening Times]] |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829082354/http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/14583516.display/ |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city as a whole voted to remain in the EU, by 66.6% to 33.3%.<ref>[https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=19666 European Referendum 2016 Glasgow Results] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033021/https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=19666 |date=1 December 2017}} (retrieved 29 November 2017)</ref> Following the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]], in which 53.49% of the electorate of Glasgow voted in favour of Scottish independence; the [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] won every seat in the city at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], including a record-breaking 39.3% swing from Labour to SNP in the [[Glasgow North East (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North East]] constituency.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-scotland-32635871 |title=Election 2015: SNP wins 56 of 59 seats in Scots landslide |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521003643/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-scotland-32635871 |archive-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=live |date=8 May 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> At the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 snap general election]], Glasgow was represented by 6 Scottish National Party MPs and 1 Labour MP; the Glasgow North East constituency which had a record 39.3% swing from Labour to SNP at the previous general election, was regained by [[Paul Sweeney]] of the [[Scottish Labour Party]], who narrowly defeated sitting SNP MP [[Anne McLaughlin]] by 242 votes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/S14000032|title=Election 2017: Glasgow North East|work=BBC News |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/scotland/2017/06/glasgow-north-east-labour-mp-paul-sweeney-yes-badges-were-cool-2014-now|title=Glasgow North East Labour MP Paul Sweeney: "Yes badges were cool in 2014 – now it's Jeremy"|work=New Statesman |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> ==Geography and climate== {{Main|Geography of Glasgow}} {{climate chart | Glasgow | 1.6| 6.4|142 | 1.7| 7.0| 99 | 2.9| 9.1|110 | 4.4|12.1| 60 | 7.0|15.6| 63 | 9.7|17.8| 63 |11.8|19.6| 68 |11.5|19.1| 84 | 9.4|16.1|116 | 6.7|12.6|132 | 3.6| 9.0|131 | 2.2| 7.0|138 | float = right | clear = none | source = MetOffice<ref name = PaisleyStats /> }} Glasgow is located on the banks of the River Clyde, in [[Strathclyde|West Central]] Scotland. Another important river is the [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]], a tributary of the River Clyde, whose name was used in creating the title of [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Baron Kelvin]] the renowned physicist for whom the [[Kelvin|SI unit of temperature]], Kelvin, is named. The [[burgh]] of Glasgow was historically in [[Lanarkshire]], but close to the border with [[Renfrewshire]]. When elected county councils were established in 1890, Glasgow was deemed capable of running its own affairs and so was excluded from the administrative area of Lanarkshire County Council, whilst remaining part of Lanarkshire for [[lieutenancy areas of Scotland|lieutenancy]] and judicial purposes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Guide to local government in parishes, counties and burghs |date=1892 |publisher=Royal College of Physicians |location=Edinburgh |pages=xxiii–xxx |url=https://archive.org/details/b21905678/page/n29/mode/2up |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The County Council Magazine |date=1890 |publisher=F. Warne and Company |location=London |page=284 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfAZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA284 |access-date=31 December 2021 |chapter=Preparing for the elections in Scotland}}</ref> The burgh was substantially enlarged in 1891 to take in areas from both Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire where the urban area had grown beyond the old burgh boundary.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=City of Glasgow Act 1891|year=1891|chapter=130|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> In 1893, the burgh became its own county for lieutenancy and judicial purposes too, being made a [[county of city|county of itself]].<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=County of the City of Glasgow Act 1893|year=1893|chapter=188|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> From 1975 to 1996 the city was part of [[Strathclyde Region]], with the city's council becoming a lower-tier [[City of Glasgow (1975–1996)|district council]]. Strathclyde was abolished in 1996, since when the city has again been responsible for all aspects of local government, being one of the 32 [[Subdivisions of Scotland|council areas]] in Scotland.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994|year=1994|chapter=39|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> Glasgow has a northerly latitude, similar to that of [[Moscow]] and its climate is classified as [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfb'') as it is close to Celtic Sea and the Gulf Stream. Glasgow has been named as the rainiest city of the UK, having an average of 170 days of rain a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-named-britains-rainiest-city-14510570 |title=Glasgow named as Britain's rainiest city |first=Jennifer |last=Russell |date=9 April 2018 |website=glasgowlive |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084804/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-named-britains-rainiest-city-14510570 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/britains-rainiest-cities-revealed-good-news-for-londoners-9803812.html |title=Britain's rainiest cities revealed – and it's good news for Londoners |date=18 October 2014 |website=The Independent |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605114210/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/britains-rainiest-cities-revealed-good-news-for-londoners-9803812.html |archive-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The coldest month on record since the data series began is December 2010, during a severe [[Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland|cold wave]] affecting the British Isles. Even then, the December high was above freezing at {{cvt|1.6|C|F}} with the low of {{cvt|-4.4|C|F}}.<ref name="Climate Station Data for Paisley">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/stationdata/paisleydata.txt |title=Climate Station Data for Paisley |publisher=Met Office |access-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102104129/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/stationdata/paisleydata.txt |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This still ensured Glasgow's coldest month of 2010 remained milder than the isotherm of {{cvt|-3|C|F}} normally used to determine continental climate normals. The warmest day in Glasgow was recorded in 2018, when temperatures exceeded {{cvt|31.9|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow record temperature: what is hottest weather ever recorded? |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/weather/glasgow-record-temperature-what-is-hottest-weather-ever-recorded-in-city-how-does-it-compare-to-uk-record-3774603 |website=GlasgowWorld |access-date=6 February 2025 |language=en |date=20 July 2022}}</ref> {{Glasgow weatherbox}} ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Glasgow|Geography of Glasgow#Demographics}} {{further|Glasgow effect}} ===Population=== [[File:Greater Glasgow population density map, 2011 census.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Greater Glasgow population density map]] In the 1950s, the population of the City of Glasgow area peaked at 1,089,000. Glasgow was then one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After the 1960s, clearances of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the [[Gorbals]] and relocation to "[[New town#United Kingdom|new towns]]" such as [[East Kilbride]] and [[Cumbernauld]] led to population decline. In addition, the boundaries of the city were changed twice during the late-twentieth century, making direct comparisons difficult. The urban area continues to expand beyond the city council boundaries into surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around {{cvt|400|sqmi|km2|-1}} of all adjoining suburbs, if [[commuter town]]s and villages are included.<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/agglo/ United Kingdom: Agglomerations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929223604/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/agglo/ |date=29 September 2020}}, CityPopulation.de</ref> There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow: the '''Glasgow City Council Area''' which lost the districts of [[Rutherglen]] and [[Cambuslang]] to [[South Lanarkshire]] in 1996, and the '''[[Greater Glasgow]] Urban Area''' which includes the conurbation around the city (however in the 2016 definitions<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/cities/ua/ United Kingdom: Countries and Major Urban Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601080826/http://citypopulation.de/UK-UA.html |date=1 June 2019}}, CityPopulation.de</ref> the aforementioned Rutherglen and Cambuslang were included along with the likes of [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], [[Clydebank]], [[Newton Mearns]], [[Bearsden]] and [[Stepps]] but not others with no continuity of populated postcodes – although in some cases the gap is small – the excluded nearby settlements including [[Barrhead]], [[Erskine, Renfrewshire|Erskine]] and [[Kirkintilloch]] plus a large swathe of Lanarkshire which had been considered contiguous with Glasgow in previous definitions: the '[[List of cities and towns in Scotland|settlements]]' named Coatbridge & Airdrie, Hamilton and Motherwell & Wishaw, each containing a number of distinct smaller localities).<ref name="NRS"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" |+ Population |- !Location !Population !Area !Density |- |'''Glasgow City Council Area'''<ref name=gro>{{cite web |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/05mype-cahb-t9.xls |title=Mid-2005 Population Estimates Scotland – Table 9 Land area and population density, by administrative area: 30 June 2005 |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland |access-date=9 July 2007 |format=Microsoft Excel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205644/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/05mype-cahb-t9.xls |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> |592,820 |{{cvt|67.76|sqmi|km2}} |{{cvt|8541.8|/sqmi|/km2}} |- |'''Greater Glasgow Urban Area'''<ref name="NRS"/> |985,290 |{{cvt|265|km2|sqmi}} |{{cvt|3,775|/km2|/sqmi}} |- |colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |<small>'''Source:''' ''Scotland's Census Results Online''<ref>{{cite web |author=scrol.gov.uk/ |url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/analyser/analyser?topicId=1&tableId=&tableName=Population+density&selectedTopicId=&aggregated=false&subject=&tableNumber=&selectedLevelId=&postcode=&areaText=&RADIOLAYER=&actionName=view-results&clearAreas=&stateData1=&stateData2=&stateData3=&stateData4=&debug=&tempData1=&tempData2=&tempData3=&tempData4=&areaId=17&levelId=1 |title=''2001 Census'' |access-date=9 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212649/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/analyser/analyser?topicId=1&tableId=&tableName=Population+density&selectedTopicId=&aggregated=false&subject=&tableNumber=&selectedLevelId=&postcode=&areaText=&RADIOLAYER=&actionName=view-results&clearAreas=&stateData1=&stateData2=&stateData3=&stateData4=&debug=&tempData1=&tempData2=&tempData3=&tempData4=&areaId=17&levelId=1 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref></small> |} Glasgow's population influx in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was related to economic expansion as well as internally generated growth with the vast majority of newcomers to the city from outside Scotland being from [[Ireland]], especially the north western counties of [[County Donegal|Donegal]], [[County Fermanagh|Fermanagh]], [[County Tyrone|Tyrone]] and [[County Londonderry|Londonderry]]. In the 1881 UK Census, 83% of the population was born in Scotland, 13% in Ireland, 3% in England and 1% elsewhere. By 1911, the city was no longer gaining population by migration. The demographic percentages in the 1951 UK census were: born in Scotland 93%, Ireland 3%, England 3% and elsewhere 1%.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the early twentieth century, many [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanian]] refugees began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s; there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1692714,00.html |title=Lithuanians in Glasgow |date=23 January 2006 |work=The Guardian |access-date=9 July 2007 |location=London |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084725/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jan/23/britishidentity.features117 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many [[Italian Scots]] also settled in Glasgow, originating from provinces like [[Frosinone]] in [[Lazio]] and [[Lucca]] in north-west [[Tuscany]] at this time, many originally working as "[[Hokey pokey (ice cream)|Hokey Pokey]]" men.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Alastair |last2=Moffat |first2=William |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGhvmMCbQLUC&pg=PA39 |title=A History of Scotland |chapter=Departures and Arrivals |access-date=9 July 2007 |page=39 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1989 |edition=Rev |orig-year=1985 |isbn=978-0199170630 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230846/https://books.google.com/books?id=GGhvmMCbQLUC&pg=PA39 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" |+ Historical population and city limits |- ! data-sort-type="year"| Year<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/4population.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703130648/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E3BE21DA-4D84-4CC4-9C02-2E526FDD9169/0/4population.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2007 |title=Factsheet 4 – population |publisher=Glasgow City Council}} and {{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-facts1.html |title=Glasgow Population and Size |website=glasgowguide.co.uk |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005005820/http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-facts1.html |archive-date=5 October 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Population ! Area <br /> (km<sup>2</sup>) ! Density <br /> (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>) ! Area changes |- align="center" | 1300 || 1,500 || -<ref>unknown</ref> || – || Initial |- align="center" | 1600 || 7,000 || – || – || Unknown |- align="center" | 1791 || 66,000 || 7.16 || 9,217 || Anderson to James Street/West Nile Street to Camlachie |- align="center" | 1831 || 202,426 || 8.83 || 22,924 || Necropolis and Blythswood |- align="center" | 1846 || 280,000 || 23.44 || 11,945 || Burghs of Anderston and Calton/Barony of Gorbals |- align="center" | 1872 || 494,824 || 24.42 || 20,263 || Districts of Keppochhill, Alexandra Parade and the new Glasgow University grounds |- align="center" | 1891 || 658,073 || 48.00 || 13,709 || Burghs of Govanhill, Crosshill, Pollokshields, Maryhill and Hillhead. Districts of Mount Florida, <br /> Langside, Shawlands, Kelvinside, Possilpark, Springburn, Coplawhill and the rest of Gorbals |- align="center" | 1901 || 761,712 || 51.35 || 14,833 || Bellahouston Park and Craigton. Districts of Blackhill, Shawfield and the east end of Glasgow Green |- align="center" | 1912 || 800,000 || 77.63 || 10,305 || Burghs of Govan, Partick, Pollokshaws. Districts of Shettleston, Tollcross, West of Govan, Cathcart, <br /> Newlands, West of Partick, Dawsholm, Temple and Knightswood. |- align="center" | 1921 || 1,034,174 || 77.63 || 13,321 || No change |- align="center" | 1926 || 1,090,380 || 119.42 || 9,130 || Districts of Lambhill, Millerston, Aikenhead, Mansewood, Kennishead, Carntyne, Cardonald, Robroyston, <br /> Nitshill, Hurlet, Crookston, Cardonald, Scotstoun, Yoker and Knightswood. |- align="center" | 1938 || 1,127,825 || 160.77 || 7,015 || Districts of Balmuildy, Auchinairn, Cardowan, Gartloch, Queenslie, Linn Park, Jenny Lind, Easterhouse, <br /> Darnley, Penilee, Drumry, Drumchapel, Summerston, Hogganfield and Carntyne |- align="center" | 1946 || 1,050,000 || 160.77 || 6,531 || No change |- align="center" | 1951 || 1,089,555 || 160.77 || 6,777 || No change |- align="center" | 1961 || 1,055,017 || 160.77 || 6,562 || No change |- align="center" | 1971 || 897,485 || 160.77 || 5,582 || No change |- align="center" | 1981 || 774,068 || 202.35 || 3,825 || Burghs of Rutherglen, Cambuslang, Mount Vernon, Baillieston. |- align="center" | 1991 || 688,600 || 202.67 || 3,397 || Minor boundary change |- align="center" | 2001 || 586,710 || 177.30 || 3,309 || Rutherglen and Cambuslang transferred to South Lanarkshire. |- align="center" | 2011 || 599,650 || 174.70 || 3,432 || Minor boundary change |} ===Ethnicity=== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" |+ Ethnic Groups |- !rowspan="2"|Ethnic Group ! colspan="2" |1976 estimations ! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1985 |title=Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806 |journal=Commission for Racial Equality |language=English |pages=Table 2.2|last1= Equality|first1= Commission for Racial}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":412">As UK Census data post 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been [https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991 recommended] to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for Scotland.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=2022-04-05 }} (Table 6)</ref><ref name=":422">Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; General Register Office for Scotland; Registrar General for Northern Ireland (1997): 1991 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Edition: 1997). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence</ref> !colspan="2"|2001<ref name="scotland2001">{{cite web |title=Briefing Paper 2011 Census – Release 2A – Results for Glasgow City |publisher=Glasgow City Council |date=17 October 2013 |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=16943&p=0 |access-date=22 January 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022419/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=16943&p=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> !colspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html |title=Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS201SC |publisher=scotlandscensus.gov.uk |access-date=3 November 2015 }}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Scotland's Census |language=en}}</ref> |- !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% ! ! |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- ![[White people|White]]: Total !– !– !729,092 !97.9% !641,336 !96.75% !546,359 !94.55% !524,561 !88.42% !501,029 !80.71% |- | style="text-align:left" | White: [[Scottish people|Scottish]] |– |– |– |– | – | –|| 503,614 || 87.15% || 466,241 || 78.59% || 416,634 || 67.12% |- | style="text-align:left" | White: [[White British|Other British]] |– |– |– |– | – | –|| 20,934 || 3.62% || 24,154 || 4.07% || 35,011 || 5.64% |- | style="text-align:left" | White: [[Irish Briton|Irish]] |– |– |– |– |10,384 |1.56%|| 11,467 || 1.98% || 11,228 || 1.89% || 11,130 ||1.79% |- | style="text-align:left" | White: [[Irish Traveller|Gypsy/Traveller]]{{efn| name="NewCensCat"|New category created for the 2011 census}} |– |– |– |– | – | –|| –|| –|| 407 || 0.07% || 201 ||0.03% |- | style="text-align:left" | White: [[Poles in the United Kingdom|Polish]]{{efn| name="NewCensCat"}} |– |– |– |– | – | –|| –|| –|| 8,406 || 1.42% || 12,183 || 1.96% |- | style="text-align:left" | White: [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other]] |– |– |– |– | – | –|| 10,344 || 1.79% || 14,125 || 2.38% || 25,870 ||4.17% |- ![[Asian people|Asian]], [[Asian-Scots|Asian Scottish]] or [[British Asian|Asian British]]: Total !12,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McEvoy |first=David |date=1978-12-01 |title=The segregation of Asian immigrants in Glasgow: A note |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00369227808736406 |journal=Scottish Geographical Magazine |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=180–182 |doi=10.1080/00369227808736406 |issn=0036-9225|url-access=subscription }}</ref> !1.3% !– !– !18,242 !2.75% !25,636 !4.44% !47,758 !8.05% !68,793 !11.08% |- |style="text-align:left" | Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Indian|Indian]] |– |– |– |– |3,374 |0.5%|| 4,173 || 0.72% || 8,640 || 1.46% || 13,990 || 2.25% |- |style="text-align:left" | Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]] |– |– |– |– |10,945 |1.65%|| 15,330 || 2.65% || 22,405 || 3.78% || 30,912 ||4.98% |- |style="text-align:left" | Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] |– |– |– |– |191 | –|| 237 || 0.04% || 458 || 0.08% || 954 ||0.15% |- |style="text-align:left" | Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]] |– |– |– |– |2,780 |0.41%|| 3,876 || 0.67% || 10,689 || 1.80% ||14,300 ||2.30% |- |style="text-align:left" | Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: [[British Asian|Asian Other]] |– |– |– |– |952 |0.14%|| 2,020 || 0.35% || 5,566 || 0.94% || 8,640 ||1.39% |- ![[Black people|Black]], [[Black Scottish people|Black Scottish]] or [[Black British]]{{efn| name="NewCensCat"}} !– !– !– !– !– !– !1,792 !0.31% !– !– !– !– |- ![[Black people|African]]: Total !– !– !– !– !489 !– !– !– !12,440 !2.10% !22,272 !3.59% |- |style="text-align:left" | African: [[Black people|African]], [[Black Scottish people|African Scottish]] or [[Black British|African British]] |– |– |– |– |489 | –|| –|| –|| 12,298 || 2.07% ||2,798 || 0.45% |- |style="text-align:left" | African: [[Black British|Other African]] |– |– |– |– | – | –|| –|| –|| 142 || 0.02% ||19,474 ||3.14% |- ![[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]] or [[Black British|Black]]: Total !– !– !– !– !709 !– !– !– !1,806 !0.30% !1,471 !0.24% |- |style="text-align:left" | [[British African-Caribbean community|Caribbean]] |– |– |– |– |220 | || –|| –|| 783 || 0.13% || 335 || 0.05% |- |style="text-align:left" | [[Black British|Black]] |– |– |– |– | – | –|| –|| –|| 820 || 0.14% || 96 || 0.02% |- |style="text-align:left" | Caribbean or Black: [[Other Black|Other]] |– |– |– |– |489 | || –|| –|| 203 || 0.03% || 1,033 || 0.17% |- ![[British Mixed|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups]]: Total !– !– !– !– !– !– !2,046 !0.35% !2,879 !0.49% !10,624 !1.71% |- !Other: Total !– !– !– !– !1,840 !0.27% !2,036 !0.35% !3,801 !0.64% !16,571 !2.67% |- |style="text-align:left" | Other: [[British Arabs|Arab]]{{efn| name="NewCensCat"}} |– |– |– |– | – | –|| –|| –|| 2,631 || 0.44% || 8,671 || 1.40% |- |style="text-align:left" | Other: Any other ethnic group |– |– |– |– |1,840 |0.27%|| 2,036 || 0.35% || 1,170 || 0.20% || 7,903 || 1.27% |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !Non-White: Total !– !– !15,286 !2.1% !21,517 !3.25% !31,510 !5.45% !68,684 !11.58% !119,726 !19.29% |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !Total: !– !– !744,378 !100% !662,853 !100% !577,869 !100% !593,245 !100% !620,756 !100% |} In the 1960s and 1970s, many [[Asians]] also settled in Glasgow, mainly in the [[Pollokshields]] area. These number 30,000 [[Pakistani people|Pakistanis]], 15,000 [[Indian people|Indians]] and 3,000 [[Bangladeshi people|Bangladeshis]] as well as [[Cantonese people|Chinese]] people, many of whom settled in the [[Garnethill]] area of the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Processes of Ethnic Concentration and Dispersal: South Asian Residential Preferences in Glasgow |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Understanding_Processes_of_Ethnic_Concen/X24bDPbK2gQC |first1=Jennifer Leigh |last1=McGarrigle |date=2010 |isbn=9789053566718 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press}}</ref> The city is also home to some 8,406 (1.42%) [[Polish people|Poles]].<ref name=crer>{{cite web |url=http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/GCCCensus2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403043038/http://www.crer.org.uk/Census/GCCCensus2011.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2017 |title=2011 Population census data |website=crer.org.uk}}</ref> Since 2000, the UK government has pursued a policy of dispersal of [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|asylum seekers]] to ease pressure on social housing in the [[London]] area. In 2023, 88% of the near 5,100 asylum seekers in the whole of Scotland were living in Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic minorities: population composition |url=https://www.scotpho.org.uk/population-groups/ethnic-minorities/data/population-composition/ |publisher=The Scottish Public Health Observatory |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asylum and resettlement datasets |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/asylum-and-resettlement-datasets |website=gov.uk |date=24 August 2023 |publisher=Home Office |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> Since the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] the population decline has been reversed. The population was static for a time; but due to migration from other parts of Scotland as well as immigration from overseas, the population has begun to grow. The population of the city council area was 593,245 in 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Bulletin |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1a/rel1asb.pdf |publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=17 October 2013 |date=17 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017045500/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release1a/rel1asb.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow [[travel to work area]].<ref name=spt>{{cite web |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613072504/http://www.spt.co.uk/Publications/interchange/issue07.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Minister backs SPT on White Paper |date=September 2004 |website=Interchange Issue 7 |publisher=Strathclyde Partnership for Transport |access-date=9 July 2007}}</ref> This area is defined as consisting of more than 10% of residents travelling into Glasgow to work and is without fixed boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/01/15950/15151 |title=Review of Scotland's Cities – Transport within the City and the City-Region |publisher=Scottish Executive |access-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012032819/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/01/15950/15151 |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The population density of London following the 2011 census was recorded as 5,200 people per square kilometre, while 3,395 people per square kilometre were registered in Glasgow.<ref name="Dense">{{cite web |title=News: Census 2011: Population estimates for Scotland |url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/121217.asp |website=The National Archives of Scotland |publisher=The National Records of Scotland |access-date=17 October 2013 |date=17 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018010142/http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/121217.asp |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=Simon |title=2011 census results: how many people live in your local authority? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/datablog/2012/jul/16/2011-census-results-data# |access-date=17 October 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019114121/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/datablog/2012/jul/16/2011-census-results-data |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1931, the population density was {{cvt|16166|/sqmi|/km2}}, highlighting the "clearances" into the suburbs and new towns that were built to reduce the size of one of Europe's most densely populated cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-glasgow.htm |title=Glasgow: Population & Density 1891–2001 |website=Demographia |publisher=Wendell Cox Consultancy |access-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123122852/http://demographia.com/db-glasgow.htm |archive-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Glasgow had the lowest [[life expectancy]] of any UK city at 72.9 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4494051.stm |title=Life expectancy gap "widening" |date=29 April 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618014237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4494051.stm |archive-date=18 June 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Much was made of this during the [[2008 Glasgow East by-election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7524663.stm |title=How serious is defeat for Brown? |last=Walker |first=Carole |date=25 July 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7524663.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, a [[World Health Organization]] report about health inequalities revealed that male life expectancy varied from 54 years in [[Calton, Glasgow|Calton]] to 82 years in nearby [[Lenzie]], [[East Dunbartonshire]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7584056.stm#Life%20expectancy |title=Social factors key to ill health |date=28 August 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830045119/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7584056.stm#Life%20expectancy |archive-date=30 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7584450.stm |title=GP explains life expectancy gap |date=28 August 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831042711/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7584450.stm |archive-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Religion=== Glasgow is a city of significant religious diversity. As per the 2022 census, the largest group with 43 % has no religion followed by the [[Roman Catholicism in Scotland|Roman Catholic Church]] which represents nearly 21 % of the population. The following table shows the religion of respondents in the 2001, 2011 and 2022 censuses in Glasgow. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%" |- !rowspan="2"|Current religion !colspan="2"|2001<ref name="scotland2001"/>||colspan="2"|2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html |title=Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS209SCb |publisher=scotlandscensus.gov.uk |accessdate=3 November 2015 }}</ref>||colspan="2"|2022<ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] 'Search data by location' > 'Local Authority (CA2019)' > 'Glasgow City' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Religion'</ref> |- !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% |- |Christianity||align=right|'''374,393'''||align=right|'''64.79%'''||align=right|'''322,954'''||align=right|'''54.44%'''||align=right|'''240,337'''||align=right|'''38.72%''' |- |–[[Catholic Church in Scotland|Roman Catholic]]||align=right|168,733||align=right|29.20%||align=right|161,685||align=right|27.25%||align=right|128,743||align=right|20.74% |- |–[[Church of Scotland]]||align=right|182,172||align=right|31.52%||align=right|136,889||align=right|23.07%||align=right|82,585||align=right|13.30% |- |–Other Christian||align=right|23,488||align=right|4.06%||align=right|24,380||align=right|4.11%||align=right|29,009||align=right|4.67% |- |[[Islam in Scotland|Islam]]||align=right|17,792||align=right|3.08%||align=right|32,117||align=right|5.41%||align=right|48,766||align=right|7.86% |- |[[Hinduism in Scotland|Hinduism]]||align=right|1,209||align=right|0.21%||align=right|4,074||align=right|0.69%||align=right|8,166||align=right|1.32% |- |[[Buddhism in Scotland|Buddhism]]||align=right|1,194||align=right|0.21%||align=right|2,570||align=right|0.43%||align=right|2,854||align=right|0.46% |- |[[Sikhism in Scotland|Sikhism]]||align=right|2,374||align=right|0.41%||align=right|3,149||align=right|0.53%||align=right|3,456||align=right|0.56% |- |[[History of the Jews in Scotland|Judaism]]||align=right|1,083||align=right|0.19%||align=right|897||align=right|0.15%||align=right|973||align=right|0.16% |- |[[Modern paganism in the United Kingdom|Paganism]]{{efn|name="new 2022 category"|New category created for the 2022 census}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||align=right|2,001||align=right|0.32% |- |Other religion||align=right|3,799||align=right|0.66%||align=right|1,599||align=right|0.27%||align=right|1,817||align=right|0.29% |- |[[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|No religion]]||align=right|131,189||align=right|22.70%||align=right|183,835||align=right|30.99%||align=right|268,327||align=right|43.23% |- |Religion not stated||align=right|44,836||align=right|7.76%||align=right|42,050||align=right|7.09%||align=right|44,076||align=right|7.10% |- |'''No religion/Not stated total'''||align=right|'''176,025'''||align=right|'''30.46%'''||align=right|'''225,885'''||align=right|'''38.08%'''||align=right|'''312,403'''||align=right|'''50.33%''' |- |'''Total population'''||align=right|'''577,869'''||align=right|'''100.00%'''||align=right|'''593,245'''||align=right|'''100.00%'''||align=right|'''620,756'''||align=right|'''100.00%''' |} {{multiple image | caption_align = center | header_align = center | align = left | direction = horizontal | width = 210 | header = Protestant/Catholic affiliation in Glasgow (2011 census) | image1 = Church Of Scotland Glasgow 2011 census.png | caption1 = Church of Scotland | image2 = Roman Catholic Glasgow 2011 Census.png | caption2 = Roman Catholic }} There are 147 congregations in the Church of Scotland's [[Presbytery of Glasgow (Church of Scotland)|Presbytery of Glasgow]] (of which 104 are within the city boundaries, the other 43 being in adjacent areas).<ref>''Church of Scotland Yearbook 2008–09'', {{ISBN|978-0861533848}}</ref> Within the city boundaries there are 65 parishes of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcag.org.uk/index.php/the-archdiocese/parishes |title=Parishes |website=www.rcag.org.uk |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529182730/http://www.rcag.org.uk/index.php/the-archdiocese/parishes |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and four parishes of the [[Diocese of Motherwell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcdom.org.uk/parish-list |title=Diocese of Motherwell |website=Diocese of Motherwell |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022003424/http://www.rcdom.org.uk/parish-list |archive-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city has four Christian [[cathedral]]s: [[Glasgow Cathedral]], of the Church of Scotland; [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Andrew's Cathedral]], of the Roman Catholic Church; [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow|St Mary's Cathedral]], of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], and [[St Luke's Orthodox Cathedral, Glasgow|St Luke's Cathedral]], of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]]. The Baptist Church and Salvation Army are well represented. Much of the city's Roman Catholic population are those of [[Irish-Scottish people|Irish ancestry]]. [[File:Glasgow-cathedral-may-2007.jpg|thumb|right|Glasgow Cathedral marks the site where [[Saint Mungo]] built his church and established Glasgow.]] [[Biblical Unitarianism|Biblical unitarians]] are represented by three [[Christadelphian]] ecclesias, referred to geographically, as "South",<ref>"[http://www.searchforhope.org/glasgowsouth Glasgow South Christadelphian Ecclesia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080858/http://www.searchforhope.org/glasgowsouth |date=29 April 2011}}" on searchforhope.org</ref> "Central"<ref>"[http://www.searchforhope.org/glasgowcentral Glasgow Central Christadelphian Ecclesia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429032620/http://www.searchforhope.org/glasgowcentral |date=29 April 2011}}" on searchforhope.org</ref> and "Kelvin".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowkelvin.org.uk/index.html?lm=1&op=3 |title=Location |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430153339/http://www.glasgowkelvin.org.uk/index.html?lm=1&op=3 |archive-date=30 April 2011 |website=glasgowkelvin.org.uk}}</ref> The [[Sikh]] community is served by four [[Gurdwaras]]. Two are situated in the West End (''Central Gurdwara Singh Sabha'' in [[Sandyford, Glasgow|Sandyford]] and ''Guru Nanak Sikh Temple'' in [[Kelvinbridge]]) and two in the Southside area of [[Pollokshields]] (''Guru Granth Sahib Gurdwara'' and ''Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Gurdwara''). In 2013, Scotland's first purpose-built Gurdwara opened in a massive opening ceremony. Built at a cost of £3.8M, it can hold 1,500 worshippers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22300608 |title=Glasgow Gurdwara: £3.8m Sikh temple prepares to open its doors |publisher=BBC |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429151942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22300608 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Central Gurdwara is currently constructing a new building in the city. There are almost 10,000 Sikhs in Scotland and the majority live in Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/11/08142443/24477 |title=Faith Communities and Local Government in Glasgow |publisher=The Scottish Government |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430111503/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/11/08142443/24477 |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Glasgow Central Mosque]] in the Gorbals district is the largest mosque in Scotland and, along with twelve other mosques in the city, caters for the city's Muslim population, estimated to number 33,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcb.org.uk/library/statistics.php |title=MCB Muslim Population |publisher=Mcb.org.uk |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301160230/http://www.mcb.org.uk/library/statistics.php |archive-date=1 March 2009}}</ref> Glasgow also has a Hindu [[mandir]]. Glasgow has seven synagogues, including the Romanesque-revival [[Garnethill Synagogue]] in the city centre. Glasgow currently has the seventh largest Jewish population in the United Kingdom after [[London]], [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]], [[Gateshead]], [[Brighton]] and [[Bournemouth]] but once had a Jewish population second only to London, estimated at 20,000 in the Gorbals alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/glasgow.htm |title=Glasgow Jewish Community |publisher=JewishGen.org |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923115317/http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/glasgow.htm |archive-date=23 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1993, the [[St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art]] opened in Glasgow. It is believed to be the only public museum to examine all the world's major religious faiths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/museums-and-galleriesnew/history-and-heritage-/st-mungo-museum |title=St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art |publisher=Seeglasgow.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129155747/http://www.seeglasgow.com/seeglasgow/museums-and-galleriesnew/history-and-heritage-/st-mungo-museum |archive-date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clyde-valley.com/Glasgow/mungomus.htm |title=St. Mungo Museum |publisher=Clyde-valley.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805205723/http://www.clyde-valley.com/Glasgow/mungomus.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Areas and suburbs == [[File:Glasgowareas.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.30|[[Areas of Glasgow]]. Click to enlarge.]] ===City centre=== [[File:ClydeArc.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Clyde Arc]], also known locally as the "Squinty Bridge"]] The [[Glasgow city centre|city centre]] is bounded by High Street at [[Glasgow Cross]] the historic centre of civic life, up to [[Glasgow Cathedral]] at Castle Street; Saltmarket including [[Glasgow Green]] and [[St Andrew's Square, Glasgow|St Andrew's Square]] to the east; Clyde Street and Broomielaw (along the River Clyde) to the south; and Charing Cross and Elmbank Street, beyond [[Blythswood Square]] to the west. The northern boundary (from east to west) follows Cathedral Street to North Hanover Street and [[George Square]]. The city centre is based on a [[grid plan|grid system]] of streets on the north bank of the River Clyde. The heart of the city is [[George Square]], site of many of [[Public statues in Glasgow|Glasgow's public statues]] and the elaborate Victorian [[Glasgow City Chambers]], headquarters of [[Politics of Glasgow|Glasgow City Council]]. Most offices, and the largest offices and international headquarters, are in the distinctive streets immediately west of Buchanan Street, starting around 1800 as townhouses, in the architecturally important streets embracing [[Blythswood Hill]], Blythswood Holm further down and now including the [[Broomielaw]] next to the Clyde. To the south and west are the shopping precincts of [[Argyle Street, Glasgow|Argyle Street]], [[Sauchiehall Street]] and [[Buchanan Street]], the last featuring more upmarket retailers and winner of the Academy of Urbanism "Great Street Award" 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/awards.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=The Academy of Urbanism |title=The Urbanism Awards 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119212642/http://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/awards.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=28 May 2008}}</ref> The collection of shops around these streets accumulate to become known as "The Style Mile".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://peoplemakeglasgow.com/things-to-do/shopping |title=The Ultimate Guide to Shopping in Glasgow {{!}} People Make Glasgow {{!}} People Make Glasgow |last=Glasgow |first=People Make |website=peoplemakeglasgow.com |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313070855/https://peoplemakeglasgow.com/things-to-do/shopping |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:(looking down) Buchanan Street, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|Looking down [[Buchanan Street]] towards [[St Enoch subway station]]]] The main shopping areas include [[Buchanan Street]], Buchanan Galleries, linking Buchanan Street and Sauchiehall Street, and the [[St. Enoch Centre]] linking Argyle Street and [[St Enoch Square]], with the up-market [[Princes Square]], which specifically features shops such as [[Ted Baker]], Radley and Kurt Geiger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princessquare.co.uk/shopping |title=Shopping {{!}} Princes Square {{!}} Glasgow|website=www.princessquare.co.uk |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314011636/http://www.princessquare.co.uk/shopping |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Buchanan Galleries and other city centre locales were chosen as locations for the 2013 film [[Under the Skin (2013 film)|Under the Skin]] directed by [[Jonathan Glazer]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/u/Under-The-Skin.php |title=Filming Locations for Under The Skin (2013), around Scotland. |website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210191903/http://movie-locations.com/movies/u/Under-The-Skin.php |archive-date=10 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the Glasgow scenes were shot with hidden cameras, star [[Scarlett Johansson]] was spotted around town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://onlocationvacations.com/2011/10/25/scarlett-johansson-begins-filming-under-the-skin-in-glasgow/ |title=Scarlett Johansson begins filming 'Under The Skin' in Glasgow |last=Christine |date=26 October 2011 |website=On Location Vacations |language=en-US |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227104651/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2011/10/25/scarlett-johansson-begins-filming-under-the-skin-in-glasgow/ |archive-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Italian Centre in Ingram Street also specialises in designer labels. Glasgow's retail portfolio forms the UK's second largest and most economically important retail sector after Central London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-strategies.co.uk/upload/newsletter_oct07/retail_market_spotlight_autumn2007.pdf |title=Retail Ranking from Experian |publisher=Business-strategies.co.uk |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326235054/http://www.business-strategies.co.uk/upload/newsletter_oct07/retail_market_spotlight_autumn2007.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=133843 |title=Top of the Shops – Gerald Eve Publishes Prime Retail |publisher=Prnewswire.co.uk |date=5 November 2004 |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208045637/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=133843 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city centre is home to most of Glasgow's main cultural venues: the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], [[Glasgow City Hall]], [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|Theatre Royal]] (performing home of [[Scottish Opera]] and [[Scottish Ballet]]), the [[Pavilion Theatre (Glasgow)|Pavilion Theatre]], the [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|King's Theatre]], [[Glasgow Film Theatre]], [[Tron Theatre]], [[Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow|Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA), Mitchell Library and Theatre, the [[CCA Glasgow|Centre for Contemporary Arts]], [[McLellan Galleries]] and the [[The Lighthouse (Glasgow)|Lighthouse Museum of Architecture]]. [[Cineworld (Glasgow)|The world's tallest cinema]], the eighteen-screen [[Cineworld]], is situated on Renfrew Street. The city centre is also home to four of Glasgow's higher education institutions: the [[University of Strathclyde]], the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]], [[Glasgow School of Art]] and [[Glasgow Caledonian University]], and to the largest college in Britain – the [[City of Glasgow College]] in Cathedral Street. {{Panorama |image = Glasgow - aerial - panorama - 2025-04-17 05.jpg |height = 300 |alt = Glasgow aerial photograph panorama taken from Caledonian Railway Bridge, city centre. |caption = Panorama of Glasgow, 2025 }} ===Merchant City=== [[File:Glasgow Tolbooth Steeple, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|right|The Tolbooth Steeple dominates [[Glasgow Cross]] and marks the east side of the [[Merchant City]].]] The Merchant City is the commercial and part-residential district of the [[Merchant City]], a name coined by the historian Charles Oakley in the 1960s. This had started as a residential district of the wealthy city merchants involved in international trade and the textile industries in the 18th and early 19th centuries, with their warehouses nearby, including the [[Tobacco Lords]] from whom many of the streets take their name. With its mercantile wealth, and continuing growth even before the [[Industrial Revolution]], the city expanded by creating the New Town around [[George Square]], soon followed by the New Town of Blythswood on [[Blythswood Hill]] which includes [[Blythswood Square]].<ref>'''Glasgow's Blythswood''', by Graeme Smith, 2021 www.blythswoodsmith.co.uk</ref> The original medieval centre around Glasgow Cross and the High Street was left behind. Glasgow Cross, situated at the junction of [[High Street (Glasgow)|High Street]], leading up to [[Glasgow Cathedral]], Gallowgate, [[Trongate]] and Saltmarket was the original centre of the city, symbolised by its [[Mercat cross]]. Glasgow Cross encompasses the Tolbooth Steeple, all that remains of the original [[Glasgow Tolbooth]], which was demolished in 1921. Moving northward up High Street towards [[Rottenrow]] and [[Townhead]] lies the 15th century [[Glasgow Cathedral]] and the [[Provand's Lordship]]. Due to growing industrial pollution levels in the mid-to-late 19th century, the area fell out of favour with residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowmerchantcity.net/history1.htm |title=Glasgow's Merchant City: Historical Development |publisher=Merchant City Initiative |year=2008 |access-date=29 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513203125/http://www.glasgowmerchantcity.net/history1.htm |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> From the 1980s onwards, the Merchant City has been rejuvenated with [[Scandinavian Scotland|luxury city centre]] flats and [[warehouse conversion]]s. This regeneration has supported an increasing number of cafés and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/4 |title=Merchant City Glasgow: Restaurants and Cafés |publisher=Merchant City Glasgow – Merchant City Initiative |year=2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616150025/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/4 |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The area is also home to a number of high end boutique style shops and some of Glasgow's most upmarket stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/7 |title=Merchant City Glasgow: Shops |publisher=Merchant City Glasgow – Merchant City Initiative |year=2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616150040/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/7 |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Merchant City is one centre of Glasgow's growing "cultural quarter", based on King Street, the Saltmarket and [[Trongate]], and at the heart of the annual [[Merchant City Festival]]. The area has supported a growth in art galleries, the origins of which can be found in the late 1980s when it attracted artist-led organisations that could afford the cheap rents required to operate in vacant manufacturing or retail spaces.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/2 |title=Merchant City Glasgow: Galleries and Art |publisher=Merchant City Glasgow – Merchant City Initiative |year=2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616150015/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/2 |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The artistic and cultural potential of the Merchant City as a "cultural quarter" was harnessed by independent arts organisations and [[Glasgow City Council]],<ref name=autogenerated4/> and the recent development of Trongate 103, which houses galleries, workshops, artist studios and production spaces, is considered a major outcome of the continued partnership between both.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trongate103.com/ |title=Trongate 103 |year=2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101113439/http://www.trongate103.com/ |archive-date=1 November 2008}}</ref> The area also contains a number of theatres and concert venues, including the [[Tron Theatre]], the Old Fruitmarket, the Trades Hall, St. Andrew's in the Square, Merchant Square, and the [[Glasgow City Hall|City Halls]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/1 |title=Merchant City Glasgow: Venues and Theatres |publisher=Merchant City Glasgow – Merchant City Initiative |year=2008 |access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616150010/http://www.merchantcityglasgow.com/categories/1 |archive-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===West End=== [[File:Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum - exterior.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]] is Glasgow's premier museum and art gallery, housing one of Europe's best civic art collections.]] Glasgow's West End grew firstly to and around [[Blythswood Square]] and [[Garnethill]], extending then to [[Park District, Glasgow|Woodlands Hill]] and [[Woodlands, Glasgow|Great Western Road]]. It is a district of elegant townhouses and tenements with cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of [[Kelvingrove Park]], the [[University of Glasgow]], [[Glasgow Botanic Gardens]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], focused especially on the area's main thoroughfares of Argyle Street ([[Finnieston]]), Great Western Road and [[Byres Road]]. The area is popular with tourists and students. The West End includes residential areas of [[Hillhead]], [[Dowanhill]], [[Kelvingrove Park|Kelvingrove]], [[Kelvinside]], [[Hyndland]], [[Broomhill, Glasgow|Broomhill]], [[Scotstoun]], [[Jordanhill]], [[Kelvindale]], [[Anniesland]] and [[Partick]]. The name is also increasingly being used to refer to any area to the west of [[Charing Cross, Glasgow|Charing Cross]]. The West End is bisected by the [[River Kelvin]], which flows from the [[Campsie Fells]] in the north and confluences with the River Clyde at Yorkhill Quay. The spire of [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]'s [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow University]] main building (the second largest [[Gothic Revival]] building in Great Britain) is a major landmark, and can be seen from miles around, sitting atop Gilmorehill. The university itself is the fourth oldest in the [[English-speaking world]]. Much of the city's student population is based in the West End, adding to its cultural vibrancy. The area is also home to the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery]], [[Kelvin Hall]] museums and research facilities, stores, and community sport. Adjacent to the Kelvin Hall was the [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]], which reopened in 2010 after moving to a new location on a former dockland site at [[Glasgow Harbour]] where the River Kelvin flows into the Clyde. The new building is built to a design by [[Zaha Hadid]]. The [[West End Festival]], one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June. Glasgow is the home of the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SEC Centre]], Great Britain's largest exhibition and conference centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conferences-uk.org.uk/Glasgow.asp?venue=Scottish%20Exhibition%20and%20Conference%20Centre |title=Glasgow Conferences Venues UK |publisher=Conferences-uk.org.uk |date=17 July 1995 |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111093547/http://www.conferences-uk.org.uk/Glasgow.asp?venue=Scottish%20Exhibition%20and%20Conference%20Centre |archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secc.co.uk/ |title=The home of the Scottish Exhibition + Conference Centre |publisher=SECC |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907095647/http://www.secc.co.uk/ |archive-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.venuefinder.com/venues/scottish_exhibition_+_conference_centre/V8654/meeting-rooms/ |title=Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513101220/http://www.venuefinder.com/venues/scottish_exhibition_+_conference_centre/V8654/meeting-rooms/ |archive-date= 13 May 2011}}</ref> On 30 September 2013, a major expansion of the SECC facilities at the former Queen's Dock by [[Foster and Partners]] officially opened – the 13,000-seat [[The Hydro|Hydro]] arena. Adjacent to the SECC at Queen's Dock is the [[Clydeside distillery]], a [[Scotch whisky]] [[distillery]] that opened in 2017 in the former dock pump house.<ref name="WorldBook">{{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Neil |title=The World of Whisky |date=2019 |publisher=Pavilion |isbn=978-1911624639}}</ref> ===East End=== [[File:People's Palace and Winter Gardens, Glasgow Green.JPG|thumb|right|[[People's Palace, Glasgow|People's Palace]] museum and Winter Garden on [[Glasgow Green]]]] The East End extends from [[Glasgow Cross]] in the [[City Centre of Glasgow|City Centre]] to the boundary with [[North Lanarkshire|North]] and [[South Lanarkshire]]. It is home to the [[Glasgow Barrowland market]], popularly known as "The Barras",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow-barrowland.com/ballroom.htm |title=The Official Glasgow Barrowland Ballroom Site |publisher=Glasgow Barrowland |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415073429/http://www.glasgow-barrowland.com/ballroom.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Barrowland Ballroom]], [[Glasgow Green]], and [[Celtic Park]], home of [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic FC]]. Many of the original sandstone tenements remain in this district. The East End was once a major industrial centre, home to [[Sir William Arrol & Co.]], [[James Templeton & Co]] and [[William Beardmore and Company]]. A notable local employer continues to be the [[Wellpark Brewery]], home of [[Tennent's Lager]]. The [[Glasgow Necropolis]] Garden Cemetery was created by the Merchants House on a hill above the [[Glasgow Cathedral|cathedral]] in 1831. Routes curve through the landscape uphill to the {{convert|70|ft|m|1|order=flip|adj=mid|-high}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgownecropolis.org/profiles/john-knox/ |title=John Knox |website=The Friends of Glasgow Necropolis |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> statue of [[John Knox]] at the summit. There are two late 18th century tenements in Gallowgate. Dating from 1771 and 1780, both have been well restored. The construction of Charlotte Street was financed by [[David Dale]], whose former scale can be gauged by the one remaining house, now run by the [[National Trust for Scotland]]. Further along Charlotte Street there stands a modern [[Gillespie, Kidd & Coia]] building of some note. Once a school, it has been converted into offices. Surrounding these buildings are a series of innovative housing developments conceived as "Homes for the Future", part of a project during the city's year as UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |author=Glasgow Architecture |url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/homes_for_the_future_glasgow.htm |title=Homes for the Future, 1999 |publisher=Glasgow Architecture |year=1999 |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604161655/http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/homes_for_the_future_glasgow.htm |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Doulton Fountain - Glasgow Green.jpg|thumb|left|The Doulton Fountain in Glasgow Green]] East of Glasgow Cross is [[St Andrew's in the Square]], the oldest post-Reformation church in Scotland, built in 1739–1757 and displaying a Presbyterian grandeur befitting the church of the city's wealthy [[Tobacco Lords|tobacco merchants]]. Also close by is the more modest [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian]] [[St Andrew's-by-the-Green]], the oldest Episcopal church in Scotland. The Episcopalian St Andrew's was also known as the "Whistlin' Kirk" due to it being the first church after the Reformation to own an organ. Overlooking Glasgow Green is the façade of [[Templeton On The Green]], featuring vibrant [[polychrome|polychromatic]] brickwork intended to evoke the [[Doge's Palace, Venice|Doge's Palace]] in [[Venice]].<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web |url=http://www.princes-regeneration.org/bestpractice/tempcarp.htm |title=Templeton's Carpet Factory, Glasgow |website=princes-regeneration.org |access-date=20 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019191840/http://www.princes-regeneration.org/bestpractice/tempcarp.htm |archive-date=19 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The extensive [[Tollcross, Glasgow|Tollcross Park]] was originally developed from the estate of James Dunlop, the owner of a local steelworks. His large [[Scots Baronial Style architecture|baronial]] mansion was built in 1848 by [[David Bryce]], which later housed the city's Children's Museum until the 1980s. Today, the mansion is a sheltered housing complex. The new [[National Indoor Sports Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome|Scottish National Indoor Sports Arena]], a modern replacement for the [[Kelvin Hall]], is in [[Dalmarnock]]. The area was the site of the [[Olympic Village|Athletes' Village]] for the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], located adjacent to the new indoor sports arena. The East End Healthy Living Centre (EEHLC) was established in mid-2005 at Crownpoint Road with Lottery Funding and City grants to serve community needs in the area. Now called the Glasgow Club Crownpoint Sports Complex, the centre provides service such as sports facilities, health advice, stress management, leisure and vocational classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eehlc.org.uk/ |title=East End Healthy Living Centre Homepage |publisher=Eehlc.org.uk |date=17 October 2013 |access-date=5 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505124226/http://www.eehlc.org.uk/ |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> To the north of the East End lie the two large [[gasometer]]s of [[Provan Gas Works]], which stand overlooking [[Alexandra Park, Glasgow|Alexandra Park]] and a major interchange between the M8 and [[M80 motorway|M80]] motorways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/13243570.What_now_for_city_s_Provan_gas_towers_/ |title=What now for city's Provan gas towers? |author=Rebecca Gray |work=The Evening Times |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050350/https://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/13243570.What_now_for_city_s_Provan_gas_towers_/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/13243570.What_now_for_city_s_Provan_gas_towers_/ |title=Glasgow's skyline could be changing as future of historic Provan gasworks up for debate |author=Hannah Rodger |work=The Evening Times |date=10 October 2017 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050350/https://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/13243570.What_now_for_city_s_Provan_gas_towers_/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/row-over-historic-protection-for-eyesore-gasworks-1-4742730 |title=Row over historic protection for "eyesore" gasworks |author=Alison Campsie |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050154/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/row-over-historic-protection-for-eyesore-gasworks-1-4742730 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===South Side=== [[File:NS5765 The Clyde, and 'Squinty' bridge, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pacific Quay]] sits within the south side of Glasgow, and is home to some of the city's largest businesses and employers.]] Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde. The adjoining urban area includes some of Greater Glasgow's most affluent suburban towns, such as [[Newton Mearns]], [[Clarkston, East Renfrewshire|Clarkston]], and [[Giffnock]], all of which are in [[East Renfrewshire]], as well as [[Thorntonhall]] in [[South Lanarkshire]]. [[Newlands, Glasgow|Newlands]] and [[Dumbreck]] are examples of high-value residential districts within the city boundaries. There are many areas containing a high concentration of sandstone tenements like [[Shawlands]], which is considered the "Heart of the Southside", with other examples being [[Battlefield, Glasgow|Battlefield]], [[Govanhill]] and [[Mount Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |title=No surprise from the community that Shawlands is coolest spot |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23042723.no-surprise-community-shawlands-coolest-spot/ |website=Herald Scotland |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref> The large suburb of [[Pollokshields]] comprises both a quiet western part with undulating tree-lined boulevards lined with expensive villas, and a busier eastern part with a high-density grid of tenements and small shops. The south side also includes some post-war housing estates of various sizes such as [[Toryglen]], [[Pollok]], [[Castlemilk]] and [[Arden, Glasgow|Arden]]. The towns of [[Cambuslang]] and [[Rutherglen]] were included in the City of Glasgow district from 1975 to 1996, but are now in the [[South Lanarkshire]] council area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1973/oct/22/new-local-government-areas |title=New Local Government areas |publisher=[[Hansard]] |date=22 October 1973 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050038/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1973/oct/22/new-local-government-areas |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theglasgowstory.com/story/?id=TGSFG |title=Modern Times: 1950s to The Present Day > Neighbourhoods |author=Irene Maver |website=The Glasgow Story |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029031254/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story/?id=TGSFG |archive-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/glasgow/ |title=Scotland's Landscape: City of Glasgow |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317174830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/glasgow/ |archive-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although predominantly residential, the area does have several notable public buildings including, [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]'s [[Scotland Street School Museum]] and [[House for an Art Lover]]; the [[Burrell Collection]] in [[Pollok Country Park]]; [[Alexander "Greek" Thomson]]'s [[Holmwood House]] villa; the National Football Stadium [[Hampden Park]] in [[Mount Florida]] (home of [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queens Park FC]]) and [[Ibrox Stadium]] (home of [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers FC]]). The former docklands site at [[Pacific Quay]] on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the SECC, is the site of the [[Glasgow Science Centre]] and the headquarters of [[BBC Scotland]] and [[STV Group (Scotland)|STV Group]] (owner of [[STV (TV network)|STV]]), in a new purpose-built digital media campus. In addition, several new bridges spanning the River Clyde have been built, including the [[Clyde Arc]] known by locals as the Squinty Bridge at [[Pacific Quay]] and others at [[Tradeston]] and Springfield Quay. [[File:Glasgow Harbour Terraces - geograph.org.uk - 6196678.jpg|thumb|left|The regeneration of Glasgow Harbour has seen the construction of many high rise buildings]] The South Side also includes many public parks, including [[Linn Park, Glasgow, Scotland|Linn Park]], [[Queen's Park, Glasgow|Queen's Park]], and [[Bellahouston Park]] and several golf clubs, including the championship course at [[Haggs Castle]]. The South Side is also home to the large [[Pollok Country Park]], which was awarded the accolade of Europe's Best Park 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/Parks_gardens/pollokparkbritainsbestpark.htm |title=Pollok Park Britain's Best Park |access-date=20 June 2008 |website=Glasgow City Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615135645/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Parks_Outdoors/Parks_gardens/pollokparkbritainsbestpark.htm |archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> The southside also directly borders [[Rouken Glen|Rouken Glen Park]] in neighbouring [[Giffnock]]. Pollok Park is Glasgow's largest park and until the early 2000s was the only country park in the city's boundary. In the early 2000s the [[Dams to Darnley Country Park]] was designated, although half of the park is in [[East Renfrewshire]]. As of 2021 the facilities at the still new park are quite lacking. [[Govan]] is a district and former burgh in the south-western part of the city. It is situated on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite [[Partick]]. It was an administratively independent Police Burgh from 1864 until it was incorporated into the expanding city of Glasgow in 1912. Govan has a legacy as an engineering and [[shipbuilding]] centre of international repute and is home to one of two [[BAE Systems Surface Ships|BAE Systems Surface Ships shipyards]] on the River Clyde and the [[precision engineering]] firm, [[Thales Optronics]]. It is also home to the [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]], one of the largest hospitals in the country, and the maintenance depot for the [[Glasgow Subway]] system. The wider Govan area includes the districts of [[Ibrox, Glasgow|Ibrox]], [[Cessnock, Glasgow|Cessnock]], [[Kinning Park]] and [[Kingston, Glasgow|Kingston]]. ===North Glasgow=== [[File:Ruchill Church at canal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ruchill Church Hall|Ruchill Church]], seen from the [[Forth and Clyde Canal]]]] North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of [[Bearsden]], [[Milngavie]] and [[Bishopbriggs]] in [[East Dunbartonshire]] and [[Clydebank]] in [[West Dunbartonshire]]. The area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas. This has led to large-scale redevelopment of much of the poorer housing stock in north Glasgow, and the wider regeneration of many areas, such as [[Ruchill]], which have been transformed; many run-down tenements have now been refurbished or replaced by modern [[housing estate]]s. Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is rented [[social housing]], with a high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the North Glasgow Housing Association trading as NG Homes and [[Glasgow Housing Association]]. [[Maryhill]] consists of well maintained traditional sandstone tenements. Although historically a working class area, its borders with the upmarket West End of the city mean that it is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of the north of the city, containing affluent areas such as [[Maryhill Park]] and [[North Kelvinside]]. Maryhill is also the location of [[Firhill Stadium]], home of [[Partick Thistle F.C.]] since 1909. The [[Scottish Junior Football Association|junior]] team, [[Maryhill F.C.]] are also located in this part of north Glasgow. The [[Forth and Clyde Canal]] passes through this part of the city, and at one stage formed a vital part of the local economy. It was for many years polluted and largely unused after the decline of heavy industry, but recent efforts to regenerate and re-open the canal to navigation have seen it rejuvenated, including art campuses at Port Dundas. [[Sighthill, Glasgow|Sighthill]] was home to Scotland's largest [[asylum seeker]] community but the area is now regenerated as part of the Youth Olympic Games bid.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicoll |first1=Vivienne |title=Starting gun sounds for regeneration of Sighthill |url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/starting-gun-sounds-for-regeneration-of-sighthill-158767n.23892373 |website=The Evening Times |date=8 April 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114753/http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/starting-gun-sounds-for-regeneration-of-sighthill-158767n.23892373 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> A huge part of the economic life of Glasgow was once located in [[Springburn]], where the [[Saracen Foundry]], engineering works of firms like [[Charles Tennant]] and locomotive workshops employed many Glaswegians. Glasgow dominated this type of manufacturing, with 25% of all the world's locomotives being built in the area at one stage. It was home to the headquarters of the [[North British Locomotive Company]]. Today part of the [[Glasgow Works]] continues in use as a railway maintenance facility, all that is left of the industry in Springburn. It is proposed for closure in 2019.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-46545455 180 jobs under threat at Glasgow rail services firm] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217133740/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-46545455 |date=17 December 2018}} ''[[BBC News]]'' 12 December 2018</ref> [[Riddrie]] in the north east was intensively developed in the 1920s and retains several listed developments in the Art Deco style. ==Culture== {{See also|Culture in Glasgow}} [[File:Mitchell Library at night - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Established by wealthy tobacco merchant Stephen Mitchell, the [[Mitchell Library]] is now one of the largest public reference libraries in Europe.]] The city has many amenities for a wide range of cultural activities, from [[curling]] to opera and ballet and from [[Association football|football]] to art appreciation; it also has a large selection of museums that include those devoted to transport, religion, and [[modern art]]. Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 1990 when Glasgow was designated [[European Capital of Culture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/looking-back-glasgows-year-european-17528905 |title=Looking back at Glasgow's year as European Capital of Culture 30 years on |date=10 January 2020 |last=Williams |first=Craig |work=GlasgowLive |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027084700/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/looking-back-glasgows-year-european-17528905 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's principal municipal library, the [[Mitchell Library]], has grown into one of the largest public reference [[library|libraries]] in Europe, currently housing some 1.3 million books, an extensive collection of newspapers and thousands of photographs and [[map]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/17877/Page-not-found |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914110213/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Residents/Library_Services/The_Mitchell/historymitchell.htm |url-status=dead |date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=14 September 2010 |website=www.glasgow.gov.uk |title=History of the Mitchell}}</ref> Of academic libraries, [[Glasgow University Library]] started in the 15th century and is one of the oldest and largest libraries in Europe, with unique and distinctive collections of international status.<ref>''The University of Glasgow Library: Friendly Shelves'', published in 2016 {{ISBN|978-0993518508}} [http://www.friendsofgul.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009022151/https://friendsofgul.org/|date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Most of Scotland's national arts organisations are based in Glasgow, including [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], [[National Theatre of Scotland]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Scottish Youth Theatre]]. Glasgow has its own "[[Poet Laureate]]", a post created in 1999 for [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Hancox |first=John |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/27/poet.html |title=Glasgow's first poet laureate |website=Avenue |access-date=9 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007181932/http://www.gla.ac.uk:443/avenue/27/poet.html |archive-date=7 October 2006}}</ref> and occupied by [[Liz Lochhead]] from 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/liz-lochhead |title=Liz Lochhead |website=The British Council |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102032024/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/liz-lochhead |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> until 2011, when she stood down to take up the position of Scots Makar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liz Lochhead appointed as makar, Scotland's national poet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/19/liz-lochhead-makar-scotland-national-poet |website=The Guardian |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218183155/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jan/19/liz-lochhead-makar-scotland-national-poet |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jim Carruth was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate for Glasgow in 2014 as part of the 2014 Commonwealth Games legacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Provost announces appointment of new Poet Laureate for Glasgow |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/books-poetry/lord-provost-announces-appointment-of-new-poet-laureate-for-glasgow.1405607580 |website=Herald Scotland |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> In 2013, [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] declared Glasgow to be the most vegan-friendly city in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |last=McQueen |first=Craig |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-awarded-unlikely-title-britains-2162879 |title=Glasgow awarded unlikely title of Britain's most vegan friendly city by animal activists |website=Daily Record |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=5 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511034134/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-awarded-unlikely-title-britains-2162879 |archive-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> ===Recreation=== {{See also|Glasgow Festivals}} Glasgow is home to major theatres including the [[Theatre Royal, Glasgow|Theatre Royal]], the [[King's Theatre, Glasgow|King's Theatre]], [[Pavilion Theatre (Glasgow)|Pavilion Theatre]] and the [[Citizens Theatre]] and home to many museums and art galleries, the largest and most famous being the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], the [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery]], [[Burrell Collection]], and the [[Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow|Gallery of Modern Art]] (GoMA). Most of the museums and galleries in Glasgow are publicly owned and free to enter. The city has hosted many exhibitions over the years from the 1888 International Exhibition and 1901 International Exhibition to the Empire Exhibition 1938, including more recently The Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988, being the UK City of Architecture 1999, [[European Capital of Culture]] 1990, National City of Sport 1995–1999 and European Capital of Sport 2003. Glasgow has also hosted the [[Royal National Mòd|National Mòd]] no less than twelve times since 1895.<ref name=SMO>[http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/mod/ List of Mod's places] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115062253/http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/mod/ |date=15 January 2013}} for each year on [[Sabhal Mòr Ostaig]] website</ref> In addition, unlike the older and larger [[Edinburgh Festival]] (where all Edinburgh's main festivals occur in the last three weeks of August), Glasgow's festivals fill the calendar. Festivals include the [[Glasgow International Comedy Festival]], [[Glasgow International|Glasgow International Festival of Visual Art]], [[Glasgow International Jazz Festival]], [[Celtic Connections]], [[Glasgow Fair]], [[Glasgow Film Festival]], [[West End Festival]], [[Merchant City Festival]], [[Glasgay! Festival|Glasgay]], and the [[World Pipe Band Championships]]. ===Music scene=== {{see also|List of bands from Glasgow}} [[File:Ovo Hydro and SEC Armadillo.jpg|thumb|right|The [[OVO Hydro]] arena (right) is the second-busiest arena venue in the world. The [[SEC Armadillo]] is located to its left<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgows-sse-hydro-named-worlds-17445199 |title=Glasgow's SSE Hydro named world's second busiest arena venue |first=Craig |last=Williams |date=19 December 2019 |website=GlasgowLive |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122225149/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgows-sse-hydro-named-worlds-17445199 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] The city is home to numerous orchestras, ensembles and bands including those of [[Scottish Opera]], [[Scottish Ballet]], [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]], [[BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra]] and related to the [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]], the [[National Youth Orchestra of Scotland]] and the Universities and Colleges. Choirs of all type are well supported. Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs. Some of the city's more well-known venues include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]], the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]], [[Glasgow Cathouse]], The Art School, [[King Tut's Wah Wah Hut]] (where [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul [[Alan McGee]]), the [[Queen Margaret Union]] (who have [[Kurt Cobain]]'s footprint locked in a safe), [[Barrowland Ballroom|the Barrowland]], a ballroom converted into a live music venue as well as [[The Garage, Glasgow|The Garage]], which is the largest nightclub in Scotland. More recent mid-sized venues include [[O2 ABC Glasgow|ABC]], destroyed in the art school fire of 15 June 2018, and the [[O2 Academy Glasgow|O<sub>2</sub> Academy]], which play host to a similar range of acts. There are also a large number of smaller venues and bars, which host many local and touring musicians, including Stereo, 13th Note and Nice N Sleazy. Most recent recipient of the SLTN Music Pub of the Year award was Bar Bloc, awarded in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |title=SLTN Awards |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161754/http://sltn.co.uk/2011/11/10/capital-stars-as-denise-belts-out-sltn-winners/ |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, Glasgow was named the UK's fourth "most musical" city by [[PRS for Music]].<ref name="mirror.co.uk">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Richard |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |title=Bristol named Britain's most musical city |website=Daily Mirror |date=13 March 2010 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083821/http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Glasgow is also the "most mentioned city in the UK" in song titles, outside London according, to a chart produced by PRS for music, with 119, ahead of closest rivals Edinburgh who received 95 mentions<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-16854997 |title=Glasgow 'most mentioned UK city' in song titles |work=BBC News |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718042639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-16854997 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1980s, the success of bands such as [[The Blue Nile (band)|The Blue Nile]], [[Gun (band)|Gun]], [[Simple Minds]], [[Del Amitri]], [[Texas (band)|Texas]], [[Hipsway]], [[Love & Money]], [[Idlewild (band)|Idlewild]], [[Deacon Blue]], [[Orange Juice (band)|Orange Juice]], [[Lloyd Cole and the Commotions]], [[Teenage Fanclub]], [[Belle and Sebastian]], [[Camera Obscura (band)|Camera Obscura]], [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Mogwai]], [[Travis (band)|Travis]], and [[Primal Scream]] has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine to liken Glasgow to [[Detroit]] during its 1960s [[Motown]] heyday.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seenan |first=Gerard |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html |work=The Guardian |title=Rock bands inspire Belle epoque for Glasgow scene |access-date=9 July 2007 |date=4 September 2004 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017025306/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,1297055,00.html |archive-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Artists to achieve success from Glasgow during the 2000s and 2010s include [[The Fratellis]], [[Chvrches]], [[Rustie]], [[Vukovi]], [[Glasvegas]] and [[Twin Atlantic]]. The city of Glasgow was appointed a [[UNESCO]] City of Music on 20 August 2008 as part of the [[Creative Cities Network]]. [[File:16-11-15-Straßenszene Glasgow-RR2 7200.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]]]] Glasgow's contemporary dance music scene has been spearheaded by [[Slam (band)|Slam]], and their record label [[Soma Quality Recordings]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/intl/942/Slam_Glasgow_funerals_beat_Edinburgh_weddings |title=InTheMix.com.au |publisher=InTheMix.com.au |date=28 May 2002 |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109031357/http://www.inthemix.com.au/news/intl/942/Slam_Glasgow_funerals_beat_Edinburgh_weddings |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref> with their Pressure club nights attracting DJs and clubbers from around the world; these nights were hosted by [[The Arches (Glasgow)|The Arches]] but moved to [[Sub Club]] after the closure of the former in 2015, also taking place at the SWG3 arts venue. The Sub Club has regularly been nominated as one of the best clubs in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://djmag.com/top100clubs/2008 |title=Top 100 Clubs 2008|access-date=25 January 2023 |publisher=[[DJ Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/932|title=RA Club Awards: Best Club|website=Resident Advisor}}</ref> The [[MOBO Awards]] were held at the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]] on 30 September 2009, making Glasgow the first city outside London to host the event since its launch in 1995. On 9 November 2014, Glasgow hosted the [[2014 MTV Europe Music Awards]] at [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]], it was the second time Scotland hosted the show since 2003 in Edinburgh and overall the fifth time that the United Kingdom has hosted the show since 2011 in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]. The event was hosted by [[Nicki Minaj]] and featured performances from [[Ariana Grande]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[U2]] and [[Slash (musician)|Slash]]. ===Media=== {{Main|Media in Glasgow}} [[File:BBC Scotland 2.JPG|thumb|[[Pacific Quay]] is the home of the headquarters of Scotland's main broadcaster, [[BBC Scotland]], based at [[BBC Pacific Quay]]]] [[File:The Herald Building, 145-195 (Odd Nos) Albion Street, Glasgow, 2018-06-28 angle.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'' building on Albion Street]] There has been a considerable number of films made about Glasgow or in Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow at the Moving Image Archive |url=http://movingimage.nls.uk/search?search_term=glasgow&videoAccess=r |website=Moving Image Archive |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182906/http://movingimage.nls.uk/search?search_term=glasgow&videoAccess=r |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both [[BBC Scotland]] and [[STV (TV network)|STV]] have their headquarters in Glasgow. Television programs filmed in Glasgow include ''[[Rab C. Nesbitt]]'', ''[[Taggart (series)|Taggart]]'', ''[[Tutti Frutti (1987 TV series)|Tutti Frutti]]'', ''[[High Times (TV series)|High Times]]'', ''[[River City]]'', ''[[City Lights (1984 TV series)|City Lights]]'', ''[[Chewin' the Fat]]'', ''[[Still Game]]'', ''[[Limmy's Show]]'' and ''[[Lovesick (TV series)|Lovesick]]''. Most recently,{{When|date=September 2024}} the long-running series ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' and the early-evening quiz programme ''[[Eggheads (TV series)|Eggheads]]'' moved its production base to the city. Most National Lottery game shows are also filmed in Glasgow. Children's game show ''[[Copycats]]'' is filmed there, and the Irish/UK programme ''[[Mrs. Brown's Boys]]'' is filmed at BBC Scotland. The Scottish press publishes various newspapers in the city such as ''[[The Evening Times]]'', ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'', ''[[Sunday Herald|The Sunday Herald]]'', the ''[[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]]'' and the ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]''. Scottish editions of [[Trinity Mirror]] and [[News International]] titles are printed in the city. [[STV Group (Scotland)|STV Group]] is a Glasgow-based media conglomerate with interests in television, and publishing advertising. STV Group owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both branded [[STV (TV network)|STV]]. Glasgow also had its own television channel, [[STV Glasgow]], which launched in June 2014, which also shows some of Glasgow's own programs filmed at the STV headquarters in Glasgow. Shows included ''The Riverside Show'', ''Scottish Kitchen'', ''City Safari'', ''Football Show'' and ''Live at Five''. STV Glasgow merged with STV Edinburgh to form STV2 in April 2017 which eventually closed in June 2018. Various radio stations are also located in Glasgow. [[BBC Radio Scotland]], the national radio broadcaster for Scotland, is located in the BBC's Glasgow headquarters alongside its [[BBC Radio nan Gaidheal|Gaelic-language sister station]], which is also based in [[Stornoway]]. [[Bauer Radio]] owns the principal commercial radio stations in Glasgow: [[Clyde 1]] and [[Greatest Hits Radio Glasgow & The West]], which can reach more than 2.3 million listeners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmediascotland.com/articles/1261/10052007/bbc_celebrating_radio_high_in_scotland |title=Scottish Radio Statistics |publisher=Allmediascotland.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109043017/http://www.allmediascotland.com/articles/1261/10052007/bbc_celebrating_radio_high_in_scotland |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref> In 2004, STV Group plc (then known as SMG plc) sold its 27.8% stake in [[Scottish Radio Holdings]] to the broadcasting group [[EMAP]] for £90.5 million. Other stations broadcasting from Glasgow include [[Smooth Scotland]], [[Heart Scotland]], which are owned by [[Global Media & Entertainment|Global]]. Global Radio's Central Scotland radio station [[Capital Scotland]] also broadcasts from studios in Glasgow. [[Nation Radio Scotland]], owned by [[Nation Broadcasting]], also broadcasts from the city. The city has a strong [[community radio]] sector, including [[Celtic Music Radio]], [[Subcity Radio]], Radio Magnetic, [[Sunny Govan Radio]], AWAZ FM and Insight Radio. ===Language=== Glasgow is Scotland's main locus of [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] language use outside the [[Highlands and Islands]]. In 2011, 5,878 residents of the city over age 3 spoke Gaelic, amounting to 1.0% of the population. Of Scotland's 25 largest cities and towns, only [[Inverness]], the unofficial capital of the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]], has a higher percentage of Gaelic speakers.<ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html 2011 Scotland Census] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html |date=4 June 2014}}, Locality Table QS211SC.</ref> In the [[Greater Glasgow]] area there were 8,899 Gaelic-speakers, amounting to 0.8% of the population.<ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html 2011 Scotland Census] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html |date=4 June 2014}}, Settlement Table QS211SC.</ref> Both the Gaelic language television station [[BBC Alba]] and the Gaelic language radio station [[BBC Radio nan Gàidheal]] have studios in Glasgow, their only locations outside the [[Highlands and Islands]].<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/whatwedo/aroundtheuk/scotland.html Inside the BBC] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803040013/http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/whatwedo/aroundtheuk/scotland.html |date=3 August 2014}}", British Broadcasting Corporation, 21 November 2011, viewed 9 June 2014.</ref> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture in Glasgow|List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow}} [[File:The Armadillo - geograph.org.uk - 2961293.jpg|thumb|right|The design of the [[SEC Armadillo]] is inspired by Glasgow's shipbuilding history, with flat sheet material cladded to framed hulls<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC Armadillo |url=https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/sec-armadillo |publisher=Foster + Partners |access-date=16 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>]] Very little of [[medieval]] Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century [[Provand's Lordship]] and 13th-century [[St. Mungo's Cathedral]], although the original medieval street plan (along with many of the street names) on the eastern side of the city centre has largely survived intact. Also in the 15th century began the building of [[Cathcart Castle]], completed {{Circa|1450}} with a view over the landscape in all directions. It was at this castle [[Mary Queen of Scots]] supposedly spent the night before her defeat at the [[Battle of Langside]] in May 1568. The castle was demolished in 1980 for safety reasons. The vast majority of the central city area as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has a heritage of [[Victorian architecture]]: the [[Glasgow City Chambers]]; the main building of the [[University of Glasgow]], designed by [[George Gilbert Scott|Sir George Gilbert Scott]]; and the [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], designed by [[John William Simpson (architect)|Sir John W. Simpson]], are notable examples. The city is notable for architecture designed by the [[Glasgow School]], the most notable exponent of that style being [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]]. Mackintosh was an architect and designer in the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the main exponent of [[Art Nouveau]] in the United Kingdom, designing numerous noted Glasgow buildings such as the [[Glasgow School of Art]], [[Willow Tearooms]] and the [[Scotland Street School Museum]]. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh, is the [[Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow|Queen's Cross Church]], the only church by the renowned artist to be built.<ref>[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 Watch video of the church] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605023607/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=SeeScot%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG1835&vxBitrate=300 |date=5 June 2009}} and Interview with Stuart Robertson, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society Director</ref> Another architect who has had an enduring impact on the city's appearance is [[Alexander Thomson]], with notable examples including the [[Holmwood House]] villa, and likewise Sir [[John James Burnet]], awarded the R.I.B.A.'s Royal Gold Medal for his lifetime's service to architecture. The buildings reflect the wealth and self-confidence of the residents of the "Second City of the Empire". Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The [[shipyard]]s, [[Naval architecture|marine engineering]], steel making, and [[heavy industry]] all contributed to the growth of the city. [[File:Riverside Museum (30244146743).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Riverside Museum]] situated on the banks of the River Clyde]] Many of the city's buildings were built with red or blond [[sandstone]], but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the [[Furnace (house heating)|furnace]]s, until the [[Clean Air Act 1956|Clean Air Act]] was introduced in 1956. There are more than 1,800 listed buildings in the city, of architectural and historical importance, and 23 Conservation Areas extending over {{Convert|1,471|ha|acre}}. Such areas include the Central Area, Dennistoun, the West End, Pollokshields – the first major planned garden suburb in Britain – Newlands and the village of Carmunnock.<ref>Glasgow City Council Planning Department reports</ref> Modern buildings in Glasgow include the [[Glasgow Royal Concert Hall]], and along the banks of the Clyde are the [[Glasgow Science Centre]], [[OVO Hydro|The OVO Hydro]] and the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], whose [[Clyde Auditorium]] was designed by [[Norman Foster (architect)|Sir Norman Foster]], and is colloquially known as the "[[Armadillo]]". In 2004 [[Zaha Hadid]] won a competition to design the new [[Glasgow Museum of Transport|Museum of Transport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm |title=Museum of Transport Glasgow |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Glasgow Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222033628/http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/museum_of_transport_glasgow.htm |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hadid's museum opened on the waterfront in 2011 and has been renamed the [[Riverside Museum]] to reflect the change in location and to celebrate Glasgow's rich industrial heritage stemming from the Clyde.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/riverside-museum/ |title=Riverside Museum: Scotland's museum of transport and travel |access-date=8 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Glasgow's historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |title=Glasgow: Scotland with style – City of Reinvention By Nancy McLardie |publisher=Seeglasgow.com |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113012733/http://www.seeglasgow.com/media-office/features/history/city-of-reinvention |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref> winning the accolade over [[Liverpool]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |title=Glasgow City Council: Regeneration – into the new Millennium |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526235624/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Regeneration.htm |archive-date=26 May 2009}}</ref> ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Glasgow}} [[File:Clyde Place - geograph.org.uk - 5803475.jpg|thumb|right|The [[International Financial Services District]] (IFSD), nicknamed "[[Wall Street]] on the [[River Clyde|clyde]]", the 39th largest financial centre globally in 2012<ref>{{cite web |title='Wall Street on the Clyde' in world Top 40 |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/13239425.wall-street-on-the-clyde-in-world-top-40/ |website=Glasgow Times |access-date=6 February 2025 |language=en |date=26 September 2012}}</ref>]] Glasgow has the largest [[Economy of Scotland|economy in Scotland]]<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-42443811 |title=Glasgow remains biggest city economy |work=BBC News |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003140510/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-42443811 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of West Central Scotland. The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in more than 12,000 companies. More than 153,000 jobs were created in the city between 2000 and 2005 – a growth rate of 32%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,1572109,00.html |title=Jobs boom on Clyde reverses decline |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=12 December 2007 |last=Seenan |first=Gerrard |date=17 September 2005}}</ref> Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005, more than 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2 billion, an increase of 22% in a single year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html |title=Let Glasgow Flourish |publisher=Scotland.org |date=April 2007 |access-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044427/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/business/glasgow-flourish.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 55% of the residents in the [[Greater Glasgow]] area commute to the city every day. Once dominant export orientated manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and other heavy engineering have been gradually replaced in importance by more diversified forms of economic activity, although major manufacturing firms continue to be headquartered in the city, such as [[Aggreko]], [[Weir Group]], [[Jim McColl|Clyde Blowers]], [[James Howden|Howden]], [[Linn Products]], [[Firebrand Games]], [[William Grant & Sons]], [[Whyte and Mackay]], [[The Edrington Group]], [[British Polar Engines]] and [[Albion Motors]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/glasgow-and-surrounding-areas/index.html |title=Glasgow and Surrounding Areas |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway |access-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720043257/http://www.scotland.org/about/glasgow-and-surrounding-areas/index.html |archive-date=20 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023, major industries in the Glasgow City Region contributing to the economy of the city were public admin education & health, distribution, hotels & restaurants, banking, finance and insurance services and transport & communication.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow Economy {{!}} Prosperus UK Cities {{!}} Invest Glasgow |url=https://www.investglasgow.com/why-glasgow/economy |website=www.investglasgow.com |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ==Transport== {{See also |Transport in Glasgow}} ===Public transport=== Glasgow has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the [[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport]] (SPT). The city has many bus services; since [[Bus deregulation in the United Kingdom|bus deregulation]] almost all are provided by private operators, though SPT part-funds some services. The principal bus operators within the city are: [[First Glasgow]], [[McGill's Bus Services]], [[Stagecoach West Scotland]] and [[West Coast Motors]]. The main bus terminal in the city is [[Buchanan bus station]]. Glasgow has the most extensive [[commuter rail|urban rail]] network in the UK outside London, with rail services travelling to a large part of the [[Strathclyde|West of Scotland]]. Most lines were electrified under [[British Rail]]. All trains running within Scotland, including the local Glasgow trains, are operated by [[ScotRail]], which is owned by the [[Scottish Government]]. [[Glasgow Central railway station|Central station]] and [[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Queen Street station]] are the two main railway terminals. Glasgow Central is the terminus of the {{cvt|642|km|mi|adj=on}} long [[West Coast Main Line]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/virgin/ |title=West Coast Main Line Pendolino Tilting Trains, United Kingdom |publisher=Railway-technology.com |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827004335/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/virgin/ |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> from [[Euston railway station|London Euston]], as well as [[TransPennine Express]] services from Manchester and [[CrossCountry]] services from Birmingham, Bristol, Plymouth and various other destinations in England. Glasgow Central is also the terminus for suburban services on the south side of Glasgow, Ayrshire and Inverclyde, as well as being served by the cross city link from Dalmuir to Motherwell. Most other services within Scotland – the main line to Edinburgh, plus services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness and the Western Highlands – operate from Queen Street station. The city's suburban network is almost completely divided by the River Clyde. Over the years there have been proposed initiatives such as [[Crossrail Glasgow|Crossrail]] to better connect the suburban network. The city is linked to Edinburgh by [[Glasgow to Edinburgh Lines|four direct railway links]]. In addition to the suburban rail network, SPT operates the [[Glasgow Subway]]. The Subway is the United Kingdom's only completely underground [[rapid transit|metro]] system and is the world's third oldest underground railway after the [[London Underground]] and the [[Budapest Metro]].<ref>{{cite web |author=SPT |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/facts.html |title=SPT Subway |date=16 April 1980 |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229231523/http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/facts.html |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> Both railway and subway stations have a number of [[park and ride]] facilities. As part of the wider regeneration along the banks of the River Clyde, a [[bus rapid transit]] system called [[Clyde Fastlink]] is operational between Glasgow City Centre to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/projects/fastlink/ |title=Fastlink – SPT – Corporate Information – Strathclyde Partnership for Transport |website=www.spt.co.uk |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905071858/http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/projects/fastlink |archive-date=5 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Gallery |title=Public transportation network in Glasgow |width=160 |height=170 |align=center |File:Main Concourse at Glasgow Central Station.JPG|[[Glasgow Central railway station]] |File:QueenStreet1.jpg|[[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Queen Street railway station]] |File:Glasgow seen from St Andrew House 2006 - Buchanan Bus Station (cropped).jpg|[[Buchanan Bus Station]] |File:Glasgow Subway Stadler unit at West Street 160624 (53794657872).jpg|[[Glasgow Subway]] is Scotland's only underground, and the third oldest network in the world<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow Subway {{!}} SPT {{!}} Corporate Information {{!}} Strathclyde Partnership for Transport |url=http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/our-services/glasgow-subway/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221114639/http://www.spt.co.uk/corporate/about/our-services/glasgow-subway/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-02-21 |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=21 February 2019}}</ref> }} ===Roads=== [[File:Kingston Bridge in Glasgow.jpg|thumb|right|The [[M8 motorway (Scotland)|M8]], which crosses the Clyde over the Kingston Bridge, is Scotland's busiest [[motorway]].]] The main M8 motorway passes around the city centre and connects with the [[M77 motorway|M77]], [[M74 motorway|M74]], [[M73 motorway|M73]] and [[M80 motorway|M80]] motorways, all of which pass within the city's boundaries. The [[A82 road|A82]] connects Glasgow to [[Argyll and Bute|Argyll]] and the western [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]]. The [[A74(M) and M74 motorways|M74]] runs directly south towards [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]. Other strategic roads in the city include the [[Glasgow East End Regeneration Route|East End Regeneration Route]], which provides easier access to areas of the East End, linking the M8 to the extended M74. ===Shipping=== Global-ship-management is carried out by maritime and logistics firms in Glasgow, in client companies employing more than 100,000 seafarers. This reflects maritime skills over many decades and the training and education of deck officers and marine engineers from around the world at the [[City of Glasgow College]], Nautical Campus, from which graduate around one third of all such graduates in the United Kingdom.<ref name="cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk/ |title=City of Glasgow College | Full Time, Part Time, Evening and Weekend College Courses |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032603/https://www.cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk/ |archive-date=16 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The main operational dock within Glasgow operated by [[Peel Group|Clydeport]] is the [[King George V Dock, Glasgow|King George V Dock]], near Braehead. Since the advent of [[Containerization|containerisation]], most other facilities, such as [[Hunterston Terminal]], are located in the deep waters of the [[Firth of Clyde#Shipping in the Firth|Firth of Clyde]], which together handle some 7.5 million tonnes of cargo each year. Longer distant commercial sea shipping from Glasgow occurs regularly to many European destinations, including Mediterranean and Baltic ports via passage through the [[Sea of the Hebrides]].<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2011). [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 "Sea of the Hebrides"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=24 May 2013}}. Eds. P. Saundry & C. J. Cleveland. ''Encyclopedia of Earth''. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, D.C.</ref> Leisure and tourist sailing is important, at marinas and towns of the Clyde, including the [[PS Waverley|PS ''Waverley'']], the world's last operational seagoing [[paddle steamer|paddle-steamer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk/ |title=Waverley Excursions |website=www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605133806/https://www.waverleyexcursions.co.uk/ |archive-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Airports=== [[File:GlasgowAirportFromAir.jpg|thumb|right|[[Glasgow Airport]] is the largest of the two airports that serve Glasgow]] There are three international airports within 45 minutes travel of the city centre, as well as a centrally located seaplane terminal. Two airports are dedicated to Glasgow, and [[Edinburgh Airport]], situated on the west side of Edinburgh, is not far from Glasgow. These airports are [[Glasgow Airport]] (GLA) ({{cvt|8|mi|km|0|abbr=off|disp=or|spell=on}} west of the city centre) in Renfrewshire, [[Glasgow Prestwick Airport]] (PIK) ({{cvt|30|mi|km|sigfig=1|abbr=off|disp=or}} southwest) in South Ayrshire, [[Edinburgh Airport]] (EDI), ({{cvt|34|mi|km|abbr=off|disp=or}} east) in Edinburgh and [[Glasgow Seaplane Terminal]], by the Glasgow Science Centre on the River Clyde. There are also several smaller, domestic and private airports around the city. There is a heliport, [[Glasgow City Heliport]], located at Stobcross Quay on the banks of the Clyde. All of the international airports are easily accessible by public transport, with Glasgow Airport and Edinburgh Airport directly linked by bus routes from the main bus station and a direct rail connection to Glasgow Prestwick Airport from Glasgow Central Station. A series of proposals to provide a direct rail link to Glasgow International Airport have ended unsuccessfully, beginning with the [[Glasgow Airport Rail Link]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8256474.stm |title=Ministers scrap airport rail plan |work=BBC News |date=17 September 2009 |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8256474.stm |archive-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, local authorities have approved plans for a "Glasgow Metro", including a connection to the International Airport.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-51008481 |title=Glasgow Airport Metro system gets council leader approval |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107132242/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-51008481 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Housing== {{Main|Housing in Glasgow}} [[File:Cairndow Avenue (geograph 3438679).jpg|thumb|left|Typical red sandstone Glasgow terrace]] Glasgow is known for its [[tenements]]; the red and blond [[sandstone]] buildings are some of the most recognisable features of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml |publisher=BBC |title=Victorian Achievement: Victorian Glasgow |access-date=30 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/victorian/trails_victorian_glasgow.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> These were the most popular form of housing in 19th- and 20th-century Glasgow, and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today. Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |last=McLean |first=Jack |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20000813/ai_n13950376 |title=Tenement living is the life and always has been |work=Sunday Herald |access-date=24 July 2009 |date=13 August 2000}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> The [[Hyndland]] area of Glasgow became the first tenement conservation area in the UK<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819050501/http://www.hyndl.demon.co.uk/hyndland/0mainindax.htm |archive-date=19 August 2011 |url=http://www.hyndl.demon.co.uk/hyndland/0mainindax.htm |title=Hyndland Local History |publisher=Hyndl.demon.co.uk |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms. Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of high-rise housing in [[tower block]]s in the 1960s, along with large [[overspill estate]]s on the periphery of the city, in areas like [[Pollok]], [[Nitshill]], [[Castlemilk]], [[Easterhouse]], [[Milton, Glasgow|Milton]] and [[Drumchapel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-hist-drivers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003256/http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-hist-drivers.htm |url-status=dead |title=Drivers for high rise living |archive-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> These were built to replace the decaying inner-city tenement buildings originally built for workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Highlands, and the rest of the United Kingdom, particularly Ireland, to feed the local demand for labour.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brendan O'Grady |title=Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4fZZeJqqRcC&pg=PA144 |year=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0773527683 |page=144}}</ref> The massive demand at that time outstripped the pace of new building, and many originally fine tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary.<ref>Worksall, Frank ''The Tenement – a way of life''. W & R Chambers Ltd Edinburgh 1972 {{ISBN|0550203524}}</ref> Many degenerated into infamous [[slum]]s, such as the Gorbals. [[File:Hillsborough Road, Garrowhill (geograph 2912654).jpg|thumb|right|20th-century-style houses within the neighbourhood of Hillsborough Road]] Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the City Improvement Trust in the late 19th century, cleared the slums of the old town areas such as the [[Trongate]], [[High Street (Glasgow)|High Street]] and [[Glasgow Cross]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |last=MacInnes |first=Ranald |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSEF11 |title=The Glasgow Story: Buildings and Cityscape – Public Housing |access-date=24 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112015435/http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSEF11 |archive-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequent [[urban renewal]] initiatives, such as those motivated by the [[Bruce Report]], entailed the comprehensive demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]] on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks. The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful.<ref name=Gourlay>{{cite web |url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/springburn/spring066.htm |publisher=Glasgow Digital Library |title=Springburn Virtual Museum: Demolition of tenements in Gourlay Street, 1975 |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103942/http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/springburn/spring066.htm |archive-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many of Glasgow's worst tenements were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s<ref name=Gourlay/> and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a "universally admired architectural" style.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The [[Glasgow Housing Association]] took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and has begun a £96 million clearance and demolition programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/News/Archives/2006/May/housingrevolutionannounced.htm |title=Glasgow announces a revolution in house-building |publisher=Glasgow.gov.uk |access-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105180936/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/News/Archives/2006/May/housingrevolutionannounced.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> ==Healthcare== [[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|right|[[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]] is the largest hospital campus in Europe.]] Medical care in and around Glasgow is provided by [[NHS Scotland]] and is directly administered by [[NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde]]. Major hospitals, including those with [[Emergency department|Accident & Emergency]] provision, are: the [[Western Infirmary]], [[Gartnavel General Hospital]], [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary]] and the [[Glasgow Dental Hospital and School|Dental Hospital]] in the city Centre, [[Stobhill Hospital]] in the North and the [[Glasgow Victoria Infirmary|Victoria Infirmary]] and [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]] in the South Side. [[Gartnavel Royal Hospital]] and The Priory are the two major psychiatric hospitals based in Glasgow. The [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]] (QEUH) Campus is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in [[Govan]] in the south-west of Glasgow. The hospital is built on the site of the former [[Southern General Hospital]] and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a newly built 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major A&E departments, one for adults and one for children in addition to buildings retained from the former hospital. The QEUH is the Regional Major Trauma Centre for the west of Scotland<ref name="Healthcare Improvement Scotland">{{cite web |url=http://www.healthcareimprovementscotland.org/our_work/inspecting_and_regulating_care/opah_greater_glasgow_and_clyde/qeuh_dec_15.aspx |title=HIS : Queen Elizabeth University Hospital |website=healthcareimprovementscotland.org |access-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141621/http://www.healthcareimprovementscotland.org/our_work/inspecting_and_regulating_care/opah_greater_glasgow_and_clyde/qeuh_dec_15.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is also the largest hospital campus in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/business/13078939.Scotshield_wins_hospital_fire_system_contract/ |title=Scotshield wins hospital fire system contract |first=Ian |last=McConnell |work=The Herald |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716203303/http://www.heraldscotland.com/business/13078939.Scotshield_wins_hospital_fire_system_contract/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also an emergency telephone service provided by [[NHS 24]] and 24-hour access to [[general practitioner]]s through out-of-hours centres. [[Paramedic]] services are provided by the [[Scottish Ambulance Service]] and supported by voluntary bodies like the [[St. Andrew's Ambulance Association]]. A strong [[Teaching hospital|teaching]] tradition is maintained between the city's main hospitals and the [[University of Glasgow Medical School]]. All pharmacies provide a wide range of services including minor ailment advice, emergency hormonal contraception and public health advice; some provide oxygen and needle exchange. There are private clinics and hospitals at the [[Nuffield Health|Nuffield]] in the west end and Ross Hall in the south side of the city. ==Education== [[File:Glasgow University (geograph 5269076).jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Glasgow]] is the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking world and among the world's top 100 universities.]] Glasgow is a major centre of higher and academic research, with the following universities and colleges within {{cvt|10|mi|0|abbr=out}} of the city centre: * [[University of Glasgow]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/ |title=University of Glasgow |website=www.gla.ac.uk |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103175338/https://www.gla.ac.uk/ |archive-date=3 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[University of Strathclyde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.strath.ac.uk/ |title=University of Strathclyde, Glasgow: A Multi-Award-Winning UK University |website=www.strath.ac.uk |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211104/https://www.strath.ac.uk/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Caledonian University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gcu.ac.uk/ |title=Welcome to GCU: the University for the Common Good |last=webteam@gcu.ac.uk |website=GCU |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019144836/https://www.gcu.ac.uk/ |archive-date=19 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[University of the West of Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uws.ac.uk/ |title=University of the West of Scotland |date=31 January 2017 |website=- UWS – University of the West of Scotland |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603161644/https://www.uws.ac.uk/ |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Glasgow School of Art|The Glasgow School of Art]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.ac.uk/ |title=The Glasgow School of Art |website=www.gsa.ac.uk |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302013249/http://www.gsa.ac.uk/ |archive-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rcs.ac.uk/ |title=The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland – like nowhere else |website=Royal Conservatoire of Scotland |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170639/https://www.rcs.ac.uk/ |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[City of Glasgow College]]<ref name="cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk"/> * [[Glasgow Clyde College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgowclyde.ac.uk/ |title=Study in Glasgow – Glasgow Clyde College |website=www.glasgowclyde.ac.uk |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170349/https://www.glasgowclyde.ac.uk/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Kelvin College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glasgowkelvin.ac.uk/ |title=Welcome to Glasgow Kelvin College, the newest of Glasgow Colleges |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211026/https://www.glasgowkelvin.ac.uk/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[West College Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westcollegescotland.ac.uk/ |title=Welcome to West College Scotland |website=www.westcollegescotland.ac.uk |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601190435/https://www.westcollegescotland.ac.uk/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011 Glasgow had 53,470 full-time students aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city in Scotland and the fifth-highest number in the United Kingdom outside London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-2/rft-ks501uk.xls |title=2011 Census: KS501UK Qualifications and students, local authorities in the United Kingdom (Excel sheet 293Kb) |access-date=29 March 2014 |date=4 December 2013 |website=2011 Census, Key Statistics and Quick Statistics for local authorities in the United Kingdom – Part 2 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081731/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-2/rft-ks501uk.xls |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of those who live away from home reside in [[Shawlands]], [[Dennistoun]] and the West End of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-enterprise.com/sedotcom_home/about_se/local_enterprise_companies/glasgow/glasgow-geographicprofile.htm?siblingtoggle=1 |title=Glasgow Geographic profile |publisher=Scottish Enterprise |access-date=9 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527083600/http://www.scottish-enterprise.com/sedotcom_home/about_se/local_enterprise_companies/glasgow/glasgow-geographicprofile.htm?siblingtoggle=1 |archive-date=27 May 2007}}</ref> The City Council operates 29 secondary schools, 149 primary schools and three specialist schools – the Dance School of Scotland, [[Bellahouston Academy#Glasgow School of Sport|Glasgow School of Sport]] and the [[Glasgow Gaelic School]] (''Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu''), the only secondary school in Scotland to teach exclusively in [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]. Outdoor Education facilities are provided by the city council at the Blairvadach Centre, near [[Helensburgh]]. [[Jordanhill School]] is operated directly by the [[Scottish Government]]. Glasgow also has a number of [[Independent school]]s, including [[The High School of Glasgow]], founded in 1124 and the oldest school in Scotland; [[Hutchesons' Grammar School]], founded in 1639 and one of the oldest school institutions in Scotland; and others such as [[Craigholme School]] (closed 2020), [[Glasgow Academy]], [[Kelvinside Academy]] and [[St. Aloysius' College, Glasgow|St. Aloysius' College]]. Glasgow is part of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Members of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities| date=15 September 2017| url=https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/members| access-date=12 July 2022| archive-date=26 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726171248/https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities/members| url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sport== {{See also|Sport in Glasgow}} ===Football=== {{main|History of football in Scotland}} [[File:Hampden Park, 2024.jpg|thumb|right|Glasgow is home to [[Hampden Park]], home of the [[Scotland national football team]].]] The world's first international [[Association football|football]] match was held in 1872 at the [[West of Scotland Cricket Club]]'s [[Hamilton Crescent]] ground in the [[Partick]] area of the city. The match, between [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[England national football team|England]] finished 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Sporting Nation – The first international football match|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/|publisher=BBC|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Glasgow was the first city (since joined by [[Liverpool]] in 1985, [[Madrid]] in 1986, 2014, 2016 and 2018, [[Milan]] in 1994 and [[London]] in 2019) to have had two football teams in European finals in the same season:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.soccerattic.com/article/when-scottish-football-took-europe-by-storm-1967/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022248/https://www.soccerattic.com/article/when-scottish-football-took-europe-by-storm-1967/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2020 |title=Europe Belongs To Us |author=Ken Gallagher |work=Charlie Buchan's Football Monthly |date=1 July 1967 |via=Soccer Attic |access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref> in 1967, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] competed in and won the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] final, with rivals [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] competing in the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|Cup Winners' Cup]] final. Rangers were the first football club from the United Kingdom to reach a European final, doing so in [[1961 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|1961]]. Celtic were the first non-Latin club to win the European Cup, under the management of [[Jock Stein]] in [[1966–67 European Cup|1967]], before [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] the following year. Celtic also went on to reach another European Cup Final in [[1970 European Cup Final|1970]], losing to [[Feyenoord]], and also the final of the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] in [[2003 UEFA Cup Final|2003]], where they lost an enthralling match which finished 3–2 to Portuguese club [[FC Porto|Porto]]. Rangers also reached the final of the same competition in [[2008 UEFA Cup final|2008]] and [[2022 UEFA Europa League final|2022]], where they lost to [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]] of Russia,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7393752.stm|title=Zenit St Petersburg 2-0 Rangers|date=14 May 2008|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311080213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7393752.stm|archive-date=11 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] of Germany.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61446268|title=Eintracht Frankfurt 1-1 Rangers (AET, Frankfurt win 5-4 on pens)|date=18 August 2022|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> [[Hampden Park]], which is Scotland's national football stadium, holds the European record for attendance at a football match: 149,547<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/glasgow/glw_hampden.htm |publisher=Glasgow Photo Library |title=Hampden Stadium |access-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814135942/http://www.rampantscotland.com/glasgow/glw_hampden.htm |archive-date=14 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> saw Scotland beat England 3–1 in 1937, in the days before leading British stadia became [[All-seater stadium|all-seated]]. Hampden Park has hosted the final of the [[UEFA Champions League]] on three occasions, most recently in 2002 and hosted the [[UEFA Cup]] Final in 2007. [[Celtic Park]] (60,411 seats) is located in the east end of Glasgow, and [[Ibrox Stadium]] (51,700 seats) on the south side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/rangers/ |title=Rangers Football Club |website=www.spfl.co.uk |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702194028/http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/rangers |url-status=live }}</ref> Glasgow has four professional football clubs, who all play in the [[SPFL]]: [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], [[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]], and [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]] (after their move from amateur status in November 2019). Prior to this, Glasgow had two other professional teams: [[Clyde F.C.|Clyde]] (now playing in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire|Hamilton]]) and [[Third Lanark A.C.|Third Lanark]] (liquidated in 1967), plus four others active in the league in the 19th century: [[Thistle F.C.|Thistle]], [[Cowlairs F.C.|Cowlairs]], [[Northern F.C.|Northern]] and [[Linthouse F.C.|Linthouse]]. There are a number of [[West of Scotland Football League]] clubs within the city as well, such as [[Pollok F.C.|Pollok]], [[Maryhill F.C.|Maryhill]], [[Benburb F. C.|Benburb]], [[Ashfield F.C.|Ashfield]], [[Glasgow Perthshire F.C.]], [[Glasgow United F.C.|Glasgow United]] (formerly Shettleston Juniors), and [[Petershill F.C.|Petershill]], plus numerous amateur teams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petershillfc.co.uk/petershill_008.htm |title=History |publisher=Petershill F.C. |access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref> The history of football in the city, as well as the status of the [[Old Firm]], attracts many visitors to football matches in the city throughout the season. The [[Scottish Football Association]], the national governing body, and the [[Scottish Football Museum]] are based in Glasgow, as are the [[Scottish Professional Football League]], [[Scottish Junior Football Association]] and [[Scottish Amateur Football Association]]. The [[Glasgow Cup]] was a once popular tournament, which was competed for by Rangers, Celtic, Clyde, Partick Thistle and Queen's Park. The competition is now played for by the youth sides of the five teams. Glasgow is also home to six women's football teams. Currently, [[Glasgow City F.C.|Glasgow City]] are the champions of the [[Scottish Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowcityladiesfc.co.uk/ |title=Glasgow City Ladies Football Club |publisher=Glasgowcityladiesfc.co.uk |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516190852/http://glasgowcityladiesfc.co.uk/ |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other local teams include [[Glasgow Girls F.C.|Glasgow Girls]] and the women's sections of the men's clubs: [[Celtic F.C. Women|Celtic]] and [[Rangers L.F.C.|Rangers]] play in the top division. {|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |- !Club !Founded !League !Venue !Capacity |- |[[Queen's Park F.C.]] |1867 |{{Scottish football updater|QueensPa}} |[[Hampden Park]] |{{SPFL-stadiums|stenhousemuir}}<ref name="NewCensCat">{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/partickthistle/ |title=Partick Thistle Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105206/http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/partickthistle/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Rangers F.C.]] |1872 |[[Scottish Premiership]] |[[Ibrox Stadium]] |{{SPFL-stadiums|rangers}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/rangers/ |title=Rangers Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220125600/http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/rangers |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Partick Thistle F.C.]] |1876 |{{Scottish football updater|PartickT}} |[[Firhill Stadium]] |{{SPFL-stadiums|partick}}<ref name="NewCensCat" /> |- |[[Celtic F.C.]] |1888 |[[Scottish Premiership]] |[[Celtic Park]] |{{SPFL-stadiums|celtic}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/celtic/ |title=Celtic Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108151247/http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/celtic/ |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===Rugby union=== Glasgow has a professional [[rugby union]] club, the [[Glasgow Warriors]], which plays in the [[European Rugby Champions Cup]] and [[United Rugby Championship]] alongside teams from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Italy and South Africa. The Warriors current home is [[Scotstoun Stadium]] and has been since 2012, previously they played at [[Firhill Stadium]]. They have won the [[Melrose 7s]] in both 2014 and 2015 and were also crowned champions of the [[Pro12]] (later rebranded as the United Rugby Championship) at the end of the 2014/15 season after beating Irish side Munster in Belfast.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-union/32929818|title=Glasgow Warriors 31-13 Munster|date=30 May 2015|work=BBC Sport|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> Warriors won URC in the 2023/24 season after defeating South African team [[Bulls (rugby union)|Bulls]] in the Grand Final in [[Pretoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/articles/cpwwg9j306jo |title=Bulls 16-21 Glasgow Warriors: URC final glory for Scots in Pretoria |website=BBC Sport|date=22 June 2024 }}</ref> In the Scottish League, [[Glasgow Hawks RFC]] was formed in 1997 by the merger of two of Glasgow's oldest clubs: [[Glasgow Academicals RFC|Glasgow Academicals]] and [[Glasgow High Kelvinside]] (GHK). Despite the merger, the second division teams of Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside re-entered the Scottish rugby league in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/cup-put-feather-cap-glasgow-hawks-1539577|title=Cup that put feather in the cap of Glasgow Hawks|date=16 April 2014|newspaper=The Scotsman|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Another of the Glasgow area's most prominent clubs [[Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians RFC]] (GHA) has its roots in the south of the city (nowadays technically they are based just outside the city in the suburb of [[Giffnock]] in [[East Renfrewshire]]). GHA was formed in 2002 with the merger of two of Glasgow's leading clubs at the time, [[Glasgow Southern RFC]] and [[Hutchesons Aloysians]] RFC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/1813719.stm|title = Glasgow rugby merger plan|date = 11 February 2002}}</ref> [[Cartha Queens Park RFC|Cartha Queen's Park]] play at Dumbreck, within the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carthaqp.org/rugby/youth-rugby/ |title=Cartha Queens Park Rugby Club - Youth & Minis Rugby |access-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209122311/http://www.carthaqp.org/rugby/youth-rugby/ |archive-date=9 February 2011 }}</ref> Glasgow was also home to one of the oldest rugby clubs in the country, [[West of Scotland F.C.]], which was formed in 1865 and was a founding member of the [[Scottish Rugby Union]]. The club was originally based in Partick at [[Hamilton Crescent]] but is now based outside the city, at [[Milngavie]] in [[East Dunbartonshire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk/about-us/club-history |title=Club History |website=westofscotlandfc.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122826/http://www.westofscotlandfc.co.uk/about-us/club-history |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> ===Other sports=== [[File:Emirates Arena (geograph 4624258).jpg|thumb|left|[[Emirates Arena]] in Glasgow, one of the designated stadiums constructed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games]] The [[Easterhouse Panthers]] based in the East End of Glasgow are a [[rugby league]] team who play in the [[Rugby League Conference Scotland Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scotlandrl.com/article/12814/new-era-for-panthers |title=New Era for Panthers |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163719/http://www.scotlandrl.com/article/12814/new-era-for-panthers |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1966 to 1986, the Glasgow Dynamos played at Crossmyloof Ice Rink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glasgowdynamos.tripod.com/ |title=Glasgow Dynamos Remembered |publisher=Glasgowdynamos.tripod.com |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310152701/http://glasgowdynamos.tripod.com/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since October 2010 a team called the [[Glasgow Clan]] based in the nearby [[Braehead Arena]] in [[Renfrewshire]] has played in the professional [[Elite Ice Hockey League]] alongside two other Scottish teams, the [[Fife Flyers]] and the [[Dundee Stars]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/ice_hockey/8542998.stm|title=Braehead Clan join ice hockey's Elite League|date=1 March 2010|work=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=1 March 2010|first=Chris|last=Ellis}}</ref> The [[Arlington Baths Club]] was founded in 1870. It is situated in the [[Woodlands, Glasgow|Woodlands]] area of the city and is still in use today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26322306|title=Two historic baths clubs in Glasgow given A-list status|date=24 February 2014|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> It is believed the club's first Baths Master [[William Wilson (aquatics)|William Wilson]] invented [[water polo]] at the club. The Arlington inspired other Swimming Clubs and the [[Western Baths]], which opened in 1876, is also still in existence in nearby [[Hillhead]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB32859|desc=Western Baths Club, 8-12 (Even Nos) Cranworth Street, Hillhead, Glasgow|cat=A|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> Glasgow hosts Scotland's only professional basketball team, the [[Caledonia Gladiators]], who compete in the [[British Basketball League]]. Previously based in Renfrewshire's [[Braehead Arena]] and the 1,200-seat Kelvin Hall, the team has been based at the Emirates Arena since the 2012/13 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Glasgow Rocks rebrand to Caledonia Gladiators amidst lofty ambitions |url=https://www.hoopsfix.com/2022/09/glasgow-rocks-rebrand-to-caledonia-gladiators-amidst-lofty-ambitions/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=Hoopsfix.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Major international sporting arenas include the Kelvin Hall and [[Scotstoun]] Sports Centre. In 2003 the National Academy for Badminton was completed in Scotstoun. In 2003, Glasgow was also given the title of European Capital of Sport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aces-europa.eu/Home/EuropeanCapitals/tabid/56/Default.aspx |title=European Capital of Sports Association |publisher=Aces-europa.eu |access-date=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410121319/http://www.aces-europa.eu/Home/EuropeanCapitals/tabid/56/Default.aspx |archive-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Glasgow is also host to many [[cricket]] clubs including [[Clydesdale Cricket Club]] who have been title winners for the Scottish Cup many times. This club also acted as a neutral venue for a [[One Day International]] match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in 2007, but due to bad weather it was called off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/12792208.millions-tune-into-glasgow/|title=Millions tune into Glasgow|date=3 July 2007|newspaper=The Glasgow Times| access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Smaller sporting facilities include an abundance of outdoor [[playing field]]s, as well as golf clubs such as [[Haggs Castle]] and artificial ski slopes. Between 1998 and 2004, the [[Scottish Claymores]] [[American football]] team played some or all of their home games each season at Hampden Park and the venue also hosted [[World Bowl]] XI.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/nfl-glasgow-hampden-scottish-claymores-16086080|title=Remembering when Glasgow had its very own NFL team, the Scottish Claymores|date=4 August 2020|newspaper=Glasgow Live|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Glasgow Green and the [[Gorbals]] are home to a number of [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs, some with open membership the rest belonging to universities or schools. Historically, rowing races on the [[River Clyde]] here attracted huge crowds of spectators to watch regattas in the late 19th century and early 20th century;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glasgowhumanesociety.com/documents/Rules_as_at_28-3-04.pdf |title=Rules as at 28 March 2004 |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006181833/http://www.glasgowhumanesociety.com/documents/Rules_as_at_28-3-04.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> before football caught the public imagination. Two of Glasgow's rowing clubs separately claim that it was their members who were among the founders of Rangers Football Club.<ref>[http://www.followfollow.com/news/tmnw/rangers_founders_plaque_unveiled_at_fleshers_haugh_461850/index.shtml Rangers FC fanzine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142036/http://www.followfollow.com/news/tmnw/rangers_founders_plaque_unveiled_at_fleshers_haugh_461850/index.shtml |date=11 May 2011}}, Founders plaque unveiled.</ref> [[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was first introduced to Glasgow in 1928 and is currently staged at [[Ashfield Stadium]] in the North of the city. The home club, [[Glasgow Tigers (speedway)|Glasgow Tigers]], compete in the [[SGB Championship]], the second tier of motorcycle speedway in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glasgowtigers.co.uk/two-ways-to-watch-the-tigers/|title=Two ways to watch the Tigers|publisher=Glasgow Tigers|date=6 April 2022| access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Glasgow is also one of five places in Scotland that hosts the final of the Scottish Cup of [[Shinty]], better known as the [[Camanachd Cup]]. This is usually held at Old Anniesland. Once home to numerous Shinty clubs, there is now only one senior club in Glasgow, Glasgow Mid-Argyll.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://shinty.com/glasgow-mid-argyll-shinty-club/ |title=About us|publisher= Glasgow Mid-Argyll Shinty Club| access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> ===Sporting events host city=== [[File:National Anthem - geograph.org.uk - 4105444.jpg|thumb|right|Athletes during the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] hosted by Glasgow]] Glasgow [[Glasgow bid for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|bid]] to host the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]] but lost to [[Buenos Aires]] in the 4 July 2013 vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/news/buenos-aires-elected-as-host-city-for-2018-youth-olympic-games/202222 |title=Buenos Aires elected as Host City for 2018 Youth Olympic Games |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711112820/http://www.olympic.org/news/buenos-aires-elected-as-host-city-for-2018-youth-olympic-games/202222 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Glasgow was the host of the [[2018 European Sports Championships]] along with [[Berlin]] (hosts of the [[2018 European Athletics Championships]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1068247/european-championships-opened-by-party-in-glasgow-as-federations-unveil-winners-trophy |title=European Championships opened by party in Glasgow as federations unveil winner's trophy|publisher=Inside the Games|date=1 August 2018|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> In August 2023, the city hosted the inaugural UCI Cycling World Championships. Glasgow played host to five venues for the event, whilst some events were held in [[Dumfries & Galloway]] (para-cycling road) and [[Stirling]] (time trial).<ref>{{cite web |title=Get Ready Glasgow |url=https://www.getreadyglasgow.com/cycling-worlds# |website=Get Ready Glasgow |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> On 9 November 2007, Glasgow was selected to be the host city of the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]]. The games were held at a number of existing and newly constructed sporting venues across the city, including a refurbished [[Hampden Park]], [[Kelvingrove Park]], [[Kelvin Hall]], and the [[OVO Hydro]] at the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|SECC]]. The opening ceremony was held at Celtic Park. 2014 was the third time the Games have been held in Scotland.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141108125222/http://www.glasgow2014.com/ Glasgow 2014, Commonwealth Games Candidate]}} www.glasgow2014.com</ref><ref name=RobertMcAlpine>{{cite web |url=http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/projects/?id=18682 |title=National Indoor Sports Arena |year=2011 |publisher=Robert McAlpine |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032241/http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/projects/?id=18682 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 September 2024, Glasgow was chosen as host as the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=2026 Update – Government Confirmation |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4120693/2026-update-government-confirmation |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> due to [[Victoria bid for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Victoria]] (the original host) pulling out due to unexpected cost increases <ref>{{Cite web |title=Withdrawal from 2026 Commonwealth Games {{!}} Victorian Auditor-General's Office |url=https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/report/withdrawal-2026-commonwealth-games?section= |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.audit.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Glasgow was the Scottish host city for the pan–European [[UEFA Euro 2020]] tournament, with the group of 16 matches being played at the city's [[Hampden Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Latest COVID information UEFA EURO 2020 Glasgow |date=29 January 2019 |url=https://www.hampdenpark.co.uk/see-and-do/euro-2020.html |publisher=Hampden Park |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> In 2023, Scotland, along with [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Wales]], were confirmed hosts for the [[UEFA Euro 2028]] tournament, again with Hampden Stadium being the selected Scottish stadium to host matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euro 2028: Hampden to get 'realistic' upgrade as update given on stadium and lowest ticket prices |url=https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/euro-2028-hampden-to-get-realistic-upgrade-as-update-given-on-stadium-and-lowest-ticket-prices-4367244 |publisher=The Scotsman |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> ==Major incidents and tragedies== [[File:The Aftermath - geograph.org.uk - 485211.jpg|thumb|right|The aftermath of the 2007 [[Glasgow Airport attack]], the first [[terrorist attack]] to take place in Scotland since the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over [[Lockerbie]] in 1988]] * 5 April 1902 – [[1902 Ibrox disaster]] – 25 spectators died and more than 500 were injured when a new wooden stand at the [[Ibrox Park (1887–99)|Ibrox Park]] stadium collapsed during an [[England–Scotland football rivalry|England–Scotland match]].<ref>Paul Brown, ''Savage Enthusiasm: A History of Football Fans'' (Goal Post, 2017), pp. 90–93.</ref> * 1960s/1970s – Many perished at three major blazes: the [[Cheapside Street whisky bond fire]] in Cheapside Street, [[Anderston]] (1960, 19 killed);<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/the_cheapside_fire/ Scotland's History: Glasgow's Cheapside Street Fire, 28th March 1960] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402200539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/the_cheapside_fire/ |date=2 April 2019}}, BBC News.</ref> the [[James Watt Street fire]] (1968, 22 killed);<ref>Reevel Alderson, [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-46223686 James Watt Street blaze: How 22 died in Glasgow 50 years ago] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426182639/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-46223686 |date=26 April 2019}}, BBC Scotland (18 November 2018).</ref> and the [[Kilbirnie Street fire]] (1972, seven killed).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-19379893 Kilbirnie Street fire deaths marked in 40th anniversary service] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827172408/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-19379893 |date=27 August 2014}}, BBC News (25 August 2012).</ref> * 2 January 1971 – [[1971 Ibrox disaster]] – 66 people were killed in a crush, as supporters attempted to vacate the stadium. * 11 May 2004 – [[Stockline Plastics factory explosion]] – The ICL Plastics factory (commonly referred to as Stockline Plastics factory), in the Woodside district of Glasgow, exploded. Nine people were killed, including two company directors, and 33 injured – 15 seriously. The four-storey building was largely destroyed. * 30 June 2007 – [[2007 Glasgow International Airport attack]] – Two [[jihadist]] terrorists{{snd}}[[Bilal Abdullah]] and [[Kafeel Ahmed]]{{snd}}[[Vehicle-ramming attack|deliberately drove]] a [[Jeep Cherokee]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] loaded with propane cylinders into the glass doors of a crowded terminal at [[Glasgow International Airport]] in an attempted [[suicide attack]]. A [[Hostile vehicle mitigation|concrete security pillar]] blocked the car from entering the terminal. The two perpetrators were both apprehended; Ahmed died of burn wounds sustained in the attack, while Abdullah was convicted in [[Woolwich Crown Court]] of conspiracy to murder through terrorism and was sentenced to at least 32 years' imprisonment.<ref>Steven Brocklehurst, [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-40416026 The day terror came to Glasgow Airport] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911101812/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-40416026 |date=11 September 2019}}, BBC Scotland (30 June 2017).</ref><ref name=CNNJailed>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/12/17/uk.terror.trial.sentence/index.html?iref=nextin UK bomb plot doctor jailed for 32 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122084737/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/12/17/uk.terror.trial.sentence/index.html?iref=nextin |date=22 November 2021}}, CNN (17 December 2008).</ref> The perpetrators were also linked to a [[2007 London car bombs|failed car bombing in London]] the previous day. Ahmed's brother Sabeel Ahmed pleaded guilty to failing to disclose information about an act of terrorism and was deported.<ref name=CNNJailed/> * 29 November 2013 – [[2013 Glasgow helicopter crash]] – A [[Eurocopter EC135]]-T2+ [[police helicopter]] (operated by Bond Air Services for [[Police Scotland]]) crashed on top of The Clutha Vaults Bar in [[Glasgow City Centre]], killing all aboard the helicopter (the pilot and two crew members) and seven people in the pub. The cause of the crash was [[fuel starvation]] due to [[pilot error]].<ref name=Final>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5669498c40f0b60369000004/AAR_3-2015_G-SPAO_12-15.pdf |publisher=The Air Accidents Investigation Branch |title=Aircraft Accident Report No: 3/2015 |date=23 October 2015 |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725204726/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5669498c40f0b60369000004/AAR_3-2015_G-SPAO_12-15.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-50220838 Clutha crash: Inquiry says pilot 'took a chance' to ignore fuel warnings] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117181016/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-50220838 |date=17 November 2019}}, BBC News (30 October 2019).</ref> * 23 May 2014 – [[Glasgow School of Art#2014 fire|Glasgow School of Art blaze]] – A fire tore through the historic and world-renowned Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh building, that was designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Around a tenth of the structure and 30% of its contents were destroyed, including the prized Mackintosh Library. There were no deaths but a few were treated for minor smoke inhalation. The Scottish Fire and Rescue were praised for their quick response and plan to effectively tackle the fire. It was later found after a fire investigation that gases inside a projector had overheated and ignited. * 22 December 2014 – [[2014 Glasgow bin lorry crash]] – Six people were killed and many were seriously injured when a bin lorry careened out of control and collided with pedestrians, vehicles, and buildings, on [[Queen Street, Glasgow]], before crashing into the Millennium Hotel. The subsequent [[fatal accident inquiry]] established that the driver had suffered a "neurocardiogenic [[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]]" (fainting) episode that caused him to lose control of his vehicle.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35026231 Glasgow bin lorry crash inquiry: What does the report tell us?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327215416/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35026231 |date=27 March 2017}}, BBC News (7 December 2015).</ref><ref>[http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/10/1531/Fatal-Accident-Inquiry-Glasgow-bin-lorry-crash Fatal Accident Inquiry: Glasgow bin lorry crash] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031506/http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/10/1531/Fatal-Accident-Inquiry-Glasgow-bin-lorry-crash |date=1 August 2020}}, [[Glasgow Sheriff Court]], summary of [2015] FAI 31.</ref> * 29 December 2014 – first [[Ebola virus]] case in Scotland – [[Pauline Cafferkey]], a nurse returning to Glasgow from [[Kerry Town]] treatment centre, [[Sierra Leone]], [[West Africa]] where she had been a volunteer caring for patients infected with the Ebola virus was taken into isolation after testing positive for the virus. She was not diagnosed before leaving Sierra Leone. * 15 June 2018 – [[Glasgow School of Art#2018 fire|A fire once again broke out]] in the partially restored Glasgow School of Art, causing extensive damage. The School was widely criticised for failing to install an effective modern sprinkler system in a timely manner. Emergency services received the first call at 11:19 pm BST, and 120 firefighters and 20 fire engines were dispatched to the fire. No casualties were reported. The cause of the fire remains unknown. ==Namesake area on Mars== There is an area on Planet [[Mars]] which [[NASA]] has named Glasgow, after Scotland's largest city. The [[Curiosity (rover)|Mars rover Curiosity]], which landed on the planet in August 2012, has drilled at the site.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aitchison |first1=Jack |title=There's now an area on Mars named after Glasgow - NASA confirm |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18413787.now-area-mars-named-glasgow---nasa-confirm/ |website=[[Glasgow Times]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509112751/https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/18413787.now-area-mars-named-glasgow---nasa-confirm/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/best-places-glasgow-see-mars-11379048 |title=The best places in Glasgow to see Mars |first=Nina |last=Glencross |date=30 May 2016 |website=GlasgowLive |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128033036/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/best-places-glasgow-see-mars-11379048 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Twin towns – sister cities== Glasgow is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twinning>{{cite web|title=Twin Cities|url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/15944/Twin-Cities|publisher=Glasgow City Council|access-date=2024-02-29|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317135912/https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/15944/Twin-Cities|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Nuremberg]], Germany <small>(since 1985)</small> * [[Dalian]], China <small>(since 1997)</small> * [[Havana]], Cuba <small>(since 2002)</small> * [[Turin]], Italy <small>(since 2003)</small> * [[Marseille]], France <small>(since 2006)</small> * [[Lahore]], Pakistan <small>(since 2006)</small> * [[Bethlehem]], Palestine <small>(since 2007)</small> * [[Mykolaiv]], Ukraine <small>(since 2024)</small> {{div col end}} From 1986 to 2022, Glasgow was also twinned with [[Rostov-on-Don]], Russia.<ref name=twinning/> ===Partnerships=== The city is also in a partnership with: {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Berlin]], Germany <small>(since 2020)</small><ref name="Glasgow forms partnerships">{{cite web |last=Hunter |first=Catherine |date=9 November 2020 |title=Glasgow forms partnership with Berlin and other cities to tackle climate crisis |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-forms-partnership-berlin-pittsburgh-19245843 |website=GlasgowLive |access-date=9 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109083902/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-forms-partnership-berlin-pittsburgh-19245843 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Oulu]], Finland<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit |title=Partneri- ja kummikaupungit (Partnership and twinning cities) |access-date=27 July 2013 |website=Oulun kaupunki (City of Oulu) |language=fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010526/http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit |archive-date=28 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Pittsburgh]], United States <small>(since 2020)</small><ref name="Glasgow forms partnerships"/> * [[Santiago]], Chile <small>(since 2020)</small><ref name="Glasgow forms partnerships"/> {{div col end}} ==Notable people== {{see also|List of people from Glasgow}} ==See also== *[[Outline of Glasgow]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |first=G. M. |last=Binnie |title=Early Victorian Water Engineers |publisher=Thomas Telford |year=1981 |isbn=978-0727701282}} * Butt, John, and George Gordon, eds. ''Strathclyde: Changing Horizons'' (1985) * {{cite book |first=Hugh |last=Cochrane |title=Glasgow: The first 800 Years |year=1951}} * Cowan, J. "From Glasgow's Treasure Chest" (1951) * {{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Robert |title=On Glasgow and Edinburgh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4k547Yzj6kC&pg=PA1723 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard U.P. |isbn=978-0674070592 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102104129/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4k547Yzj6kC&pg=PA1723 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |first1=Peter |last1=Cross-Rudkin |first2=Mike |last2=Chrimes |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 2: 1830 to 1890 |publisher=Thomas Telford |year=2008 |isbn=978-0727735041}} * Cunnison, J. and JBS Gilfillan, ''The City of Glasgow'', The Third Statistical Account of Scotland (1958) * Daiches, David. ''Glasgow'' (1982), scholarly history * Doak, A M and Young, A M. "Glasgow at a Glance" (1983) * Gibb, Andrew. ''Glasgow: The Making of a City'' (1983) * Gomme, A H and Walker, D. "Architecture of Glasgow" (1987) * Horsey, M. "Tenements & Towers: Glasgow Working-Class Housing 1890–1990" (1990) * Hume, John. "Industrial Archaeology of Glasgow" (1974) * {{Cite book |url=http://www.watertime.net/docs/WP2/D19_Edinburgh.doc |last1=Lobina |first1=Emanuele |last2=Terhorst |first2=Philipp |title=D19: WaterTime case study – Edinburgh, UK |publisher=Watertime EU Research Project |date=29 January 2005 |access-date=27 August 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307195627/http://www.watertime.net/docs/WP2/D19_Edinburgh.doc |url-status=live}} * Maver, Irene. ''Glasgow'' (2000) * Malcolm, Sandra. "Old Glasgow and The Clyde: From the Archives of T. and R. Annan" (2005) * McKean, Charles. "Central Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide" (1993) * Oakley, Charles. ''The Second City'' (1975) * Small, G P. "Greater Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide" (2008) * Urquhart, Gordon R. "Along Great Western Road: An Illustrated History of Glasgow's West End" (2000) * Williamson, Elizabeth et al. ''Glasgow'' (The Buildings of Scotland) (1999) * Worsdall, Frank. "The Tenement: A Way of Life" (1979) * Worsdall, Frank. "The City That Disappeared: Glasgow's Demolished Architecture" (1981) * Worsdall, Frank. "The Victorian City: Selection of Glasgow's Architecture" (1988) {{Refend}} ==External links== * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Glasgow |volume=12 |short=x}} * [https://maps-glasgow.com/ Glasgow districts map and other Glasgow maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609122557/https://maps-glasgow.com/ |date=9 June 2019 }} * [http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/maps-full.html Interactive Attractions Map of Central Glasgow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514151100/http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/maps-full.html |date=14 May 2008 }} * [http://www.theglasgowstory.com/ TheGlasgowStory] * [http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=glasgow&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive (archive films relating to Glasgow)] <!--NAVIGATIONAL BOXES--> {{Glasgow}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Glasgow |list = {{Areas of Glasgow}} {{Parks and gardens in Glasgow}} {{Transport in Glasgow}} {{Schools in Glasgow}} {{Glasgow radio}} {{Football in Glasgow}} {{Rugby union in Glasgow}} {{Museums and art galleries in Glasgow}} {{Wards of Glasgow}} {{Glasgow elections}} {{Glasgow Constituencies}} {{Scotland subdivisions}} {{Core Cities Group}} {{UK cities}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{European Capital of Sport}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Subject bar|portal1= Scotland |portal2= United Kingdom|portal3= European Union|portal4=Europe|commons=yes|wikt=yes|n=yes|q=yes|s=yes|b=yes|voy=yes|v=yes|d=yes|d-search= Q4093}} [[Category:Glasgow| ]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] <!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:6th-century establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:Council areas of Scotland]] [[Category:Cities in Scotland]] [[Category:Lieutenancy areas of Scotland]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Scotland]] [[Category:Populated places in Glasgow]] [[Category:Types of monuments and memorials]] [[Category:Cities built on a grid]]
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