Editing Giorgio Vasari

{{Short description|Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian (1511–1574)}}
{{Redirect|Vasari|the Italian surname|Vasari (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox artist
| image            = Zucchi, Jacopo - Vasari, Giorgio - Uffizi ICCD.jpg
| caption          = Self-portrait ({{circa|1571–74}}), [[Uffizi]] Gallery
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1511|7|30}}
| birth_place      = [[Arezzo]], [[Republic of Florence]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1574|6|27|1511|7|30}}
| death_place      = [[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]
| field            = {{hlist|Painting|architecture|art history}}
| training         = [[Andrea del Sarto]]
| movement         = [[Renaissance]]
| works            = ''[[The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects]]''
| spouse           = Niccolosa Bacci
}}

'''Giorgio Vasari'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|v|ə|ˈ|s|ɑːr|i}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ˈ|z|ɑːr|-|,_|v|ɑː|ˈ|z|ɑːr|i}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/vasari|title=Vasari|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190601092828/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Vasari,_Giorgio "Vasari, Giorgio"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Vasari,_Giorgio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109053159/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vasari,_giorgio |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2021 |title=Vasari, Giorgio |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Vasari|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Vasari|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|ˈdʒordʒo vaˈzaːri|lang}}}} (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an [[Italian Renaissance painter]], architect, art historian, and biographer who is best known for his work ''[[Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects]]'', considered the ideological foundation of Western [[art history|art-historical]] writing, and still much cited in modern biographies of the many [[Italian Renaissance]] artists he covers, including [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], although he is now regarded as including many factual errors, especially when covering artists from before he was born.

Vasari was a [[Mannerist]] painter who was highly regarded both as a painter and architect in his day but rather less so in later centuries. He was effectively what would now be called the [[minister of culture]] to the [[Medici]] court in [[Florence]], and the ''Lives'' promoted, with enduring success, the idea of Florentine superiority in the [[visual arts]].

Vasari designed the ''Tomb of Michelangelo'', his hero, in the [[Santa Croce, Florence|Basilica of Santa Croce]], Florence, that was completed in 1578. Based on Vasari's text in print about [[Giotto]]'s new manner of painting as a ''rinascita'' (rebirth), author [[Jules Michelet]], in his ''Histoire de France'' (1835),<ref>{{cite book|last=Michelet|first=Jules|title=Histoire de France: Renaissance|volume=VII|location=Paris|date=1835}}</ref> suggested the adoption of Vasari's concept, using the term ''[[Renaissance]]'' (from French) to distinguish the cultural change. The term was adopted thereafter in historiography and is still in use today.

==Life==
Vasari was born prematurely on 30 July 1511 in [[Arezzo]], [[Tuscany]].<ref name=gaunt>Gaunt, W. (ed.) (1962) ''Everyman's dictionary of pictorial art. Volume II.'' London: Dent, p. 328. {{ISBN|0-460-03006-X}}</ref> Recommended at an early age by his cousin [[Luca Signorelli]], he became a pupil of [[Guglielmo da Marsiglia]], a skillful painter of [[stained glass]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelingintuscany.com/art/giorgiovasari.htm|title=Art in Tuscany {{!}} Giorgio Vasari and Italian Renaissance painting {{!}} Podere Santa Pia, Holiday house in the south of Tuscany|website=www.travelingintuscany.com|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Vasari, Giorgio|volume=27|inline=1}}</ref> Sent to [[Florence]] at the age of sixteen by Cardinal [[Silvio Passerini]], he joined the circle of [[Andrea del Sarto]] and his pupils, [[Rosso Fiorentino]] and [[Jacopo Pontormo]], where his humanist education was encouraged. He was befriended by [[Michelangelo]], whose painting style would influence his own. Vasari enjoyed high repute during his lifetime and amassed a considerable fortune. He married Niccolosa Bacci, a member of one of the richest and most prominent families of Arezzo. He was made [[Order of the Golden Spur|Knight of the Golden Spur]] by the Pope. He was elected to the municipal council of his native town and finally, rose to the supreme office of [[gonfalonier]]e.<ref name="EB1911" />

Vasari built a fine house in Arezzo in 1547 and decorated its walls and vaults with paintings. It is now a museum in his honour named the [[Casa Vasari, Arezzo|Casa Vasari]], whilst his [[Casa Vasari, Florence|residence in Florence]] is also preserved.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In 1563, he helped found the Florentine [[Accademia delle Arti del Disegno|''Accademia e Compagnia delle Arti del Disegno'']], with Grand Duke [[Cosimo I de' Medici]] and [[Michelangelo]] as ''capi'' of the institution. Thirty-six artists were chosen as members.<ref>[[Gauvin Alexander Bailey]], 'Santi di Tito and the Florentine Academy: Solomon Building the Temple in the Capitolo of the Accademia del Disegno (1570–71)', Apollo CLV, 480 (February 2002): pp. 31–39.</ref> He died on 27 June 1574 in [[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], aged 62.<ref name="gaunt" />

==Painting==
[[File:Giorgio Vasari - Six Tuscan Poets - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Six Tuscan Poets]]'' by Giorgio Vasari, {{Circa|1544}}; from left to right: [[Cristoforo Landino]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], [[Petrarch|Francesco Petrarca]], [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], [[Dante Alighieri]], and [[Guido Cavalcanti]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/1850/six-tuscan-poets-giorgio-vasari|title=Six Tuscan Poets, Giorgio Vasari|publisher=Minneapolis Institute of Art}}</ref>]]In 1529, he visited [[Rome]] where he studied the works of [[Raphael]] and other artists of the Roman [[High Renaissance]]. Vasari's own [[Mannerist]] paintings were more admired in his lifetime than afterwards. In 1547, he completed the hall of the chancery in [[Palazzo della Cancelleria]] in Rome with frescoes that received the name [[Sala dei Cento Giorni]]. He was regularly employed by members of the [[Medici family]] in [[Florence]] and Rome. He also worked in [[Naples]] (for example on the [[Vasari Sacristy]]), Arezzo, and other places. Many of his paintings still exist, the most important being on the wall and ceiling of the Sala di Cosimo I in the [[Palazzo Vecchio]] in Florence,<ref name=EB1911/> where he and his assistants worked from 1555. Vasari also helped to organize the decoration of the [[Studiolo of Francesco I|Studiolo]], now reassembled in the Palazzo Vecchio.[[File:Giorgio Vasari - The Garden of Gethsemane - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''The Garden of Gethsemane'' by Giorgio Vasari]]In Rome, Vasari painted frescos in the [[Sala Regia (Vatican)|''Sala Regia'']]. Among his better-known pupils or followers are [[Sebastiano Flori]], [[Bartolomeo Carducci]], [[Mirabello Cavalori]] (Salincorno), [[Stefano Veltroni]] (of [[Monte San Savino]]), and [[Alessandro Fortori]] (of Arezzo).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BaIZAAAAYAAJ ''The History of Painting in Italy: The Florentine, Sienese, and Roman schools''], by Luigi Lanzi, page 201-202.</ref> His last major commission was a vast ''[[The Last Judgement (Vasari and Zuccari)|The Last Judgement]]'' fresco on the ceiling of the [[cupola]] of the [[Florence Cathedral]] that he began in 1572 with the assistance of the Bolognese painter [[Lorenzo Sabatini]]. Unfinished at the time of Vasari's death, it was completed by [[Federico Zuccari]].

==Architecture==
[[File:Firenze - Uffizi.jpg|thumb|The Uffizi Loggia|left]]
Aside from his career as a painter, Vasari was successful as an architect.<ref>"Vasari's ability as a painter cannot match his talents either as a historian or as an architect," according to [[Lawrence Gowing]], ed., Biographical Encyclopedia of Artists, v.4 (Facts on File, 2005): 695.</ref> His [[loggia]] of the Palazzo degli [[Uffizi]] by the [[Arno]] opens up the vista at the far end of its long narrow courtyard. It is a unique piece of urban planning that functions as a public piazza, and which, if considered as a short street, is unique as a Renaissance street with a unified architectural treatment.{{Clarify|reason=unclear meaning|date=July 2023}} The view of the Loggia from the Arno reveals that the [[Vasari Corridor]] is one of the very few structures lining the river that is open to the river and appears to embrace the riverside environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-21 |title=Tuscan artists' insight: Giorgio Vasari |url=https://www.florenceitaly.org/tuscan-artists-insight-giorgio-vasari/?lang=en |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=FlorenceItaly |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Florence, Vasari also designed the long passage, now called Vasari Corridor, which connects the Uffizi with the [[Palazzo Pitti]] on the other side of the river. The corridor passes alongside the River Arno on an arcade, crosses the [[Ponte Vecchio]], and winds around the exterior of several buildings. It was once the location of the Mercado de Vecchio.<ref>Pevsner, N., ''A History of Building Types'', Princeton University Press, 1979, pg. 235</ref> He renovated the medieval churches of [[Santa Maria Novella]] and [[Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence|Santa Croce]]. In both buildings, he removed the original [[rood screen]] and loft, and remodeled the retro-[[choir]]s in the Mannerist taste of his time.<ref name="EB1911" />

In Santa Croce, Vasari produced the painting of ''The Adoration of the Magi'' commissioned by [[Pope Pius V]] in 1566 and completed in February 1567. It was restored recently, before being exhibited in 2011 in Rome and Naples. Eventually, it will be returned to the church of Santa Croce in [[Bosco Marengo]] ([[Province of Alessandria]], [[Piedmont]]).{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} In 1562, Vasari built the octagonal dome on the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Humility]] in [[Pistoia]], an important example of [[High Renaissance]] architecture.<ref>''The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy'' by David Bershad, Carolina Mangone, Irving Hexham 2001 {{ISBN|0-310-22573-6}}-page [https://books.google.com/books?id=KRkU9ocQr2oC&pg=PA139]</ref> In Rome, Vasari worked with [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] and [[Bartolomeo Ammannati]] at [[Pope Julius III]]'s [[Villa Giulia]].

==''The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects''==
{{main|Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects}}
Often called "the first art historian",<ref>[http://arthistorians.info/vasarig Vasari, Giorgio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132558/http://arthistorians.info/vasarig |date=6 November 2018 }} Dictionary of Art Historians, 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</ref> Vasari invented the genre of the encyclopedia of artistic biographies with his ''Le Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori'' (''Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects''). This work was first published in 1550 and dedicated to Grand Duke [[Cosimo I de' Medici]]. Vasari introduced the term "Rinascita" (rebirth in Italian) in printed works – although an awareness of an ongoing "rebirth" in the arts had been in the air since the time of [[Leon Battista Alberti|Alberti]]. Vasari's term, applied to the change in artistic styles with the work of Giotto, eventually would become the French term ''Renaissance'' (rebirth) widely applied to the era that followed. Vasari was responsible for the modern use of the term [[Gothic art]], as well, although he only used the word ''Goth'' in association with the German style that preceded the rebirth, which he identified as "barbaric". The ''Lives'' also included a novel treatise on the technical methods employed in the arts.<ref name="EB1911" /><ref>Vasari, Giorgio. (1907) ''[https://archive.org/details/vasariontechniqu1907vasa Vasari on technique: being the introduction to the three arts of design, architecture, sculpture, and painting, prefixed to the Lives of the most excellent painters, sculptors, and architects]''. [[Gerard Baldwin Brown|G. Baldwin Brown]] Ed. Louisa S. Maclehose Trans. London: Dent.</ref> The book was partly rewritten and extended in 1568,<ref name="EB1911" /> with the addition of woodcut portraits of artists (some conjectural).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[File:Vite.jpg|thumb|Title page of the first and second part of the 1568 edition of the ''Lives'']]The work shows a consistent and notorious bias in favour of [[Florentine painting|Florentines]] and tends to attribute to them all the developments in Renaissance art – for example, the invention of [[engraving]]. [[Venetian painting|Venetian art]] in particular (along with arts from other parts of Europe), is ignored systematically in the first edition. Between his first and second editions, Vasari visited Venice and while the second edition gave more attention to Venetian art (finally including [[Titian]]), it did so without achieving a neutral point of view.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Many inaccuracies exist within his ''Lives''. For example, Vasari writes that [[Andrea del Castagno]] killed [[Domenico Veneziano]], which is incorrect; Andrea died several years before Domenico. In another example, Vasari's biography of Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, whom he calls "[[Il Sodoma]]", published only in the second edition of the ''Lives'' (1568) after Bazzi's death, condemns the artist as being immoral, bestial, and vain. Vasari dismisses Bazzi's work as lazy and offensive, despite the artist's having been named a Cavalier of the [[Supreme Order of Christ]] by [[Pope Leo X]] and having received important commissions for the [[Villa Farnese]] and other sites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zarucchi|first=Jeanne Morgan|date=2015|title=Vasari's Biography of Bazzi as 'Soddoma:' Art History and Literary Analysis|journal=Italian Studies|volume=70|issue=2|pages=167–190|doi=10.1179/0075163415Z.00000000094|s2cid=191976882}}</ref>

Vasari's biographies are interspersed with amusing gossip. Many of his anecdotes seem plausible, while others are assumed fictions, such as the tale of young [[Giotto]] painting a fly on the surface of a painting by [[Cimabue]] that supposedly, the older master repeatedly tried to brush away (a genre tale that echoes anecdotes told of the Greek painter [[Apelles]]). He did carry out research archives for exact dates, as modern art historians do, and his biographies are considered more reliable in the case of his contemporary painters and those of the preceding generation. Modern criticism – with new materials produced  by research – has revised many of his dates and facts.<ref name=EB1911/> Vasari included a short autobiography at the end of the ''Lives'', and added further details about himself and his family in his lives of [[Lazzaro Vasari]] and [[Francesco de' Rossi (Il Salviati)|Francesco Salviati]].<ref name="EB1911" />

According to the historian Richard Goldthwaite,<ref>Richard Goldthwaite, ''The Economy of Renaissance Florence'', 2009, pg. 390.</ref> Vasari was one of the earliest authors to use the term "competition" (or "concorrenza" in Italian) in its economic sense. He used it repeatedly, and stressed the concept in his introduction to the life of [[Pietro Perugino]], in explaining the reasons for Florentine artistic preeminence. In Vasari's view, Florentine artists excelled because they were hungry, and they were hungry because their fierce competition amongst themselves for commissions kept them so. Competition, he said, is "one of the nourishments that maintain them".{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="154" caption="Paintings by Giorgio Vasari">
File:Alessandro de Medici Ruestung.jpg|''Alessandro de Medici resting''
File:Douai chartreuse vasari pieta.jpg|''Pieta''
File:GIORGIO VASARI, JOANNES STRADANUS THE BIRD CATCHERS.jpg|''Bird catchers''
File:Vasari, Giorgiodel Sarto, Andrea - Holy Family - Google Art Project.jpg|''Holy Family'', with Andrea del Sarto
File:Giorgio vasari, ultima cena, da ss. annunziata a figline, 1567-69, 04.JPG|''Last Supper''
File:Giorgio Vasari - Entombment - WGA24277.jpg|''Entombment''
File:Giorgio Vasari - Temptations of St Jerome - WGA24282.jpg|''Temptations of St. Jerome''
File:Giorgio Vasari - St Luke Painting the Virgin - WGA24311.jpg|''St. Luke painting the Virgin''
File:Giorgio Vasari - Annunciation - WGA24286.jpg|''Annunciation''
File:Giorgio Vasari - Justice - WGA24280.jpg|''Justice''
File:Giorgio Vasari - The Prophet Elisha - WGA24289.jpg|''The Prophet Elisha''
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="103" caption="Frescos and decorations by Giorgio Vasari">
File:Dome of Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence).jpg|Interior of the dome of [[Florence Cathedral]]
File:Giorgio Vasari - Cosimo studies the taking of Siena - Google Art Project.jpg|Cosimo studies the taking of Siena.
File:Giorgio Vasari - Apotheosis of Cosimo I - Google Art Project.jpg|''Apotheosis of<br>Cosimo I''
File:Giorgio Vasari - Defeat of the Venetians in Casentino - Google Art Project.jpg|''Defeat of the Venetians in Casentino''
</gallery><gallery class="center" caption="[[Libro de' Disegni]] by Giorgio Vasari">
File:Page from "Libro de' Disegni"- 2.jpg|Giorgio Vasari with drawings by [[Filippino Lippi]], [[Botticelli]], and [[Raffaellino del Garbo]]
File:Page from "Libro de' Disegni"- 1.jpg|Giorgio Vasari with drawings by Filippino Lippi, Botticelli, and Raffaellino del Garbo
</gallery><gallery mode="packed" heights="154" caption="Architecture by Giorgio Vasari">
File:Florenz Uffizien.jpg|[[Uffizi]] colonnade and loggia
File:Loge de Vasali a Arezzo.JPG|Loggia of Vasari in [[Arezzo]]
File:005San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg|[[San Pietro in Montorio]], Rome
File:Basílica de la Santa Cruz, Florencia, Italia, 2022-09-18, DD 110.jpg|Tomb of Michelangelo
File:Sala dei cento giorni - Giorgio Vasari - 1547 - Palazzo della Cancelleria 1.jpg|[[Sala dei Cento Giorni]] - Giorgio Vasari - 1547 - [[Palazzo della Cancelleria]]
File:Villa Giulia - Court - Vasari - Vignola.jpg|[[Villa Giulia]] - Court - Vasari - Vignola
File:Loggia del pesce nel MercatoVecchio, Firenze avanti 1885.jpg|Part of the Loggia del Mercato Vecchio, Florence, just prior to its demolition in the 1880s
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References and sources==
'''References'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
*''The Lives of the Artists''. Oxford University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-283410-X}}
*''Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects, Volumes I and II''. Everyman's Library, 1996. {{ISBN|0-679-45101-3}}
*''Vasari on Technique''. Dover Publications, 1980. {{ISBN|0-486-20717-X}}
*''Life of Michelangelo''. Alba House, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8189-0935-8}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle = Giorgio Vasari|volume=15}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |editor1-last= Barriault|editor1-first= Anne B. |editor2-last= Ladis |editor2-first= Andrew T. |editor3-last= Land|editor3-first= Norman E. |editor4-last= Wood |editor4-first= Jeryldene M. |title= Reading Vasari |location= London |publisher= Philip Wilson |date= 2005 |isbn= }}
*Guagliumi, Silvia.Giuliano da San Gallo architettore, Tau editrice, Todi 2016
*Guagliumi, Silvia.Raffaello da pittore ad architettore.Milano Giugno/Luglio 2023 {{ISBN|979-12-210-4000-5}}.
*Guagliumi, Silvia.Antonio da San Gallo il Vecchio, Milano Giugno 2024 {{ISBN|979-12-210-6439-1}}.
*{{cite book |editor1-last= Cast |editor1-first= David J. |title= The Ashgate Research Companion to Giorgio Vasari |location= Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England |publisher= Routledge | date= 2013 |doi= 10.4324/9781315613017 |isbn= 9781409408475}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{DBI |title= VASARI, Giorgio |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giorgio-vasari_(Dizionario-Biografico)|last= Agosti|first= Barbara|volume= 98}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=9769}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Giorgio Vasari}}
* {{Librivox author |id=408}}
* {{OL author|131793A}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070223093408/http://www.articlemyriad.com/36.htm  Biography of Vasari and analysis for four major works]
* {{Books and Writers |id=gvasari |name=Giorgio Vasari}}
*[http://artpaintingartist.org/giorgio-vasari-the-first-art-historian-1511-1574/ Giorgio Vasari] – The First Art-Historian
Copies of Vasari's ''Lives of the Artists'' online:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101205234608/http://www.efn.org/~acd/vite/VasariLives.html “Giorgio Vasari's ''Lives of the Artists''.”] Site created by Adrienne DeAngelis. Now largely completed in the posting of the ''Lives'', intended to be re-translated to become the unabridged English version.
*[http://bepi1949.altervista.org/vasari/vasari00.htm ''Le Vite''], 1550 Unabridged, original Italian.
*[https://archive.org/details/storiesoftheital007995mbp ''Stories Of The Italian Artists From Vasari''], translated by E L Seeley, 1908. Abridged, in English.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926150014/http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/vasari/consultazione/Vasari/indice.html ''Le Vite'' – Edizioni Giuntina e Torrentiniana]
* [http://www.storiarte.altervista.org/vasarielenco.htm Gli artisti principali citati dal Vasari nelle ''Vite'' (elenco)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213154046/http://www.storiarte.altervista.org/vasarielenco.htm |date=13 December 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031008214109/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/giorgio.vasari/vaspref.htm Excerpts from the ''Vite'' combined with photos of works mentioned by Vasari.]

{{Giorgio Vasari}}
{{Medici|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasari, Giorgio}}
[[Category:Giorgio Vasari| ]]
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