Editing Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti

{{short description|Italian-born English literary critic and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL|birth_place=[[Turin]], [[Duchy of Savoy]]|death_place=[[London]], [[Great Britain]]}}
'''Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti''' (24 April 1719, [[Turin]], [[Piedmont]] – 5 May 1789, [[London]]) was an Italian [[Literary criticism|literary critic]], poet, writer, translator, linguist and author of two influential language-translation dictionaries. During his years in England he was often known as '''Joseph Baretti'''.<ref name=":2">{{cite book
|last=Baretti
|first=Joseph
|year=1795
|chapter=A Dictionary of the Italian and English Languages
|location=Venice
|title=Printed by Joseph Orlandelli for the late Francis Pezzana}}</ref> Baretti's life was marked by controversies, to the point that he had to leave Italy, for England, where he remained for the rest of his life.

==Biography==
Baretti was intended by his father for the profession of law, but at the age of sixteen fled from Turin and went to [[Guastalla]], where he was for some time employed in a mercantile house. He devoted himself to the study of [[literature]] and [[criticism]], in which he became an expert, though his writings were so controversial that he had to leave Italy. For many years he led a wandering life, supporting himself chiefly by his writings. 

In 1737, he enrolled the [[University of Turin]], where he attended the lectures given at  by Girolamo Tagliazucchi. The following year, Baretti moved to [[Venice]], where he made the acquaintance of the young [[Gasparo Gozzi]]. In 1740 he moved to Milan. Here he became a member of the prominent Accademia dei Trasformati and made the acquaintance of [[Pietro Verri]] and [[Giuseppe Parini]]. While in Milan he studied Latin and translated into Italian [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Remedia Amoris]]'' and ''[[Amores (Ovid)|Amores]]'', which he published more than ten years later, in 1752 and 1754. 

in January 1751, Baretti left Italy for a nine-year stay in London, during which he taught Italian. One of his pupils was [[Charlotte Lennox]], who introduced him to British intellectual circles. In this period Baretti made friends with several prominent English intellectuals, including [[Henry Fielding]], [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]] (who later painted Baretti's portrait), [[David Garrick]], and [[Samuel Johnson]], whom Baretti very much admired. Among works connected with his teaching, a successful ''Dictionary of the English and Italian languages'' (1760) enabled him to return to Italy, through [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], and [[France]]. The first two volumes of his lively, outspoken account of the journey appeared as ''Lettere familiari ai suoi tre fratelli'' in 1762 and 1763, but publication of the last two volumes was forbidden by Venetian censorship. In 1763–4 he published in Venice the [[literary journal]] ''La Frusta letteraria'', through which he aimed to modernize Italian literature with stinging criticism of current frivolous or antiquated books.

When ''La Frusta'' too was suppressed in January 1765 , Baretti returned to England, where he was welcomed back by his old friends, especially Samuel Johnson, whith whom he had kept up a correspondence during his stay in Italy. Johnson introduced him to [[Oliver Goldsmith]], [[James Boswell]], and [[Edmund Burke]]. In 1773, Baretti became the Italian language tutor of Hetty, one of the daughters of [[Hester Thrale]]. For his pupil he wrote in 1775 a delightful ''Easy Phraseology for the Use of Young Ladies, who Intend to Learn … Italian''. He became a frequent visitor at the home of Hester Thrale, and his name occurs repeatedly in Boswell's ''Life''.

To answer Samuel Sharp's slanderous ''Letters from Italy'', he published ''An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy, with Observations on the Mistakes of Some Travellers, with Regard to That Country'' (1768). The book was so popular that a second edition was published in 1769. In this and other works Baretti stimulated interest in and understanding of Italian literature and culture. 

In 1769 Baretti was tried for murder after inflicting a mortal wound with his fruit knife on a man who had assaulted him on the street. Many of his British friends gave evidence in his favour at the trial and testified to Baretti's good character and quiet lifestyle. Hon. Mr. Beauclerck described him as a gentleman of letters and a studious man. Sir Joshua Reynolds said he was a man with great humanity and "very active in endeavouring his friends", he outlined his sober disposition, saying that he never drank more than three glasses with him and he added: "I never heard of his being in passions or quarrelling". Doctor Johnson described him as very diligent and peaceable. Edmund Burke claimed he was an ingenious man, "a man of remarkable humanity; a thorough good-natured man", whereas David Garrick said of him he was a man of great probity and morals.

The trial eventually resulted in Baretti's acquittal on the grounds of self-defence. Baretti was extremely satisfied with the outcome of the trial, in particular with the kind demonstration of affection he received from his friends, so much that he felt himself even more connected with England than before, a country which had given him justice and real friendship. He later revealed to his friend Lord Charlemont that "those I had about me did their part so well that they have made me an Englishman forever".<ref>O'Connor, Desmond (2004).  ''Baretti, Giuseppe Marc'Antonio(1719–1789).'' In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1367, accessed 11 Dec 2015]</ref>

That same year he was appointed Secretary to the [[Royal Academy of Arts]].{{sfn|Piccioni|1930}} He published a translation of the entire ''Lettere familiari'' as ''A Journey from London to Genoa, through England, Portugal, Spain, and France'' (1770), and an edition of [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s works, with an important Preface (1772). His most mature works were ''Discours sur Shakespeare et sur Monsieur de Voltaire'' (1777), in which, following Johnson's ideas, he brilliantly defended the free inventions and powerful genius of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] against Voltaire's narrow-minded criticism, and ''Scelta di lettere familiari fatta per uso degli studiosi di lingua italiana'' (1779) – letters attributed to fictitious authors, which beyond any didactic purpose are a kind of intellectual autobiography, showing the conversion of an Italian conservative to more liberal, modern English ideas.

Baretti's ''Strictures on Signora Piozzi's Publication of Doctor Johnson's Letters'' (1788) make him the most probable author of ''The Sentimental Mother'', an anonymous comedy satirizing Thrale Piozzi, published just after his death.

Baretti died in London in May, 1789. He was buried in Marylebone Chapel with a monument by [[Thomas Banks (sculptor)|Thomas Banks]].<ref>Rupert, Gunnis (1968). ''Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851.'' London: The Abbey Library</ref>

==Works==
[[File:DictionaryBaretti.jpg|thumb|Title page of Baretti's ''Dictionary of the English and Italian languages'']]
Baretti's first notable work was the ''Italian Library'' (1757), a useful catalogue of the lives and works of several Italian authors. The ''Lettere famigliari'', giving an account of his travels through England, Portugal, Spain, and France during the years 1761–1765, were well received, and when afterwards published in English (4 vols., 1770),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=98EBAAAAMAAJ&q=A+Journey+from+London+to+Genoa,+Through+England,+Portugal,+Spain,+and+France. ''A Journey from London to Genoa, Through England, Portugal, Spain, and France''. Its cover identifies him as "Secretary for Foreign Correspondence to the Royal Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture".]</ref> were highly commended by Johnson.

Baretti was an enemy of the English Hispanist [[John Bowle (writer)|John Bowle]],<ref>{{cite book
|first=Ronald
|last=Hilton
|year=2002
|contribution=Un Duel entre Hispanophiles: Baretti et John Bowle
|title=La Légende Noire au 18e Siècle: Le Monde Hispanique Vu du Dehors ([The Black Legend in the 18th century: The Hispanic World Seen from Outside])
|publisher=Historical Text Archive: Electronic History Resources
|url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?action=nextchapter&bid=8&cid=7
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203446/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?action=nextchapter&bid=8&cid=7
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-10-29
}}</ref> and published a scathing and personal attack on him: ''Tolondron. Speeches to John Bowle about his edition of Don Quixote, together with some account of Spanish literature''.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Baretti
|first=Joseph
|year=1786
|title=Tolondron. Speeches to John Bowle about his Edition of Don Quixote, together with Some Account of Spanish Literature
|place=London
|publisher=R. Faulder
|url=http://users.ipfw.edu/JEHLE/cervante/csa/articf03/tolondron.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705053950/http://users.ipfw.edu/JEHLE/cervante/csa/articf03/tolondron.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2010-07-05
}}</ref>

While in Italy on his travels Baretti started a journal of literary criticism, titled ''Frusta letteraria'' (Literary Scourge). The publication met with considerable difficulties and was soon discontinued. His many other works include a Dictionary and Grammar of the Italian Language,<ref name=":2" /> a similar Dictionary of the Spanish Language,<ref>Baretti, Joseph, (1807)''.'' ''A Dictionary, Spanish and English, and English and Spanish, containing the signification of their words and their different uses; together with The TERMS of ARTS,SCIENCES, and TRADES. ''London: Wingrave</ref> and dissertations on Shakespeare and Voltaire. His collected works were published at Milan in 1838.

Baretti's ''Dictionary of Italian Language'' was immensely successful and became the standard reference work of its kind. it went through numerous reprints and revisions. His works helped to promote a renewed interest in Italian language and [[Italian literature|literature]] in Britain and encouraged the study of English authors in his native country.

The words of the recantation attributed to [[Galileo]], "[[eppur si muove]]" (meaning "nevertheless it moves"), were first set down by Baretti in his ''Italian Library''.<ref name=Drake>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Stillman|title=Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography|year=2003|publisher=Dover Publications Inc|location=Mineola (N.Y.)|isbn=0486495426|edition=Facsim.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwOlRPbrZeQC}}</ref>{{rp|357}} <ref name=Baretti>{{cite book|last=Baretti|first=Giuseppe|title=The Italian Library. Containing An Account of the Lives and Works of the Most Valuable Authors of Italy. With a Preface, Exhibiting The Changes of the Tuscan Language, from the barbarous Ages to the present Time.|year=1757|publisher=London: Printed for A. Millar, in the Strand|url=https://archive.org/stream/italianlibraryco00bareiala#page/52/mode/2up|pages=52|quote=This is the celebrated Galileo, who was in the Inquisition for six years, and put to the torture, for saying, that ''the earth moved''. The moment he was set at liberty, he looked up to the sky and down to the ground, and, stamping with his foot, in a contemplative mood, said, ''Eppur si muove'', that is, ''still it moves'', meaning the earth.}}</ref>{{rp|52}} This record was published some 125 years after Galileo is purported to have made the statement ''[[sotto voce]]'' (under his breath).

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Baretti, Giuseppe Marc' Antonio}}
*Hitchcock T., Shoemaker R., (2007),''Tales from the Hanging Court'', Hodder Education 
*{{Old Bailey|accessdate=12 October 2015|trialdate=18 October 1769|defendant=Joseph Baretti|id=t17691018-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Fido|first=F.|year=2002|title=Baretti, Giuseppe Marc'Antonio|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=11 May 2025|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198183327.001.0001/acref-9780198183327-e-266}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Piccioni|first=Luigi|title=Baretti, Giuseppe|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-baretti_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)|year=1930|encyclopedia=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]]|location=Rome|publisher=[[Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]]|access-date=11 May 2025}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{DBI|first=Mario|last=Fubini|title=BARETTI, Giuseppe|volume=6|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-baretti_(Dizionario-Biografico)}}
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Hough:hou01743 Guide to Giuseppe Marco Antonio Baretti letters] at [[Houghton Library]], Harvard University
* [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t17691018-9&div=t17691018-9&terms=baretti#highlight Account of the full trial] on the [[Old Bailey Online]]
*[http://www.locatinglondon.org Locating London's Past] website: to locate places of eighteenth-century London

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio}}
[[Category:1719 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Turin]]
[[Category:Streathamites]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Sardinia]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian translators]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian male writers]]
[[Category:18th-century British writers]]
[[Category:Italian-language poets]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian poets]]