Editing Giambattista Vico

{{Short description|Italian philosopher (1668–1744)}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region           = {{unbulleted list|[[Western philosophy]]|[[Italian philosophy]]}}
| era              = [[18th-century philosophy]]
| name             = Giambattista Vico
| image            = GiambattistaVico.jpg
| alt              = Portrait
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Giovan Battista Vico
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1668|6|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Naples]], [[Kingdom of Naples]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1744|1|23|1668|6|23|df=yes}}
| death_place      = Naples, Kingdom of Naples
| education        = [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]] {{nowrap|([[LL.D.]], 1694)}}
| institutions     = [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]]
| school_tradition = {{plainlist|
* [[Christian humanism]]
* [[Counter-Enlightenment]]<ref name=IEP/>
* [[Italian enlightenment|Italian Enlightenment]]
* [[Natural law]]<ref name=IEP/>
* [[Perspectivism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gambarota|first=Paola|chapter=Giambattista Vico, the Vernacular, and the Foundations of Modern Italy|title=Irresistible Signs|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2017|pages=99–144|doi=10.3138/9781442695269-004|isbn=9781442695269}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lollini|first=Massimo|title=Vico's More than Human Humanism|journal=Annali d'Italianistica|volume=29|year=2011|pages=381–399|jstor=24016434}}</ref>
}}
| main_interests   = [[Epistemology]], [[humanities]], [[jurisprudence]], [[philosophy of history]], [[philosophy of science]], [[poetry]] (''[[Theologia Poetica]]''), [[political philosophy]], [[rhetoric]]
| notable_ideas    = {{plainlist|
* [[Class struggle]]<ref name=IEP>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Bertland|first=Alexander|title=Giambattista Vico (1668—1744)|encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/vico/}}</ref>
* [[Criticism of rationalism]] and [[Antireductionism|reductionism]]
* Humanities as [[human science]] or [[social science]]
* Ideal eternal history
* [[Philosophy of history]]
* Theory of [[political myth]]ology
* {{longitem|"{{lang|la|Verum esse ipsum factum}}" (an early form of [[constructivist epistemology]])}}
}}
| notable_works    = {{unbulleted list|''[[Principî di Scienza Nuova]]''|''De antiquissima Italorum sapientia''}}
}}
{{Catholic philosophy}}
'''Giambattista Vico''' (born '''Giovan Battista Vico''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|iː|k|oʊ}}; {{IPA|it|ˈviko|lang}}; 23 June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[philosopher]], [[rhetorician]], [[historian]], and [[jurist]] during the [[Italian enlightenment|Italian Enlightenment]]. He criticized the expansion and development of modern [[rationalism]], finding [[Cartesianism|Cartesian]] analysis and other types of [[reductionism]] impractical to human life, and he was an apologist for [[classical antiquity]] and the [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanities]], in addition to being the first expositor of the fundamentals of [[social science]] and of [[semiotics]]. He is recognised as one of the first [[Counter-Enlightenment]] figures in history.

The Latin [[aphorism]] "{{lang|la|Verum esse ipsum factum}}" ("truth is itself something made") coined by Vico is an early instance of [[constructivist epistemology]].<ref>Ernst von Glasersfeld, ''An Introduction to Radical Constructivism''.</ref><ref>Bizzell and Herzberg, ''The Rhetorical Tradition'', p. 800.</ref> He inaugurated the modern field of the [[philosophy of history]], and, although the term ''philosophy of history'' is not in his writings, Vico spoke of a "history of philosophy narrated philosophically."<ref>The contemporary interpretation of Vico is by Verene, Donald Philip. See: "Giambattista Vico" (2002), ''A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy'', Steven M. Nadler, ed. London:Blackwell Publishing, {{ISBN|0-631-21800-9}}, p. 570.</ref> Although he was not an [[historicism|historicist]], contemporary interest in Vico usually has been motivated by historicists, such as [[Isaiah Berlin]], a philosopher and [[historian of ideas]],<ref>''Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas''</ref> [[Edward Said]], a [[literary critic]], and [[Hayden White]], a metahistorian.<ref>Giambattista Vico (1976), "The Topics of History: The Deep Structure of the New Science", in Giorgio Tagliacozzo and Donald Philip Verene, eds, ''Science of Humanity'', Baltimore and London: 1976.</ref><ref>''Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium''.  Giorgio Tagliacozzo and Hayden V. White, eds. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1969.  Attempts to inaugurate a non-historicist interpretation of Vico are in ''Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy'' [http://www.interpretationjournal.com/], Spring 2009, Vol. 36.2, and Spring 2010 37.3; and in ''Historia Philosophica'', Vol. 11, 2013 [http://www.libraweb.net/sommari.php?chiave=5].</ref>

Vico's intellectual ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' is the book ''[[Scienza Nuova]]'' or ''New Science'' (1725), which attempts a systematic organization of the [[humanities]] as a single science that records and explains the historical cycles by which societies rise and fall.<ref>''The Penguin Encyclopedia'' (2006), David Crystal, ed., p. 1,409.</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Casa_Vico.jpg|left|220x220px|"In this little room Giambattista Vico was born on June 23 1668. Here he resided until he was seventeen years old, and in the subdued little workshop of his bookseller father he used to spend the nights in his study. Youthful eve of his sublime work. The city of Naples poses." Tombstone in the house where he was born in Via San Biagio dei Librai.|alt=|thumb]]
Born to a bookseller in [[Naples]], Italy, Giovan Battista Vico attended several schools, but ill health and dissatisfaction with the [[scholasticism]] of the [[Jesuit]]s led to his being educated at home by tutors. Evidence from his autobiographical work indicates that Vico likely was an [[autodidact]] educated under paternal influence, during a three-year absence from school, consequence of an accidental fall when the boy was seven years old.<ref name="SEP">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Costelloe|first=Timothy|title=Giambattista Vico|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=Fall 2022|access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> Giovan Battista's formal education was at the [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]] from which he graduated in 1694, as Doctor of Civil and Canon Law.<ref name="SEP" />

In 1686, after surviving a bout of [[typhus]], he accepted a job as a tutor, in Vatolla, south of [[Salerno]], which became a nine-year professional engagement that lasted till 1695.<ref name="SEP"/> Four years later, in 1699, Vico married Teresa Caterina Destito, a childhood friend, and accepted a chair in [[rhetoric]] at the University of Naples, which he held until ill-health retirement, in 1741.<ref name="SEP"/> Throughout his academic career, Vico would aspire to, but never attain, the more respectable chair of [[jurisprudence]]; however, in 1734, he was appointed [[historiographer royal]], by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]], King of Naples, at a salary greater than he had earned as a university professor.

==The rhetoric and humanism of Vico==
{{Rhetoric}}
Vico's version of [[rhetoric]] is a product of his [[Humanism|humanistic]] and [[pedagogic]] concerns. In the 1708 commencement speech ''[[De nostri temporis studiorum ratione|De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione]]'' (''On the Order of the Scholarly Disciplines of Our Times''), Vico said that whoever "intends a career in public life, whether in the courts, the senate, or the pulpit" should be taught to "master the art of topics and [to] defend both sides of a controversy, be it on Nature, Man, or politics, in a freer and brighter style of expression, so he can learn to draw on those arguments which are most probable and have the greatest degree of [[verisimilitude]]"; yet, in ''[[Scienza Nuova]]'', Vico denounced defending both sides in controversies as ''false eloquence''.

As Royal Professor of Latin Eloquence, Vico prepared students for higher studies in the fields of Law and of [[Jurisprudence]]; thus, his lessons were about the formal aspects of the canon of rhetoric, including the arrangement and the delivery of an argument. Yet he chose to emphasize the [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] connection of rhetoric with [[logic]] and [[dialectic]], thereby placing ends (rhetoric) at their center. Vico's objection to modern rhetoric is that it is disconnected from common sense (''sensus communis''), defined as the "worldly sense" that is common to all men.

In lectures and throughout the body of his work, Vico's rhetoric begins from a central [[argument]] (''medius terminus''), which is to be clarified by following the order of things as they arise in our experience. [[Probability]] and circumstance retain their proportionate importance, and [[Discovery (observation)|discovery]]—reliant upon topics (''loci'')—supersedes [[axiom]]s derived through reflective, abstract thought. In the tradition of classical Roman rhetoric, Vico sets out to educate the [[orator]] (rhetorician) as the transmitter of the ''oratio'', a speech with ''ratio'' (reason) at the centre. What is essential to the oratorical art (Gr. ῥητορική, ''rhētorikē'') is the orderly link between common sense and an end commensurate with oratory; an end that is not imposed upon the [[imagination]] from above (in the manner of the moderns and dogmatic Christianity), but that is drawn from common sense, itself.  In the tradition of [[Socrates]] and [[Cicero]], Vico's true orator will be midwife to the birth of "the true" (as an idea) from "the certain", the ignorance in the mind of the student.

Rediscovery of "the most ancient wisdom" of the senses, a wisdom that is ''humana stultitia'' ("human foolishness"), Vico's emphases on the importance of civic life and of professional obligations are in the humanist tradition. He would call for a maieutic oratory art against the grain of the modern privilege of the dogmatic form of reason, in what he called the "geometrical method" of [[René Descartes]] and the logicians at the [[Port-Royal-des-Champs]] abbey.

==Response to the Cartesian method==

As he relates in his autobiography, Vico returned to Naples from Vatolla to find "the physics of Descartes at the height of its renown among the established men of letters." Developments in both [[metaphysics]] and the natural sciences abounded as the result of Cartesianism. Widely disseminated by the Port Royal Logic of [[Antoine Arnauld]] and [[Pierre Nicole]], Descartes's method was rooted in verification: the only path to truth, and thus knowledge, was through axioms derived from observation. Descartes's insistence that the "sure and indubitable" (or, "clear and distinct") should form the basis of reasoning had an obvious impact on the prevailing views of logic and discourse. Studies in rhetoric—indeed all studies concerned with civic discourse and the realm of probable truths—met with increasing disdain.

Vico's humanism and professional concerns prompted an obvious response that he would develop throughout the course of his writings: the realms of verifiable truth and human concern share only a slight overlap, yet reasoning is required in equal measure in both spheres. One of the clearest and earliest forms of this argument is available in the ''De Italorum Sapientia'', where Vico argues that
{{quote|to introduce geometrical method into practical life is "like trying to go mad with the rules of reason", attempting to proceed by a straight line among the tortuosities of life, as though human affairs were not ruled by capriciousness, temerity, opportunity, and chance. Similarly, to arrange a political speech according to the precepts of geometrical method is equivalent to stripping it of any acute remarks and to uttering nothing but pedestrian lines of argument.}}
Vico's position here and in later works is not that the Cartesian method is irrelevant, but that its application cannot be extended to the civic sphere. Instead of confining reason to a string of verifiable axioms, Vico suggests (along with the ancients) that appeals to ''phronēsis'' (φρόνησις or [[practical wisdom]]) must also be made, and likewise appeals to the various components of [[persuasion]] that comprise rhetoric. Vico would reproduce this argument consistently throughout his works, and would use it as a central [[wikt:tenet|tenet]] of the ''[[Scienza Nuova]]''.

==The principle of ''Verum factum''==
Vico is best known for his ''verum factum'' principle, first formulated in 1710 as part of his ''De antiquissima Italorum sapientia, ex linguae latinae originibus eruenda'' (1710) ("Of the most ancient wisdom of the Italians, unearthed from the origins of the Latin language").<ref>His wording was "Verum et factum reciprocantur seu convertuntur" ("The true and the made are convertible into each other"), an idea which can be found also in [[occasionalism]] and [[Scotism|Scotist]] [[scholasticism]]</ref> The principle states that truth is verified through creation or invention and not, as per [[René Descartes|Descartes]], through observation: "The criterion and rule of the true is to have made it. Accordingly, our clear and distinct idea of the mind cannot be a criterion of the mind itself, still less of other truths. For while the mind perceives itself, it does not make itself." This criterion for truth would later shape the history of [[civilization]] in Vico's opus, the ''[[Scienza Nuova]]'' (''The New Science'', 1725), because he would argue that civil life—like [[mathematics]]—is wholly constructed.

==The ''Scienza Nuova''==
{{main|Scienza Nuova}}
[[File:Vico La scienza nuova.gif|right|thumb|Title page of ''Principj di Scienza Nuova'' (1744 edition)]]
''The New Science'' (1725, ''Scienza Nuova'') is Vico's major work. It has been highly influential in the philosophy of history, and for historicists such as Isaiah Berlin and Hayden White.

==Influence==
[[Samuel Beckett]]'s first published work, in the selection of critical essays on [[James Joyce]] entitled ''[[Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress]]'', is "Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce". In it, Beckett sees a profound influence of Vico's philosophy and poetics—as well the cyclical form of the ''Scienza Nuova''—on the avant-garde compositions of Joyce, and especially the titular Work in Progress, viz. ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''.

In ''Knowledge and Social Structure'' (1974), Peter Hamilton identified Vico as the "sleeping partner" of the [[Age of Enlightenment]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Knowledge and Social Structure|last = Hamilton|first = Peter|publisher = Routledge and Kegan Paul|year = 1974|isbn = 978-0710077462|location = London|pages = [https://archive.org/details/knowledgesocials0000hami/page/4 4]|url = https://archive.org/details/knowledgesocials0000hami/page/4}}</ref> Despite having been relatively unknown in his 18th-century time, and read only in his native Naples, the ideas of Vico are predecessors to the ideas of the intellectuals of the Enlightenment. Moreover, recognition of Vico's intellectual influence began in the 19th century, when the French Romantic historians used his works as methodological models and guides.<ref name=":0"/>

In ''[[Das Kapital|Capital: Critique of Political Economy]]'' (1867), [[Karl Marx]]'s mention of Vico indicates their parallel perspectives about history, the role of historical actors, and an historical method of narrative.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Capital, Book 1|last = Marx|first = Karl|pages = Book 1, part IV, chapter 13, n. 89 (footnote)}}</ref> Marx and Vico saw [[Class conflict|social-class warfare]] as the means by which men achieve the end of [[Equality before the law|equal rights]]; Vico called that time the "Age of Men".{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Marx concluded that such a state of affairs is the optimal end of social change in a society, but Vico thought that such complete equality of rights would lead to socio-political chaos and the consequent collapse of society. In that vein, Vico proposed a social need for religion, for a supernatural [[divine providence]] to keep order in human society.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Chaix-Ruy|first=Jules-Marie|title=Giambattista Vico|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627497/Giambattista-Vico|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

In ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'' (1978), [[Edward Said]] acknowledged his scholar's debt to Vico,<ref name="Orientalism">{{Cite book|title = Orientalism|last = Said|first = Edward|publisher = Penguin Classics|year = 2003 |orig-year=1978|pages = xviii, 4–5}}</ref> whose "ideas anticipate and later infiltrate the line of German thinkers I am about to cite. They belong to the era of [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Herder]] and [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Wolff]], later to be followed by [[Goethe]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt|Humboldt]], [[Wilhelm Dilthey|Dilthey]], [[Nietzsche]], [[Gadamer]], and finally the great twentieth century Romance philologists [[Erich Auerbach]], [[Leo Spitzer]], and [[Ernst Robert Curtius]]."<ref name="Orientalism" /> As a humanist and early philologist, Vico represented "a different, alternative model that has been extremely important to me in my work", which differed from mainstream Western prejudice against the Orient and the dominating "standardization" that came with modernity and culminated in [[National Socialism]].<ref name="Orientalism" /> That the interdependence of human history and culture facilitates the scholars' task to "take seriously Vico's great observation that men make their own history, that what they can know is what they have made, and extend it to geography. As geographical and cultural entities—to say nothing of historical entities—such locales, regions, and geographical sectors as 'Orient' and 'Occident' are man-made."<ref name="Orientalism" />

==Works==
* ''Opere di G. B. Vico''. Fausto Nicolini (ed.), Bari: Laterza, 1911–41.
* ''[[De nostri temporis studiorum ratione]]'' (1708)
* ''De Antiquissima Italorum Sapientia ex Linguae Originibus Eruenda Libri Tres'' (On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians Unearthed from the Origins of the Latin Language). 1710, Palmer, L. M., trans. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1988.
* ''Institutiones Oratoriae'' (The Art of Rhetoric). 1711–1741, Pinton, Girogio, and Arthur W. Shippee, trans. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi B.V., 1984.*  "On Humanistic Education", trans. Giorgio A. Pinton and Arthur W. Shippee.  Ithaca:   Cornell UP, 1993.
* ''On the Study Methods of Our Time'', trans. Elio Gianturco.  Ithaca:  Cornell UP, 1990.
* ''Universal right'' (Diritto universale). Translated from Latin and Edited by Giorgio Pinton and Margaret Diehl. Amsterdam/New York, Rodopi, 2000
* ''On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians: Unearthed from the Origins of the Latin Language'', trans. L. M. Palmer. Ithaca, Cornell UP, 1988.
* ''Scienza Nuova'' (The First New Science). 1725, Pompa, Leon, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.
* ''The New Science of Giambattista Vico'', (1744). trans. [[Thomas G. Bergin]] and Max H. Fisch.  Ithaca:  Cornell UP, 2nd ed. 1968.
* ''De rebus gestis Antonj Caraphaei'' (1713×1715), trans. Giorgio A. Pinton, ''Statecraft: The Deeds of Antonio Carafa'' (Peter Lang, 2004), a biography of [[Antonio Carafa (general)|Antonio Carafa]] (died 1693).

==See also==
*''[[Finnegans Wake]]''
*[[Historic recurrence]]
*[[New Vico Studies]] (Institute for Vico Studies at [[Emory University]])
*[[Recapitulation theory]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==References==
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Vico, Giovanni Battista|volume=28}}
*Fabiani, Paolo. [https://unifi.academia.edu/PaoloFabiani "The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche". F.U.P. (Florence UP), Italian edition 2002, English edition 2009.]
*Goetsch, James. ''Vico's Axioms: The Geometry of the Human World.''. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.
*Mooney, Michael. ''Vico in the Tradition of Rhetoric''. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1985.
*Pompa, Leon. ''Vico: A Study of the New Science''. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.
*{{SEP|vico}}

==Further reading==
*Andreacchio, Marco. "[http://journal.telospress.com/content/2018/185/105.extract Epistemology's Political-Theological Import in Giambattista Vico]" in ''Telos''.  Vol. 185 (2019); pp.&nbsp;105–27. 
*Bedani, Gino. ''Vico Revisited: Orthodoxy, Naturalism and Science in the Scienza Nuova''. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1989.
*[[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]]. ''Vico and Herder. Two Studies in the History of Ideas''. London, 1976.
*Berlin, Isaiah. ''[[Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder]]''. London and Princeton, 2000.
*Bizzell, Patricia, and Bruce Herzberg. ''The Rhetorical Tradition: Readings from Classical Times to the Present''. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan; Boston, Ma: Bedford Books of St Martin's Press, 2001. Pp.&nbsp;Xv, 1673. (First Ed. 1990). 2001.
*Colilli, Paul. ''Vico and the Archives of Hermetic Reason''. Welland, Ont.: Editions Soleil, 2004.
*Croce, Benedetto. ''The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico.'' Trans. R.G. Collingwood. London: Howard Latimer, 1913.
*Danesi, Marcel. ''Vico, Metaphor, and the Origin of Language''. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993
*[https://unifi.academia.edu/PaoloFabiani Fabiani, Paolo, "The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche". F.U.P. (Florence UP), Italian edition 2002, English edition 2009.]
*Fisch, Max, and [[Thomas G. Bergin]], trans. ''Vita di Giambattista Vico'' (The Autobiography of Giambattista Vico). 1735–41. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1963.
*Giannantonio, Valeria. ''Oltre Vico&nbsp;– L'identità del passato a Napoli e Milano tra '700 e '800'', Carabba Editore, Lanciano, 2009.
* Gould, Rebecca Ruth. “[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699295?mobileUi=0 Democracy and the Vernacular Imagination in Vico's Plebian Philology],” History of Humanities 3.2 (2018): 247–277. 
* Grassi, Ernesto. ''Vico and Humanism: Essays on Vico, Heidegger, and Rhetoric.'' New York: Peter Lang, 1990.
*Hösle, Vittorio. "Vico und die Idee der Kulturwissenschaft"  in ''Prinzipien einer neuen Wissenschaft über die gemeinsame Natur der Völker'', Ed. V. Hösle and C. Jermann, Hamburg : F. Meiner, 1990, pp.&nbsp;XXXI-CCXCIII
*Levine, Joseph. ''Giambattista Vico and the Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns.'' ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 52.1(1991): 55-79.
*Lilla, Mark. ''G. B. Vico: The Making of an Anti-Modern.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
*Mazzotta, Giuseppe. ''The New Map of the World: The Poetic Philosophy of Giambattista Vico.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
*Miner, Robert. ''Vico, Genealogist of Modernity.'' Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2002.
*Schaeffer, John. ''Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism''. Durham: Duke UP, 1990.
*Verene, Donald. ''Vico's Science of Imagination''. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981.
*Verene, Molly Black "Vico: A Bibliography of Works in English from 1884 to 1994." Philosophy Documentation Center, 1994.
* Alain Pons, ''Vie et mort des Nations. Lecture de la Science nouvelle de Giambattista Vico'', L'Esprit de la Cité, Gallimard, 2015

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Giambattista Vico}}
*{{Gutenberg author | id=42125| name=Giambattista Vico}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Giambattista Vico}}
*[http://ivs.emory.edu Institute for Vico Studies]
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/vico Entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/giambattista_vico.html Entry in the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020520204450/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/giambattista_vico.html |date=2002-05-20 }}
*Verene, Donald Phillip. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020520204450/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/giambattista_vico.html |date=May 20, 2002 |title=Essay on Vico's humanism }}, archived from Johns Hopkins University Press.
*[http://www.ovimagazine.com/art/1772 Vico's Poetic Philosophy within Europe's Cultural Identity, Emanuel L. Paparella] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609184608/https://www.ovimagazine.com/art/1772 |date=2023-06-09 }}
*Leon Pompa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180816065759/http://i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive.php Vico's Theory of the Causes of Historical Change], archived at The Institute for Cultural Research
*[http://www.giambattistavico.it/ Portale Vico - Vico Portal]
*[https://archive.org/details/newscienceofgiam030174mbp Text of the New Science in multiple formats]
*[http://www.sunypress.edu/p-877-vico-and-joyce.aspx Essays on Vico's creative influence on James Joyce's ''Finnegans Wake'']
*[https://ourexagmination.wordpress.com/2008/11/12/samuel-becketts-dantebrunovicojoyce/ Samuel Beckett's essay on Vico and Joyce]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120820134257/http://www.physicaltv.com.au/PoetryTheWayOutAtLastCycle_653_1458_3_0.html Vico's creative influence on Richard James Allen's ''The Way Out At Last Cycle'']
*[http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=2012:vico-historical-mythology Vico's Historical Mythology]
* {{cite book |last = Rafferty |first = Michael  |chapter = VICO (1668-1744) |editor1 = Macdonell, John  |editor1-link = John Macdonell (judge)|editor2 = Manson, Edward William Donoghue  |title = Great Jurists of the World |place = London |publisher = John Murray |year = 1913 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326/page/n376 345]-389 |url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326|access-date = 11 March 2019  |via = Internet Archive}}

{{Age of Enlightenment}}
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