Editing Giannutri

{{Infobox islands
| name             = Giannutri
| image_name       = Giannutri island from the see - 2002.jpg
| image_caption    = Giannutri island from sea
| image_size       = 
| map         = Tuscany 
| map_caption      = Tuscany
| native_name      = 
| native_name_link = 
| nickname         = 
| location         = [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]
| coordinates      = 
| archipelago      = [[Tuscan Archipelago]]
| total_islands    = 1
| major_islands    = 
| area_km2         = 2.6
| length_km        = 2.8
| width_km         = 0.5
| highest_mount    = ''Poggio del Capel Rosso''
| elevation_m      = 88
| country          = Italy
| country_admin_divisions_title     = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
| country_admin_divisions           = [[Tuscany]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1   = [[Provinces of Italy|Province]]
| country_admin_divisions_1         = [[Province of Grosseto|Grosseto]] (GR)
| country_admin_divisions_title_2   = [[Comune]]
| country_admin_divisions_2         = [[Isola del Giglio]]
| population       = 27 <br>registered resident population<ref>{{cite web |title=Tavola: Popolazione residente - Grosseto (dettaglio loc. abitate) - Censimento 2001. (Download file Excel) |url=http://dawinci.istat.it/MD/dawinciMD.jsp?a1=W0I040WI0&a2=mG0Y8048f8&n=1UH90007SN5&v=1UH07B07SN50000 |website=dawinci.istat.it/ |publisher=Istat |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130105252/http://dawinci.istat.it/MD/dawinciMD.jsp?a1=W0I040WI0&a2=mG0Y8048f8&n=1UH90007SN5&v=1UH07B07SN50000 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| density_km2      = 
| additional_info  =
}}

[[File:Tuscan archipelago.png|thumb|270px|Map of the Tuscan Archipelago]]
'''Giannutri''' ({{IPA|it|dʒanˈnuːtri}}) is a small [[island]] in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] off the coast of [[Tuscany]], [[Italy]]; it is the southernmost island of the [[Tuscan Archipelago]] and it is a ''[[frazione]]'' of the ''[[comune]]'' of [[Isola del Giglio]] in the [[Province of Grosseto]].

==Geography==
Giannutri was known as ''[[Diana (mythology)|Dianium]]'' by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and ''Artemisia'', ''Αρτεμησία'' by the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]]; it has a [[lunar phase|crescent moon]] shape which forms the Gulf of Spalmatoio and is placed at {{convert|16|km}} south east from the Isola del Giglio and {{convert|17.6|km}} from [[Porto Ercole]]. The island has a coastal perimeter of {{convert|11|km|0|abbr=on}}, is stretched approximately {{convert|2.8|km|0|abbr=on}} from ''Punta del Capo Rosso'' to ''Punta Secca'' (north-south) and {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} from ''Punta San Francesco'' to ''Punta della Salvezza'' (west-east). The soil is [[calcareous]]  and has a rocky and rugged coasts with [[inlets]] and [[cave]]s mainly in the southern part interrupted only by two beaches called ''[[cove|Cala]] dello Spalmatoio'' (on the north-east) and ''Cala Maestra'' (on the north-west) where the dockings are. The island landscape has three hills: ''Poggio del Cannone'' (83 m) and ''Monte Mario'' (78 m) in the northern part and ''Poggio Capel Rosso'' (93 m), the highest, in the south where the lighthouse is.
<ref name=webspace>{{cite web |title=Giannutri - La Storia |url=http://web.tiscali.it/giannutri/storia.htm |website=web.tiscali.it/giannutri |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>

==Flora==
The island’s flora is prevalently a high ''[[Maquis shrubland|macchia mediterranea]]'' in the northern part which become ''[[garrigue]]'' in the southern. Plants as ''[[arbutus unedo|arbutus]]'', ''[[Myrtus]]'', ''[[pistacia lentiscus]]'', [[phillyrea latifolia|mock privet]], [[rhamnus alaternus|Mediterranean buckthorn]], ''[[juniperus phoenicea]]'' and ''[[limonium]] sommierianum'' knew only on Isola del Giglio and Montecristo, grow up on the island. The mild climate has favoured the growth of plants such as ''[[euphorbia]]'', [[arecaceae|palm trees]] and [[orchidaceae|wild orchids]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sodi |first1=Fabiano |title=ITALIA – TOSCANA L’isola di Giannutri |url=http://www.giardini.biz/itinerari-verdi/lisola-di-giannutri/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=Giardini & Ambiente}}</ref> The marine flora is abundant in [[sponges]], [[madreporaria]], [[black coral]] and [[red coral]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucina.net/en/boating-tourism/10-aree-amp-en/80-the-island-of-giannutri |title=Ucina |access-date=2015-09-01 |archive-date=2016-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112170159/http://www.ucina.net/en/boating-tourism/10-aree-amp-en/80-the-island-of-giannutri |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Fauna==
The island, as all that of the Tuscan Archipelago, is a place where the [[bird migration]] take a stop along their seasonal movement from North to South. The [[Audouin's gull]], [[Puffinus yelkouan]], [[western black-eared wheatear]], [[Marmora's warbler]] and [[European shag]] are common on the island.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itinerarintoscana.it/articolo.php?id=902 |title=Itinerari in Toscana |access-date=2015-09-01 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075338/http://www.itinerarintoscana.it/articolo.php?id=902 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Giannutri was mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historiae]] and by the Latin geographer Pomponio Mela in his "de Chorographia". The island was inhabited by Romans of which are the vestiges of a magnificent [[Roman villa]] reopened on 2 July 2015.<ref>[http://www.islepark.gov.it/il-parco-informa/news/si-inaugura-l-apertura-della-villa-romana-a-giannutri Apertura Villa Romana a Giannutri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808154421/http://www.islepark.gov.it/il-parco-informa/news/si-inaugura-l-apertura-della-villa-romana-a-giannutri |date=2015-08-08 }} Parco nazionale Arcipelago Toscano.</ref>
Giannutri was abandoned for mysterious reasons from the 3rd century until 805 when [[Charlemagne]] donated to the [[Tre Fontane Abbey]] some lands, including the island which returned to be inhabited by [[Cenobitic monasticism|cenobitic monks]] and some [[hermit]]s.

In the following centuries the Island was assigned by [[emphyteusis]] to the [[Aldobrandeschi family]]  of [[Sovana]] in 1269, to the [[Orsini family#Pitigliano line|Orsini of Pitigliano]] on June 15, 1410 and to [[Siena]] on August 12, 1452 by [[Pope Nicholas V]] award.<ref name="Repetti on-line">{{Cite web |url=http://193.205.4.99/repetti/ |title=Repetti on-line |access-date=2015-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001135948/http://193.205.4.99/repetti/ |archive-date=2015-10-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The island changed several times of rule: Spanish, French and German and for sometimes became refuge of [[Pirate|pirates]] and [[Saracen]]s until the [[Treaty of Lunéville]] which assigned Giannutri to the [[Kingdom of Etruria]] in 1801, afterward to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] till the [[Italian unification]] in 1861.

In 1806 a small military garrison was sent on the island.<ref name="Repetti on-line"/> On 10 May 1809, a landing party from {{HMS|Seahorse|1794|6}} and [[French brig Alcyon (1802)|HMS ''Halcyon'']] landed on the [[Pianosa]] and Giannutri. The landing party destroyed the enemy forts and captured about 100 prisoners during four hours of fighting. British losses were one marine killed and one wounded.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 22, p. 255.</ref>

The Minister of Finances [[Quintino Sella]], with a [[Royal decree]], donated the island to the Comune of Giglio in 1865 in order to settle a farm.

In 1908 the Comune sold the island to the family Ruffo della Scaletta which remained the owner until the death of the Prince Rufo. In the 1960s and 1970s the [[real estate investing]]  transformed radically the  island; in a few years a holiday resort at ''Cala Spalmatoio'' and many houses scattered through the island were built. The Società Porto Romano declared [[bankruptcy]] and the numerous owners of the houses were obliged to form a society, called ''Libero Consorzio Giannutri'', in order to administer the island.<ref name=webspace/>

==Roman villa==
[[File:Porto Romano nell'Isola di Giannutri.JPG|thumb|''Cala Maestra'']]
''Villa Domizia,'' also known as ''Villa Domitia'' was built probably in the 1st or 2nd century by the Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus who was the owner of the island. The Villa is placed in the central part of the island on a height, close to Punta Scaletta and Cala Maestra; the Villa and its annexes are under the control of Italy’s [[Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (Italy)|Ministry of Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Roman Villa Reopens on Wild Tuscan Island : DNews |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/roman-villa-reopens-on-wild-tuscan-island-150701.htm |access-date=2015-07-02 |archive-date=October 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027084951/http://news.discovery.com/history/roman-villa-reopens-on-wild-tuscan-island-150701.htm}}</ref>
The rooms employed as residence and the others were disposed  on the highest level accessible by stairs; on the same level was a terrace from which to watch the [[Monte Argentario|Argentario]] coast. In the back of the residential quarter are the remains of a long building, with 8 rooms aligned, likely used by the monks as [[convent]] and since then called ''Conventaccio''.

The Villa is connected to ''Cala Maestra'' through a set of stairs. The [[Calidarium]], formed by a rectangular room from whose walls passed the warm air, was placed halfway between the Villa and ''Cala Maestra'' and was richly adorned with marbles and [[mosaic]] floor. The Romans built a small harbour and a wharf at ''Cala Maestra'' cutting the rock in order to have more space. The Villa was provided with a [[cistern]] to collect the rain water since the island is lack of [[spring (hydrology)|springs]]; the water produced today by a [[desalination]] plant is collected in the same cistern.<ref>{{cite web |title=La villa romana di Giannutri |url=http://www.capodomo.it/Paese/Giannutri.htm |website=Capodomo.it |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> In the 1980s a short, grassy airstrip was built and used for a short time at ''Punta San Francesco'', later was abandoned.

==National park==
The island and adjacent sea environs are within the [[Arcipelago Toscano National Park]] and marine sanctuary. The island is mainly privately owned, with some areas owned by Italy’s [[Ministry of the Environment (Italy)|Ministry of the Environment]] it is involved in the [[Coastal management|Coastal Area Management Programme]] issued by [[Ministry of the Environment (Italy)|Ministry of the Environment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Isola di Giannutri |url=https://www.islepark.it/visitare-il-parco/giannutri |website=islepark.it |publisher=Portoferraio - Località Enfola |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of islands of Italy]]
* [[Tuscan Archipelago]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="250" mode="packed">
File:Giannutri Spalmatoi.jpg|Giannutri Spalmatoio gulf with [[Monte Argentario]]
File:Giannutri_coast.jpg|The coast of Giannutri
File:Giannutri- Il faro.jpg|Giannutri's lighthouse
File:Giannutri_runway.jpg|Giannutri's disused runway
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|42|15|N|11|06|E|type:isle|display=title}}

{{Commons category|position=left|Giannutri island}}

{{Portalbar|Geography|Islands|Italy}}
{{Tuscan Archipelago}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Frazioni of Isola del Giglio]]
[[Category:Islands of Tuscany]]
[[Category:Province of Grosseto]]<!---landform--->
[[Category:Arcipelago Toscano National Park]]